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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Patterns of drug prescription and their effect upon cost of drugs in a community hospital submitted ... in partial fulfillment ... Master of Hospital Administration /

Warden, Gail L. January 1962 (has links)
Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1962.
12

Patterns of drug prescription and their effect upon cost of drugs in a community hospital submitted ... in partial fulfillment ... Master of Hospital Administration /

Warden, Gail L. January 1962 (has links)
Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1962.
13

A case study : the actual and perceived impacts of Latino participation in one high school equivalency program (HEP) /

Hernandez, Emilio, January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-139). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
14

The impact of the hidden curriculum on the South African school leaving examination in the Northern Province

Phaswana, Modiba Mack. January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (D. Phil. (Ed.))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-159). Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
15

Investigations of the assessment of bioequivalence of topical clotrimazole products using a dermatopharmacokinetic approach

Parfitt, Natalie Rae 05 July 2010 (has links)
The specialised nature of the stratum corneum makes it an efficient barrier to foreign substances, including drug molecules. Therefore, cutaneous drug absorption is a slow and complex process of which stratum corneum penetration is the rate limiting step. The rate and extent of stratum corneum penetration by a drug compound depends greatly on the presence of penetration enhancing/retarding excipients and therefore the clinical outcomes of a product rely greatly on the components and quality of the formulation. Hence, establishing bioequivalence between topical products is crucial to ensure that patients receiving multisource drug products are assured of the same efficacy and safety as the brand product. Since locally acting topical formulations do not target the systemic circulation, conventional methods of assessing bioequivalence using plasma levels are not appropriate. Consequently, the current regulatory guidelines require comparative clinical trials to be carried out to show bioequivalence between topical products. As these studies are very expensive and time consuming, the development of a more direct and relatively rapid and inexpensive method for determining bioequivalence between topical products is required. Clotrimazole is an anti-fungal agent where the target site of action is in the stratum corneum. In this work, tape stripping, which involves the sampling of stratum corneum, was investigated as a tool for the determination of bioequivalence between topical clotrimazole products. The tape stripping method involved the analysis of each tape strip individually and standardization of stratum corneum thickness between subjects was carried out using TEWL measurements. This approach provided detailed information regarding the amount of clotrimazole present in the stratum corneum as well as the extent of drug penetration. Prior to the tape stripping studies an HPLC method was developed for the quantitative analysis of clotrimazole from the tape strip samples. This method was shown to be accurate and reproducible across the required range. It was also shown to be selective for clotrimazole in the presence of possible interfering substances such as those present in the tape adhesive and also skin components. The bioequivalence studies were conducted using a single “uptake” time point. In order to determine an appropriate dose duration for these studies a novel approach was employed, involving a preliminary dose duration study. For the bioequivalence investigations, Canesten® Topical cream was used as both test and reference products to determine if the method was capable of showing bioequivalence. Subsequently, Canesten® Topical cream was also compared to a 1% gel formulation to determine if the method could detect formulation differences. The conventional BE limits of 0.8 – 1.25 were used for the assessment of BE, however, the clinical relevance of using these limits for dermal studies is debatable since they are derived from oral pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, the data from the tape stripping investigations were also assessed using more realistic limits of 0.75 – 1.33 and even 0.7 – 1.44. In addition to the tape stripping studies a novel method of determining the amount of drug present in the stratum corneum, the “Residual Method”, was investigated. This method involved assaying the amount of clotrimazole found in the residual formulation after a specified dose duration had elapsed and subtracting that amount from the amount of clotrimazole initially applied. The results of tape stripping investigations showed that, if the study is sufficiently powered, tape stripping may be used to determine bioequivalence according to the conventional limits, as well as possibly detect formulation differences between different clotrimazole products. Bioequivalence assessment using the widened intervals showed that fewer subjects were required to achieve a sufficient statistical power. The variability associated with this method was acceptable and tape stripping may therefore have the potential to be used as a BE tool in a regulatory setting for clotrimazole or other antifungal topical formulations. The “Residual Method” also showed promising results as a bioequivalence tool, but further investigation and extensive validation of this method is required before it can be suggested as a regulatory method. The results of these studies have clearly indicated that tape stripping has the potential to be used as an alternative to comparative clinical trails for the assessment of bioequivalence between clotrimazole formulations and also to assess bioequivalence between other antifungal products.
16

Características minerais e energéticas do lixo urbano em processos de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia

Vespa, Izabel Cristina Galbiatti [UNESP] 12 August 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vespa_icg_me_botfca.pdf: 487117 bytes, checksum: 1f400782b310149e61282f0dd25be402 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nos últimos anos, verifica-se crescente a produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos associada a um aumento populacional e ao maior consumo de produtos com embalagens que poderiam ser recicladas. Medidas rápidas de valorização e reciclagem devem ser tomadas para que permitam um consumo contínuo de alguma forma racional, diminuindo conseqüentemente, as agressões ambientais. No presente estudo avaliaram-se parâmetros que proporcionem subsídios na tomada de decisões sobre o melhor aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos orgânicos, utilizando-se a compostagem ou a biodigestão anaeróbia. O resíduo sólido urbano orgânico (lixo) foi cedido pela empresa CONSTROESTE, localizada no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, e o experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Biodigestão Anaeróbia do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Campus de Jaboticabal da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp. Foram conduzidos ensaios de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, utilizando-se resíduo sólido urbano orgânico coletado no município de São José do Rio Preto - SP, no intuito de avaliar as características químico-minerais, o potencial energético e a interferência da qualidade do resíduo no desenvolvimento dos processos. Avaliaram-se as reduções de sólidos totais e voláteis, produções de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante durante a biodigestão anaeróbia, que foi conduzida com a utilização ou não de inóculo, e parâmetros como temperatura, umidade, peso, teores de nutrientes, e redução de massa enleirada durante a compostagem e a equivalência energética nos dois processos. Observaram-se reduções de 58,5% nas quantidades de massa seca enleirada e de 40,9% nos teores de carbono orgânico, matéria orgânica compostável e demanda química de oxigênio. Foram verificadas temperaturas acima de 40º C,... / An increasing production of urban organic wastes is noticed in the last years, associated with the growth of the global population and the increased of resultant consumption. Fast actions of valorization and recycling must be done, in a way that it allows a rational continuous consumption and consequently decreasing environmental aggressions. This work has evaluated some parameters that supply decision making over better use of urban organic wastes through composting or anaerobic digestion processes. The urban organic waste was supplied by Controeste company, in São José do Rio Preto - SP. The experiment was conducted in the Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department - Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences College - Jaboticabal Campus - São Paulo State University - UNESP. Samples of composting and anaerobic digestion were collected done from the wastes in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP, with the objective of evaluating to the chemical and mineral properties and consequent interference of the residues on the processes. The reductions of total and volatile solids, biogas production and biofertilizer quality werw evaluated during the anaerobic digestion. It was conducted using inoculums or not and parameters such as temperature, humidity, weight, nutrient content and reduction of heap mass during the composting. A reduction the 58.5% in the quantity of heap dry mass, 40.9% in the organic carbon contents, recycling organic material and chemical demand of oxygen was observed. It was registered temperatures above 40ºC in the heaps interior, evidencing the importance of the process of reduction and/or elimination of pathogens.The presence of innocuous in the substrate anticipated the biogas production in the process of anaerobic digestion...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
17

ImportÃncia ClÃnica de um Estudo de BioequivalÃncia entre duas FormulaÃÃes de Diclofenaco SÃdico de LiberaÃÃo Prolongada

Marinus de Moraes Lima 09 August 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O diclofenaco sÃdico à um fÃrmaco anti-inflamatÃrio nÃo esteroidal, que exerce seus efeitos por meio da inibiÃÃo da cicloxigenase e modulaÃÃo do Ãcido araquidÃnico; apresenta propriedades analgÃsicas, sendo utilizado para tratamento sintomÃtico de dores, principalmente relacionadas à inflamaÃÃo. à um fÃrmaco de amplo uso e de fÃcil acesso para o usuÃrio. Um estudo de bioequivalÃncia refere-se à comparaÃÃo estatÃstica das principais medidas farmacocinÃticas observadas no experimento, relativas aos produtos a serem testados. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a bioequivalÃncia entre uma formulaÃÃo de diclofenaco sÃdico cÃpsulas de liberaÃÃo prolongada de 100 mg, chamada formulaÃÃo teste, versus uma formulaÃÃo de diclofenaco sÃdico cÃpsulas de liberaÃÃo prolongada de 100 mg, produto de referÃncia, em voluntÃrios sadios de ambos os sexos, em jejum e alimentados, conforme recomendaÃÃo da Anvisa. Ensaio clÃnico do tipo aberto, randomizado, cruzado, com quatro perÃodos, duas sequÃncias, nos quais os voluntÃrios receberam em cada perÃodo distinto em jejum ou alimentados, 01 cÃpsula de liberaÃÃo prolongada da formulaÃÃo teste ou 01 cÃpsula de liberaÃÃo prolongada de diclofenaco sÃdico 100 mg da formulaÃÃo de referÃncia. Em cada internaÃÃo, os voluntÃrios receberam a formulaÃÃo teste ou referÃncia acompanhada ou nÃo de uma dieta padrÃo especÃfica. As formulaÃÃes foram administradas em dose Ãnica, via oral, seguida de coletas de sangue, de pelo menos quatro meias-vidas do fÃrmaco em estudo. Os perÃodos de tratamento obedeceram a um intervalo de sete meias-vidas, entre eles (washout). As concentraÃÃes em plasma do Diclofenaco foram dosadas por mÃtodo analÃtico especÃfico e validado, baseados em cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia acoplada à espectrometria de massa (LC-MS/MS). Os resultados mostraram que em relaÃÃo à ASCinf (Ãrea sobre a curva), os fÃrmacos nÃo foram bioequivalentes para a extensÃo da absorÃÃo. O pico de concentraÃÃo plasmÃtica (concentraÃÃo mÃxima), que indica velocidade de absorÃÃo do fÃrmaco, nÃo foi bioequivalente entre a formulaÃÃo teste e a formulaÃÃo referÃncia, estando fora do intervalo de confianÃa de 80-125%. Considerando o uso amplamente aberto do diclofenaco, ressalta-se a importÃncia em avaliar custo-eficiÃncia versus custo-efetividade quando se orienta o uso de determinada formulaÃÃo do mercado. A nÃo equivalÃncia terapÃutica pode comprometer o tratamento de um determinado sintoma, ou mesmo de uma doenÃa, podendo levar ao descrÃdito o fÃrmaco escolhido. à relevante observar que cada fÃrmaco responde a um indivÃduo de maneiras distintas, de acordo com as variaÃÃes biolÃgicas do mesmo, podendo ambas as formulaÃÃes testadas ser eficaz, mesmo nÃo sendo bioequivalentes. / Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug that exerts its effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and modulation of arachidonic acid; it has analgesic properties and is used for symptomatic treatment of pain, mainly related to inflammation. It is a drug widely used and easily accessible to the user. A bioequivalence study refers to the statistical comparison of the main pharmacokinetic measures observed in the experiment concerning to the products to be tested. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between a formulation of diclofenac sodium extended-release 100 mg capsules, called test formulation, versus a formulation of diclofenac sodium extended-release 100 mg capsules reference product, in healthy volunteers of both sex, fasted and fed, as recommended by ANVISA. Open-type Clinical trial, randomized , crossover, with four periods, two sequences, in which participants received in each distinct period in fasting or fed, 01 extended-release capsule of the test formulation or 01 extended release 100 mg capsule of diclofenac sodium of the reference formulation. In each hospitalization, the volunteers received the test or reference formulation with or without a specific diet pattern. The formulations were administered in a single oral dose, followed by blood sampling, at least four half-lives of study drug. Treatment periods obey an interval of seven half-lives, between then (washout). The diclofenac concentrations in plasma were dosed by a specific and validated analytical method based on liquid chromatography high efficiency coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that with regard to AUCinf (area under the curve), the drugs were not bioequivalent to the extent of absorption. The peak plasma concentration (maximum concentration), which indicates the rate of absorption of the drug, was not bioequivalent between the test formulation and reference formulation, being outside the confidence interval of 80-125%. Considering the wide open use of diclofenac, it emphazises the importance of evaluate cost-efficiency versus cost-effectiveness when it guides the use of certain formulation of the market. The non therapeutic equivalence can compromise the treatment of a particular symptom, or even a disease, which may lead to discrediting the drug chosen. It is important to note that each individual responds to a drug in different ways, according to biological variations thereof, both formulations tested may be effective, although not bioequivalent.
18

Estudo de bioequivalencia entre duas formulações de oxcarbazepina de 600mg em voluntarios sadios de ambos os sexos / Bioequivalence study between two 600mg oxcarbazepine formulations in health volunteers of both genders

Oliveira, Sandro Evanir de 05 May 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Gilberto de Nucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T11:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_SandroEvanirde_M.pdf: 4367932 bytes, checksum: 012ece8285397b7b316af94bf4aea91f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar a biodisponibilidade de duas formulações de oxcarbazepina em comprimidos de 600mg, produzidas pelo Laboratório Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos Ltda, formulação teste, com a formulação de referência Trileptal®, comprimidos 600mg, elaborada pelo Laboratório Novartis Pharma. Baseando-se na baixa variabilidade interindividual da droga e na bibliografia existente, definiu-se um número de vinte e seis voluntários de ambos os sexos, entre 18 a 50 anos, considerados sadios com base em exames físicos e laboratoriais. As amostras plasmáticas coletadas foram quantificadas por um método validado, empregando-se a cromatografia líquida de alta pressão acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS-MS). Com base nos dados da quantificação, obtiveram-se as curvas de concentração de oxcarbazepina versus tempo e seu metabólito versus tempo, determinando-se assim, os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: área sob a curva AUC ¿ área sob a curva de concentração plasmática versus tempo, concentração máxima atingida após a administração da dose (Cmax) e tempo em que ocorreu essa concentração máxima (Tmax). Concluiu-se que a formulação oxcarbazepina 600 mg produzida pelo Laboratório Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos Ltda é bioequivalente à formulação Trileptal®, comprimido 600mg, elaborado pelo Laboratório Novartis Pharma, para extensão e taxa de absorção de oxcarbazepina, considerando-se os intervalos de confiança de 90% para as razões geométricas estabelecidos pela Food and Drug Administration (80-125%) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability of two oxcarbazepine formulations in 600mg pills - a test formulation produced by Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos Ltda with the Trileptal® formulation by Novartis Pharma. Based on the low interindividual variability of this drug and the existing bibliography, the study sample size indicated was 26 volunteers of both sexes, considered healthy according to their physical and laboratory exams, . The plasma samples were quantified by a validated method that used high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The quantification data was used to obtain the concentration curves of oxcarbazepine versus time and metabolite versus time that determined the following pharmacokinetic parameters: the AUC curve- area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, maximum concentration achieved after the dose was administered (Cmax) and the time taken to achieve e maximum concentration (Tmax). We concluded that the 600mg oxcarbazepine formulation produced by Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos Ltda was bioequivalent to the 600mg Trileptal® formulation produced by Novartis Pharma in relation to the rate and extent of oxcarbazepine absorption, considering confidence intervals of 90% for geometric ratios established by the Food and Drug Administration (80-125%) / Mestrado / Mestre em Clinica Medica
19

Determinação do perfil farmacocinético de medicamentos contendo fármacos de ação central / Determination of drug pharmacokinetic profile containing drugs of central action

Moreira, Roberto Fernandes, 1979- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ney Carter do Carmo Borges / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:34:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_RobertoFernandes_D.pdf: 2940817 bytes, checksum: 525d43271d9ecc3f57856c7a4f024a5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Na última década, a evolução dos aspectos técnicos da regulamentação brasileira na área de medicamentos, tendo como base princípios científicos, é inquestionável. A implantação das legislações contribuiu para o aprimoramento da fabricação e garantia de qualidade dos medicamentos no país, introduzindo conceitos tais como equivalência farmacêutica, biodisponibilidade e bioequivalência. O teste de bioequivalência é fundamental para garantir que dois medicamentos que comprovaram a equivalência farmacêutica apresentará o mesmo desempenho no organismo em relação à biodisponibilidade, expressa em termos da quantidade absorvida do fármaco, a partir da forma farmacêutica ministrada, e da velocidade do processo de absorção. Os procedimentos analíticos descritos neste trabalho estão em conformidade com os requisitos do FDA e da ANVISA para a quantificação de drogas em estudos farmacocinéticos em humanos. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o primeiro método desenvolvido para a quantificação de clorpromazina em plasma humano utilizando Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência (CLUE) acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa triplo quadrupolo em tandem e electrospray em modo positivo (CLUE-ES(+)-EM/EM). O analito e o padrão interno (IS) foram extraídos do plasma humano pela técnica líquido-líquido com éter dietílico/diclorometano (70/30, V/V). A cromatografia foi conduzida isocraticamente num Aquity UPLC BEH C18 1,7 mm (50 mm x 2,1 mm di) operando a 40°C. A fase móvel foi uma mistura de 65% de água + 1% de ácido fórmico e 35% de acetonitrilo a uma taxa de fluxo de 0,5 mL/min. O limite de quantificação foi de 0,5ng/ml e uma curva de calibração linear 0,5-200ng/ml, mostrando precisão intra-ensaio de 2,4 a 5,8%, e precisão inter-ensaio foi de 3,6 a 9,9%. A exatidão intra-ensaio variou de 96,9 a 102,5%, enquanto a exatidão inter-ensaio variou de 94,1 a 100,3%. Este método de análise foi aplicado em um estudo de biodisponibilidade relativa, a fim de comparar uma formulação teste na dose de 100mg de clorpromazina contra uma formulação referência em 57 voluntários de ambos os sexos. Além disso, descrevemos o método analítico para quantificação de ondansetrona em plasma humano utilizando CLAE-EM/EM, associado ao menor tempo de análise cromatográfica descrita e baixo volume de plasma para extração do ativo. Amostras de plasma humano foram extraídas com éter metil-terc-butílico e analisadas por CLAE-ES-EM/EM. O limite de quantificação foi de 0,2ng/mL e o método foi linear no intervalo de 0,2-60ng/ml. A precisão intra-ensaio ficou entre 1,6 a 7,7%, enquanto que a precisão inter-ensaio variou de 2,1 a 5,1%. As exatidões intra-ensaio variaram de 97,5 a 108,2% e a exatidão inter-ensaio variaram de 97,3 a 107,0%. Este método analítico foi utilizado em um estudo de biodisponibilidade relativa de duas formulações farmacêuticas contendo 8 mg de ondansetrona cada em 25 voluntários saudáveis, usando, o delineamento cruzado em dois períodos. Finalmente, o método analítico para quantificação de imipramina utiliza CLUE-EM/EM, apresentando baixo limite de quantificação associado ao menor tempo de análise cromatográfica em comparação aos trabalhos descritos na literatura. A imipramina e o IS foram extraídos a partir de plasma humano utilizando éter dietílico/diclorometano (60/40, V/V) e analisadas por CLUE-ES+-EM/EM. A cromatografia foi realizada em modo isocrático em um CLUE BEH C18 1.7 Aquity One (100 mm x 2,1 mm di) operando a 40ºC. A fase móvel era composta de uma mistura de 65% de água, 1% de ácido fórmico e 35% de acetonitrilo bombeada a uma taxa de fluxo de 0,5mL/min. O limite de quantificação foi de 0,1ng/ml com linearidade no intervalo de 0,1 a 20ng/mL. O método mostrou precisão intra-ensaio de 0,8 a 5,8% e precisão inter-ensaio de 2,1 a 5,1%. As exatidões intra-ensaio variaram de 95,0 a 105,4%, enquanto a exatidão inter-ensaio variou de 98,2 a 108,2%. Este método de análise foi aplicada em um estudo de biodisponibilidade relativa entre uma formulação teste com 25mg de imipamine contra um comprimido da formulação referência em 35 voluntários de ambos os sexos. Este trabalho descreve três estudos de bioequivalência dos ativos clorpromazina, ondansetrona e imipramina, sendo cada um dos estudos com delineamento aberto, aleatorizado, cruzado de dois períodos. Uma vez que o IC de 90% para as razões de Cmax e ASC ficaram dentro do intervalo de 80-125% em todos os estudos, concluiu-se que as formulações em teste de clorpromazina, ondansetrona e imipramina são bioequivalentes às respectivas formulações de referência no que diz respeito tanto à taxa e extensão como de absorção / Abstract: In the last decade, the evolution of the technical aspects of the Brazilian regulations in the area of medications, based on scientific principles, is unquestionable. The implementation of the specific laws and regulations have contributed to the improvement of manufacturing and quality assurance of medicines in the country, introducing concepts such as pharmaceutical equivalence, bioequivalence and bioavailability. Bioequivalence testing is critical to ensure that the two medications that have proved pharmaceutical equivalence will have the same bioavailability in the body, expressed in terms of the amount of absorbed drug and the speed of absorption using the dosage form provided. Analytical procedures described in this work are in accordance with the requirements of the FDA and ANVISA for the quantitation of drugs in pharmacokinetic studies in humans. Here we describe the first method for the quantitation of chlorpromazine in human plasma using an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to an electrospray tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive mode (UPLC-ES(+)-MS/MS). The analyte and the internal standard (IS) were extracted from human plasma by a liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v) and chromatography was performed isocratically on an Aquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 ?m (50 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) operating at 40°C. The mobile phase was a mixture of 65% water+1% formic acid and 35% of acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 0.5 mL/min. The lowest concentration quantified was 0.5ng/mL and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.5-200 ng/mL was obtained, showing intra-assay precisions from 2.4 to 5.8%, and inter-assay precisions from 3.6 to 9.9%. The intra-assay accuracies ranged from 96.9 to 102.5%, while the inter-assay accuracies ranged from 94.1 to 100.3%. This analytical method was applied in a relative bioavailability study in order to compare a test chlorpromazine 100 mg simple dose formulation versus a reference in 57 volunteers of both sexes. The analytical method for quantification of ondansetron in human plasma described here offers advantages over previously reported using HPLC-MS/MS, associated with shorter chromatographic analysis described and low plasma volume for extracting active. Human plasma samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The limit of quantification was 0.2?ng/mL and the method was linear in the range 0.2-60?ng/mL. The intra-assay precisions ranged from 1.6 to 7.7%, while inter-assay precisions ranged from 2.1 to 5.1%. The intra-assay accuracies ranged from 97.5 to 108.2%, and the inter-assay accuracies ranged from 97.3 to 107.0%. The analytical method was applied to evaluate the relative bioavailability of two pharmaceutical formulations containing 8?mg of ondansetron each in 25 healthy volunteers using a randomized, two-period crossover design. In addition, the analytical method for the quantification of imipramine in human plasma described here offers advantages over previously reported using UPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-MS, with low limit of quantification associated with shorter chromatographic analysis described in the literature. The analyte and the IS were extracted from human plasma by a liquid¿liquid extraction with diethyl ether/dichloromethane (60/40, V/V) and analyzed by UPLC¿ES+-MS/MS. Chromatography was performed isocratically on an UPLC BEH C18 1.7 Aquity One (100 mm ×2.1 mm i.d.) operating at 40ºC. The mobile phase was a mixture of 65% water + 1% formic acid and 35% of acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 0.5 mL/min. The lowest concentration quantified was 0.1ng/mL and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.1¿20ng/mL was obtained, showing intra-assay precisions from 0.8 to 5.8%, and inter-assay precisions from 2.1 to 5.1%. The intra-assay accuracies ranged from 95.0 to 105.4%, while the inter-assay accuracies ranged from 98.2 to 108.2%. This analytical method was applied in a relative bioavailability study in order to compare a test imipamine 25 mg simple dose formulation versus a reference tablet in 35 volunteers of both sexes. The study was conducted in an open randomized two-period crossover design and with a fourteen days washout period. Since the 90% CI for ASC and Cmax ratios were within the range of 80-125% for all studies, it was concluded that the test formulations of chlorpromazine, imipramine and ondansetron are bioequivalent to the respective reference formulations with respect to both rate and extent of absorption / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutor em Ciências
20

Características minerais e energéticas do lixo urbano em processos de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia /

Vespa, Izabel Cristina Galbiatti, 1954- January 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Banca: Tânia Mara Baptista dos Santos / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, verifica-se crescente a produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos associada a um aumento populacional e ao maior consumo de produtos com embalagens que poderiam ser recicladas. Medidas rápidas de valorização e reciclagem devem ser tomadas para que permitam um consumo contínuo de alguma forma racional, diminuindo conseqüentemente, as agressões ambientais. No presente estudo avaliaram-se parâmetros que proporcionem subsídios na tomada de decisões sobre o melhor aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos orgânicos, utilizando-se a compostagem ou a biodigestão anaeróbia. O resíduo sólido urbano orgânico (lixo) foi cedido pela empresa CONSTROESTE, localizada no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, e o experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Biodigestão Anaeróbia do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Campus de Jaboticabal da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp. Foram conduzidos ensaios de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, utilizando-se resíduo sólido urbano orgânico coletado no município de São José do Rio Preto - SP, no intuito de avaliar as características químico-minerais, o potencial energético e a interferência da qualidade do resíduo no desenvolvimento dos processos. Avaliaram-se as reduções de sólidos totais e voláteis, produções de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante durante a biodigestão anaeróbia, que foi conduzida com a utilização ou não de inóculo, e parâmetros como temperatura, umidade, peso, teores de nutrientes, e redução de massa enleirada durante a compostagem e a equivalência energética nos dois processos. Observaram-se reduções de 58,5% nas quantidades de massa seca enleirada e de 40,9% nos teores de carbono orgânico, matéria orgânica compostável e demanda química de oxigênio. Foram verificadas temperaturas acima de 40º C,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An increasing production of urban organic wastes is noticed in the last years, associated with the growth of the global population and the increased of resultant consumption. Fast actions of valorization and recycling must be done, in a way that it allows a rational continuous consumption and consequently decreasing environmental aggressions. This work has evaluated some parameters that supply decision making over better use of urban organic wastes through composting or anaerobic digestion processes. The urban organic waste was supplied by Controeste company, in São José do Rio Preto - SP. The experiment was conducted in the Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department - Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences College - Jaboticabal Campus - São Paulo State University - UNESP. Samples of composting and anaerobic digestion were collected done from the wastes in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP, with the objective of evaluating to the chemical and mineral properties and consequent interference of the residues on the processes. The reductions of total and volatile solids, biogas production and biofertilizer quality werw evaluated during the anaerobic digestion. It was conducted using inoculums or not and parameters such as temperature, humidity, weight, nutrient content and reduction of heap mass during the composting. A reduction the 58.5% in the quantity of heap dry mass, 40.9% in the organic carbon contents, recycling organic material and chemical demand of oxygen was observed. It was registered temperatures above 40ºC in the heaps interior, evidencing the importance of the process of reduction and/or elimination of pathogens.The presence of innocuous in the substrate anticipated the biogas production in the process of anaerobic digestion...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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