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Sdílení mobilních sítí a patenty na standardizovanou technologii v soutěžním právu EU / Network Sharing and Standard Essential Patents in EU competition lawKrejsová, Klára January 2020 (has links)
Network Sharing and Standard Essential Patents in EU Competition Law Abstract This diploma thesis deals with two issues which are closely linked to telecommunications and its specific features - network sharing and standard essential patents. Actually, these issues are very topical and come out at the forefront of EU competition authorities. The goal of this diploma thesis is to familiar the reader with particular issues and then analyse individual decisions of Commission and CJEU regarding aforementioned topics from the perspective of consumer welfare as one of the main objectives of EU competition law. Therefore, the first part of the thesis provides definition of consumer welfare standard so that the analysis of particular decisions could be performed. The second part of this thesis deals with network sharing. Given the complicacy of this topic, there are defined the individual models and presented some actual cases of network sharing in EU at the beginning of this part. Subsequently, the thesis deals with the interrelationship between telecom mergers and network sharing. After these introductory remarks, the individual decisions of Commission are analyzed. This part is finally concluded with a partial conclusion which summarizing the main outputs arising from performed analysis. The third part of the...
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Patent pools and competition law : an examination of the enforcement strategies of competition authoritiesFellig, Menachem M. 08 1900 (has links)
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche" / In the past decade, we have seen a resurgence of patent pools. These pools have
emerged in our high-tech world to overcome a number of transaction costs involved
in assembling patents necessary for the creation of new technologies. While patent
pools can be pro-competitive; they can also present a number of anti-competitive
features, such as sheltering collusion and eliminating competition between rival
firms. This has been said to explain the enormous swings in the analytical approach
of enforcement agencies with respect to patent pools.
The introduction of the Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property by
American competition authorities marked an important shift in patent pool
enforcement, reflecting the view that intellectual property and competition law are
actually complementary, both seeking to enhance innovation as well as competition.
Based on these Guidelines, enforcement agencies' identified potential problems and
have offered a number of guiding principles and recommendations - in the form of
Business Review Letters - to help pooling parties avoid running afoul of competition
law.
A review of some of these guidelines reveals that following them indiscriminately,
without regard to the particular circumstances, can in fact have a negative impact on
innovation and industry. Four areas where a clarification and refinement of policy
are necessary are highlighted; namely, the essentiality doctrine, pool, independent
licensing and grantback clauses. We maintain that guidance from the competition
authorities is too rigid, and that a more carefully tailored approach is necessary to
achieve an optimal outcome in both competition and innovation. / Au cours de la dernière décennie, nous observons une renaissance de l'institution
des communautés de brevets (patent pools), constitués pour surmonter les coûts
afférents a la réunion des brevets nécessaires pour la création des nouvelles
technologies. Bien que ces communautés de brevets en général favorisent la
concurrence, elles peuvent aussi avoir des effets anti-concurrentiels, entre autre, en
permettant la collusion et l'élimination de la concurrence entre compagnies rivales.
On a dit que ceci explique les étonnantes oscillations dans l'approche analytique
qu'ont adoptée les organismes d'application à l'égard des communautés de brevets.
L'introduction des Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property par les
autorités de la concurrence américaines marque un point tournant dans l'analyse des communautés de brevets, reflétant le fait que les lois de la propriété intellectuelle et
celles de la concurrence sont, en réalité, complémentaires en ce qu'elles tendent
toutes les deux à améliorer l'innovation et la concurrence. Se basant sur ces lignes
directrices, les agences ont identifié les problèmes potentieis et ont offert un certain
nombre de directives et de recommandations sous forme de lettres de revue
(Business Review Letters) pour aider ceux qui entendent constituer des communautés
de brevets à éviter d'enfreindre la Loi.
Toutefois, une révision de certaines de ces lignes directrices démontre que, suivies
d'une façon inconsiderées, sans égard aux circonstances particulières, elles peuvent
avoir un impact négatif sur l'innovation et l'industrie. Quatre sections ont été mises
en évidence où les règles doivent être clarifiées et nuancées, à savoir la doctrine de
l'essentialité, les droits d'exclusivité, les services indépendants délivrant les licences
et les clauses de rétrocession. Nous soutenons que les règles adoptées par les
autorités de la concurrence sont trop rigides et qu'une approche plus nuancée est
nécessaire pour atteindre un résultat optimal, à la fois pour la concurrence et pour
l'innovation.
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Patent pools and competition law : an examination of the enforcement strategies of competition authoritiesFellig, Menachem M. 08 1900 (has links)
In the past decade, we have seen a resurgence of patent pools. These pools have
emerged in our high-tech world to overcome a number of transaction costs involved
in assembling patents necessary for the creation of new technologies. While patent
pools can be pro-competitive; they can also present a number of anti-competitive
features, such as sheltering collusion and eliminating competition between rival
firms. This has been said to explain the enormous swings in the analytical approach
of enforcement agencies with respect to patent pools.
The introduction of the Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property by
American competition authorities marked an important shift in patent pool
enforcement, reflecting the view that intellectual property and competition law are
actually complementary, both seeking to enhance innovation as well as competition.
Based on these Guidelines, enforcement agencies' identified potential problems and
have offered a number of guiding principles and recommendations - in the form of
Business Review Letters - to help pooling parties avoid running afoul of competition
law.
A review of some of these guidelines reveals that following them indiscriminately,
without regard to the particular circumstances, can in fact have a negative impact on
innovation and industry. Four areas where a clarification and refinement of policy
are necessary are highlighted; namely, the essentiality doctrine, pool, independent
licensing and grantback clauses. We maintain that guidance from the competition
authorities is too rigid, and that a more carefully tailored approach is necessary to
achieve an optimal outcome in both competition and innovation. / Au cours de la dernière décennie, nous observons une renaissance de l'institution
des communautés de brevets (patent pools), constitués pour surmonter les coûts
afférents a la réunion des brevets nécessaires pour la création des nouvelles
technologies. Bien que ces communautés de brevets en général favorisent la
concurrence, elles peuvent aussi avoir des effets anti-concurrentiels, entre autre, en
permettant la collusion et l'élimination de la concurrence entre compagnies rivales.
On a dit que ceci explique les étonnantes oscillations dans l'approche analytique
qu'ont adoptée les organismes d'application à l'égard des communautés de brevets.
L'introduction des Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property par les
autorités de la concurrence américaines marque un point tournant dans l'analyse des communautés de brevets, reflétant le fait que les lois de la propriété intellectuelle et
celles de la concurrence sont, en réalité, complémentaires en ce qu'elles tendent
toutes les deux à améliorer l'innovation et la concurrence. Se basant sur ces lignes
directrices, les agences ont identifié les problèmes potentieis et ont offert un certain
nombre de directives et de recommandations sous forme de lettres de revue
(Business Review Letters) pour aider ceux qui entendent constituer des communautés
de brevets à éviter d'enfreindre la Loi.
Toutefois, une révision de certaines de ces lignes directrices démontre que, suivies
d'une façon inconsiderées, sans égard aux circonstances particulières, elles peuvent
avoir un impact négatif sur l'innovation et l'industrie. Quatre sections ont été mises
en évidence où les règles doivent être clarifiées et nuancées, à savoir la doctrine de
l'essentialité, les droits d'exclusivité, les services indépendants délivrant les licences
et les clauses de rétrocession. Nous soutenons que les règles adoptées par les
autorités de la concurrence sont trop rigides et qu'une approche plus nuancée est
nécessaire pour atteindre un résultat optimal, à la fois pour la concurrence et pour
l'innovation. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche"
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Innovation et coordination dans les standards NTIC : le rôle des brevets essentiels / Innovation and Coordination for ICT Standards : the Role of Essential PatentsBaron, Justus 24 September 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse étudie le rôle des brevets essentiels pour la coordination de l'innovation dans les standards des Nouvelles Technologies d'Information et de Communication (NTIC). Les firmes actives dans la standardisation ont réagi au défi de la marée de brevets essentiels en créant des mécanismes innovateurs de coordination, et notamment des consortia informels de standardisation et des pools de brevets. La thèse met en lumière le mécanisme d'appropriation original que représentent les brevets essentiels. Ce mécanisme peut cependant générer des incitations à recourir à des stratégies opportunistes. Les pools de brevets peuvent exacerber ces incitations, mais induisent également une augmentation du nombre de brevets déposés autour des standards technologiques. Les consortia informels ont un effet positif sur le nombre de brevets liés aux standards si les incitations à innover sont insuffisantes. L'effet des consortia est plus faible, voire négatif, si les incitations à innover sont excessives. Les brevets essentiels influencent le progrès technologique des standards, notamment en donnant lieu à un progrès plus continu, consistant dans de nombreuses mises à jour et évitant les remplacements de standards. / This thesis studies the role of essential patents for the coordination of innovation in ICT standards. The increasing number of essential patents around technological standards is an increasing challenge for standardizing firms. In response, these firms have developed innovative coordination mechanisms, and in particular patent pools and informal standards consortia. This thesis sheds light on the function of essential patents as a distinctive appropriation mechanism tailored to cumulative innovation. This mechanism can however induce incentives for opportunistic strategies, which can be even exacerbated by patent pools. Nevertheless, patent pools also lead to an increase in the number of patented technologies developed for technological standards. Informal consortia induce an increase in the number of standard-related patents when incentives to innovate are insufficient. When the incentives to innovate are excessive, the effect of consortia on the number of patents is weaker, or even negative. Essential patents have an incidence on the technological progress of standards. For instance, inclusion of essential patents induces a more continuous type of technological progress, consisting in many small standard updates, and avoiding discontinuous standard replacements.
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A critical analysis on the intersection of Competitio law and Standard Essential Patents in the EUTsuro, Hardlife January 2020 (has links)
The point of conflict between competition law and patent law is mainly on the objectives of these two policies. Whereas competition law encourages market pluralism, patent law promotes exclusive exploitation of patented-technology by patent holders. Despite this asymmetrical purposes both policies compliment each in promoting innovation, dissemination of technology, and developmentof a vibrant economy. The interface between these two should be treated cautiously since a preferential treatment of one over the other can have adverse consequences in the development of the economy. Admittedly competition law is very crucial in regulating anti-competitive conduct by cartels and monopolies that will affect the interests of the society. On the flip side, the enforcement of anti trust policies should not be overly applied to the extent of eroding the spirit of innovation and investment in beneficial technology. In the face of this aggressive global market, promotion of innovation and competition law are crucial in maintaining a competitive edge. Wherefore a balance must be struck!
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標準必要專利之國際管轄與準據法研究 / International jurisdiction and choice of law for standard essential patents張博茹 Unknown Date (has links)
法院處理涉外標準必要專利之案件時,經常面臨國際管轄以及準據法適用的問題。涉及議題包含授權契約之成立與效力、專利侵權、違反競爭法等。本文先分析我國涉外民事法律適用法在智慧財產案件上之實務適用情形,認為目前涉外民事法律適用法第42條第1項應僅適用與智慧財產權利內容本身相關之爭議,智慧財產契約或侵權行為案件,則應適用契約與一般侵權行為之選法規則。
其次,本文透過研究日本、中國、韓國、美國、英國等國之標準必要專利案件,探討標準必要專利案件中,標準制定組織的智財權政策與F/RAND承諾,經常約定以標準制定組織所在地法為準據法,因此所生之授權契約爭議與競爭法爭議,包括法院是否有權管轄,以及應該如何適用之準據法。在與F/RAND相關之爭議裡,各國法院鮮少有拒絕管轄的情形。準據法方面,實務上基於當事人意思自主原則,適用標準制定組織之智財權政策與F/RAND承諾之準據法,判斷F/RAND承諾之性質,以及當事人間授權契約是否成立以及其效力為何。競爭法方面,實務上各國皆適用內國競爭法,以決定標準必要專利權人之行為是否濫用其市場地位。
經由比較法與實務案件之分析,本文主張標準必要專利之中基於F/RAND所生之契約爭議,仍應適用標準制定組織之智財權政策與F/RAND承諾中所約定之法律。適用涉外民事法律適用法部分,法院實務判決應更清楚明確定性案件以及適用涉外民事法律適用法之依據與理由,俾使涉外民事法律適用法第42條第1項之意義更為明確。競爭法之部分,由於其強行法規之性質,實務皆適用法庭地法,原則上僅就影響國內市場之涉外行為判斷。此外,就我國立法就智慧財產之國際管轄規定付之闕如,應該針對智慧財產之特殊性增加相關規定。 / In cross-border SEP-related cases, courts often face the problems of international jurisdiction and the choice of law. SEP-realted cases often involve issues such as the nature of the F/RAND declarations and the IPR policies of Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs), the formation and the effect of licensing agreements, and violation of competition law, etc. The thesis starts from the examination of Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements in Taiwan. Article 42(1) of the Act should be applied only to the issues related to the content of IP right itself. As for IP infringements and IP-related contracts, the choice of law rules on general infringements and contracts should be applied.
Secondly, the thesis further looks into the practice of conflict of law in Japan Korea, PRC, the UK and the US on SEP-related cases, which mostly apply the principle of party autonomy to determine the nature of F/RAND declarations and the nature of SSOs’ IPR policies. As for the competition law argument, based on the mandatory nature of competition law, the court often applied lex fori to the issues.
Back to the private international law in Taiwan, the thesis suggests that the court should elaborate more specifically on the process of the court determining the characterization of the case and further deciding the choice of law. Besides, Taiwan should also legislate the law on the international jurisdiction on IP cases.
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Innovationens grindväktare – Tillämpningen av art. 102 FEUF på nödvändiga patent, och dess förenlighet med patenträttens syften. / The Gatekeepers of Innovation – The application of art. 102 TFEU regarding standard-essential patents, and its compatibility with the purposes of patent law.Edvall, Mattias January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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