The diploma thesis describes application of the individual coefficients of the real estate tax and it is focused on possible changes, which accompany introduction of the local coefficient. It examines the assumption, if the communities decrease the value of correction coefficient or if they limit the application of the coefficient with value 1,5 along with the implementation of the local coefficient, in order to partly reduce the strong effect of the local coefficient and to cut down the real estate tax. The sample of 22 villages shows that this hypothesis does not work in practice. Municipalities which have set up the local coefficient usually have not done other changes. This thesis also researches how the communities set the particular coefficients and evaluates, if these changes lead to advantages for residents. The indicator predicating that the municipalities behave like this can be the high rate of using coefficient with value 1,5, which is asserted the most often and it is used in one fifth of Czech communities. Next proof of strategic acting of these municipalities is the findings that 20 from 22 surveyed villages have set the coefficients in the way, that non-residents pay higher tax than residents. On the other hand the decision on application of coefficients is in the full competence of communities and it depends only on municipal council which position they maintain.

The diploma thesis deals with the real estate tax in the Czech Republic and the mutual dependence between the fees for municipal waste and local coefficients. It deals with the degree of dependence between the rate of charge for municipal waste and local coefficient. There are also examined historical context leading to the introduction of a fee for municipal waste. The amount of local rate and charge rate for municipal waste are in full responsibility of municipalities and depends on them what position they take. The main aim of this study was to determine whether municipalities will compensate the higher value of the local coefficient of real estate tax by reduction rate for municipal waste. Analysis showed that this behavior occurs only rarely and can not be regarded as a model. The research was conducted on a sample of 20 municipalities in the Central Region. Based upon research, it was found that the relationship between these variables is not.

The diploma thesis describes one of fiscal powers of municipality, the possibility use local coefficient. In addition to local coefficient, the work deals with a coefficient of 1.5. It focuses on the development of the local coefficient from 2009 to 2012. This thesis is focused on monitoring number of municipalities, which this local coefficient has. The conclusion is that the local coefficient uses only a small number of municipalities. The work is focused on the size of the local coefficients. The research shows that the local coefficient has many changes. Municipalities coefficient introduced or canceled and re-introduced, they also change the size. Less than half of the municipalities which have introduced local coefficient in the first year of potential introduction, the coefficient left unchanged throughout the period. The thesis also mentioned information for the year 2013.

The subject of the diploma thesis is a characteristic of elements of tax autonomy and their following analysis executed in municipalities of Kladno district. Description of elements of tax autonomy of mentioned municipalities by law number 338/1992 Coll., about tax on real estates and by law number 565/1990 Coll., about local charges is included in theoretical section of the diploma thesis. The signifikance of the elements of tax autonomy consists in the fact that through them can the municipalities increase their tax incomes and therefore their financial independence from the state. In the practical part of the diploma thesis is analysed the rate of utilization of these elements in municipalities of Kladno district and also there are deduced the aspects which influence it. In the last part of the diploma thesis the established rate of utilization of the elements of tax autonomy in municipalities of Kladno district are being compared with the national average. Performed analysis shows that the rate of utilization of local coefficient is (in contrast with the rate of utilization of the coefficient 1,5 and alteration of correctional coefficient in Kladno district) higher then the national average. From the viewpoint of local charges was found that overall collection of local charges in Kladno district since the year 2007 decreased, while the national collection of local charges increased. Increase of collections, compared to the year 2007, was in Kladno district recorded only local charges for waste, dogs and accommodation capacity.

Cílem diplomové práce je přehledné srovnání právních úprav daně nemovitostí ve vybraných státech EU. Jedná se o rozsáhlejší práci s 86-ti stranami vlastního textu. Kromě úvodu a závěru má práce tři kapitoly: I. Česká právní úprava, II. Německá právní úprava, III. Daň z nemovitostí ve vybraných státech EU. První dvě kapitoly podrobně popisují právní úpravy v České republice a Spolkové republice Německo. Třetí kapitola obsahuje přehlednou tabulku srovnání daně z nemovitostí celkem 15-ti vyspělých evropských ekonomik, kdy u každého státu je popsáno označení daně, předmět/subjekt daně, je zde uveden základ pro vyměření daně, sazby a výpočet daně a v neposlední řadě je uvedeno komu přísluší daňová pravomoc. Práce je zakončena podrobným závěrem, který shrnuje českou a německou právní úpravu, zejména obsahuje část analyzující odlišné prvky zdanění nemovitostí, z kterých jsou vyzdvihnuty možné inspirace pro českou legislativu. Práce obsahuje přehled použité literatury a to jak české tak i zahraniční.

This thesis deals with the progress of property taxation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The main objective of this paper is the analysis of property taxes in these countries since year 2000 till now. The thesis is divided into several parts, which deal with legislative changes in property taxes (transfer taxes, road tax and real estate tax) in the Czech republic and in Slovakia to reflect these changes to the collection of property taxes. Next part of the thesis is a comparison of legislative changes between both countries and a comparison of collection of property taxes in the Czech republic and Slovakia to the average of OECD countries. The conclusion of the thesis includes the analysis of the influence of some macroeconomic indicators to collection of property taxes.

No description available.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-12-12T15:56:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 César Finger Fiorio_.pdf: 1440819 bytes, checksum: c2343d47f785e9f822af2a470cd9923d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-12T15:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 César Finger Fiorio_.pdf: 1440819 bytes, checksum: c2343d47f785e9f822af2a470cd9923d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-24 / Nenhuma / Diante do atual cenário imobiliário, o progresso sustentável tem se apresentado como alternativa para a diferenciação dos empreendimentos frente ao mercado de imóveis. Ainda, de modo a promover a preservação ambiental, as isenções fiscais para imóveis sustentáveis têm se apresentado como proposta para abatimento de parte das tributações imobiliárias. Por objetivo, este trabalho busca desenvolver um modelo avaliatório de apartamentos para uma cidade de pequeno porte inserindo variáveis sustentáveis. Além disso, este modelo servirá de base para análise dos valores de mercado sobre as avaliações imobiliárias realizadas pela prefeitura municipal e de suas devidas arrecadações tributárias. Com este intuito, a Engenharia de Avaliações utiliza-se da metodologia científica de pesquisa e caracteriza-se como ferramenta indispensável para o avaliador, orientando-o na escolha das informações de interesse, na forma de coleta, análise e tratamento de dados. Para a obtenção dos resultados, requerem-se um planejamento prévio, levantamento bibliográfico, delimitação da área de mercado a ser explorada, definição das variáveis significativas para o modelo, obtenção de uma amostra confiável e tratamento científico por inferência estatística. O estudo indica que os apartamentos tratados ainda carecem da utilização de recursos sustentáveis em sua construção, e como justificativa, os investidores alegam que o custo de implantação é inviável para os padrões locais. Embora, as edificações que fazem o uso destas alternativas apontem maior valor venal, elas agregam benefícios econômicos e elevam a qualidade de vida de seus usuários. Ademais, com relação à arrecadação de alíquotas imobiliárias, existe uma ampla defasagem nos valores venais apresentados pelos órgãos públicos em suas avaliações contrapondo-se aos do modelo estatístico desenvolvido, e consequentemente, geram-se prejuízos econômicos a sociedade e desvaloriza a justiça social. / Faced with the current real estate scenario, the sustainable progress has been presented as an alternative for the differentiation of developments in the real estate market. Also, to promote environmental preservation, tax exemptions for sustainable properties have been proposed as a proposal to reduce part of real estate taxes. The objective of this work is to develop an appraisal model of apartments for a small city by inserting sustainable variables. In addition, this model will serve as a basis for analyzing the market values of the real estate valuations carried out by the municipal government and its due tax collections. For this purpose, the real estate appraisal uses the scientific methodology of research and is characterized as an indispensable tool for the evaluator, guiding it in the choice of information of interest, in the form of data collection, analysis and treatment. To obtain the results, it is required a previous planning, bibliographic survey, delimitation of the market area to be explored, definition of significant variables for the model, obtaining a reliable sample and scientific treatment by statistical inference. The study indicates that treated apartments still lack the use of sustainable resources in their construction, and as justification, investors claim that the cost of implementation is infeasible to local standards. Although the buildings that make use of these alternatives point to higher market value, they add economic benefits and raise the quality of life of their users. In addition, with respect to the collection of real estate rates, there is a wide gap in the venal values presented by the public agencies in their evaluations, in opposition to those of the developed statistical model, and consequently, economic losses are generated in society and devalues social justice.

本文藉由 2001 年至 2015 年遺產稅申報資料，並利用死亡率倒數法將死亡者的遺產，還原推算在世者財富分配情形，分析臺灣財富分配不均及財富組成情形，發現財富分配不均程度近年來逐漸增加，與金融資產集中於富人相關；除此之外，財富集中得分配不均情形，不僅發生在貧富之間，單就富人族群，也可觀察到財富集中化的現象。另一方面，財富組成部分則觀察到，相較於不動產與其他非金融資產，國人逐漸偏好金融資產，其可能原因在於，遺產稅有效稅率下降，減少持有不動產以規避租稅的誘因。雖然金融資產占財富總額比例增加，但土地仍為國人主要持有財產。 本文另外以迴歸模型探討遺產稅有效稅率與財富組成的關係，其結果顯示，遺產稅有效稅率對於土地占財富總額比例為顯著正相關，對於存款與投資占財富總額比例則為顯著負相關，代表個體面對較高的租稅負擔，傾向利用稅制之下土地評價低估的方式獲取租稅利益。稅制扭曲個人對於資產種類的選擇，也影響個體資產配置的決策。 / Based on estate tax returns from 2001 to 2015 and using the estate multiplier method to blow up the sample of decedents to represent the number of livings, this pa-per analyzes wealth inequality and wealth composition in Taiwan. The results suggest that the degree of wealth inequality has gradually increased in recent years, in accord-ance with the observation that financial assets became more concentrated in the rich. In addition, the concentration of wealth and the resulting inequality is not only between the rich and the poor, it also happens within the group of the rich. On the other hand, in wealth composition, the results suggest the tendency of holding more financial assets as opposed to real estates and other non-financial assets. One of the possible explanations is that the decreasing effective tax rate of the estate tax reduces incentives to hold real estates for tax benefits. Despite the increasing in the proportion of financial assets, land is still the major choice of property holdings as measured by the ratio of wealth. The second part of the study uses regression analyses to explore the relationship between the effective tax rate (of the estate tax) and the composition of wealth. Results show that the estate tax effective rate is positively correlated with the ratio of land to total wealth, and negatively correlated with the ratio of deposit and investment. These results represent that when facing a higher tax burden, individuals tend to take ad-vantage of the undervaluing of land in the current tax system to obtain tax benefits. This adds to existing evidence that tax distorts individuals’ choice of asset types, and affects individuals’ decisions on asset allocation.

遺贈稅的課徵不論就效率或公平面都有足夠的理論基礎，但反觀過去十年的遺贈稅收佔整體賦稅的比例，遺產及贈與稅收的規模一直不高，僅有少部分的人需要繳稅。為了支應長照財源，遺產及贈與稅法於民國106年4月底三讀通過，此次修法是自民國98年修法以來另一項重大的變革。民國98年遺產及贈與稅由十級累進稅率改為單一稅率，大幅降低高財富水準者的租稅負擔，卻也產生財富集中於富有者的隱憂，影響遺產稅平均社會財富的社會意義。 　　在不考慮稅基狹小的問題（遺產稅的課徵係針對應稅遺產淨額達一定水準者），遺產稅收規模有限的原因可能為稅法本身的租稅減免，或人為的租稅不順從。本文從合法的租稅規避與非法的租稅逃漏的角度切入，以民國90至104年度遺產稅申報資料，分析影響遺產稅租稅規避與影響逃漏的因素。合法的節稅管道中，相較於免稅額屬於定額的減除，須自行填報的扣除額更具有操控空間，實證結果指出未償債務、農業用地與公共設施保留地等扣除額具有稅盾效果，節稅利益隨稅率增加；本文在分析非法的租稅逃漏行為時，將個人逃漏決策分為是否逃漏與逃漏多寡，實證結果指出修法調降稅率後逃漏行為明顯減少，且從持有財產種類、減免規定的適用以及生前贈與行為能夠反映逃漏的傾向。最後，考慮到逃漏與否為繼承人選擇的結果，以Heckman兩階段估計修正，結果也顯示逃漏行為的確受到無法觀察的自我選擇因素影響。 / Despite that estate and gift tax are well-grounded based on efficiency and equity justification, the tax revenue collected accounts for a small portion of overall tax revenues for most countries. As a major part of the efforts to raise revenues for long-term care services, the government passed into law the amendment to raise estate and gift tax rate in April, 2017. This amendment is another major change to the estate and gift tax in Taiwan since 2009 when the government drastically changed the tax rate structure from a ten-bracket progressive rate schedule to a flat tax rate of 10% with a smaller tax base. As expected, the reform in 2009 greatly cut down the tax burden to those having large taxable estate, causing concerns of more concentrated of wealth among the riches. 　　Stepping aside the problem of having a narrow tax base (the basic design of the estate tax is meant to be a class tax on "richest of the riches"), limited tax revenue of the estate tax can also be attributed to tax avoidance and tax evasion. Nevertheless, few studies provided convincing results on estate tax avoidance and evasion. Utilizing the estate tax returns data from 2001 to 2015 provided by the Ministry of Finance, this paper aims to analyzing estate tax avoidance and evasion in Taiwan. The study of tax avoidance focuses on tax deductions, and the evidence suggests the presence of strong tax saving effects. Regression analysis on tax evasion suggests that the 2009 reform reduced tax incompliance in general, and asset types, tax reliefs, and inter vivo gifts are correlated to the probability of evasion in particular. Finally, results from the Heckman’s two-stage estimation suggest the existence of unobserved missing variables related to both the decision to evade and the amount to evade.