This diploma thesis is about design of implementation of the ISA-95 standard for model of distillation column. The thesis consists of two parts, theoretical part and empiric part. In theoretical part, based on scientific literature there are defined terms about regarding standard ISA-95 in which are described individual models of standard ISA-95. Next chapter of diploma thesis is focused on FactoryTalk Services Platform, in which are introdced applications made by RockWell Automation, which are applied for this standard. Then there is description of distilation and model of distilation column. Last chapter of theoretical part is focused on industrial EtherNet/IP. This chapter blends into empiric part. In the next chapter of empiric part, there is design of implementation of standard ISA-95 using applications made by Rockwell Automation. Next chapter is focused on realization of the desing. Chapter of empiric part evaluates the entire project.

This thesis deals with design and implementation of multi-channel audio signal streaming via local network. The aim was to choose suitable processor for the transmission of up to 32 channels of audio signal, which will be used for implementation. Also the low-latency ASIO driver was studied and was used to provide timestamps for synchronization. The transmission protocol was designed for signaling and for the real time stream. The actual transmission is provided by TCP protocol. In conclusion, I created the application for development board with choosen MCU. Finally whole solution was tested with real data.

Vorgestellt wird die Architektur des Data Centers der TU Chemnitz, die auf den neuen Technologie Data Center Bridging (DCB) und Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) basiert. Es werden die entsprechenden Standards dargestellt und ein Überblick zur gegenwärtig verfügbaren Technik gegeben. Das Rechenzentrum der TU Chemnitz setzt diese Technologien bereits erfolgreich im Kontext von VMware-Virtualisierung und bei Betrieb I/O-intensiver Systeme ein.

The evolving of the networking application and electronic components are pushing the bandwidth limits in the automotive domain [19]. Consequently, the car manufacturers have begun to produce more complex Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to fulfil the automotive technology evolution. Car manufacturers have used ECUs from different vendors to get the most creative features in cars [19]. These ECUs requires a standard network interface such as Ethernet which can bring significant features such as high bandwidth, low weight and full duplex communication. Nowadays, Ethernet has adapted to apply in the automotive application. Therefore, it has called for a high degree of testing to ensure the safety and interoperability between these ECUs. However, the testing of the Automotive Ethernet is facing many challenges such as finding and solving the issues as early as possible in the development process. Besides that, testing an Automotive Ethernet TCP/IP stack is a complex task, as it required an upper tester to cause the implementation of the device under the test to move to specific states. AUTOSAR has defined a standardised control protocol (Test Stub) to use it as an upper tester for executing the AUTOSAR Acceptance Test (for TCP/IP stack) [6]. This protocol has used for conducting the test cases of the TCP, UDP and IP protocols in AUTOSAR [21] [22] [23]. OPEN Alliance has specified an Automotive Ethernet ECU test specification which covers more protocols than AUTOSAR such as ARP and DHCP [7]. Consequently, potential gaps and issues may arise when using the Test Stub to conduct the test cases of the OPEN Alliance, as it initially defined for conducting the AUTOSAR Acceptance Test. This work presents the evaluation of the Test Stub in context of using it to conduct the OPEN Alliance Automotive Ethernet ECU Test. Furthermore, it will introduce a solution to overcome the potential issues and gaps which may arise after using the Test Stub (defined by AUTOSAR) to conduct the test cases of the OPEN Alliance.

The development of Internet applications, as well as new technologies to provide Internet access to users, has caused a massive increase in the amount of data traffic in networks and the need of cost-efficient solutions for various networks. This motivated the development of such technologies as Internet Protocol (IP) and Ethernet. Ethernet originally aimed to serve the needs of Local Area Networks. The deployment of Ethernet in metropolitan area networks worldwide (also known as Carrier Ethernet) has made it both a competitive and preferable technology in comparison to technologies such as SONET/SDH and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). This thesis research investigates the requirement of various stakeholders to Carrier Ethernet technology. The following stakeholders were identified during the research: customers, standardization bodies, vendors, and providers. Each stakeholder was closely investigated and its needs, requirements and interconnection with other target groups were analysed and gathered into one communication map called Carrier Ethernet eco-system. Moreover this thesis identifies more specific recommendations to each stakeholder that could improve the development of Carrier Ethernet technology in general and ensure the satisfaction of the customer and leave more space for future innovation. / Internettillämpningars utveckling har framkallat en massiv ökning av datatrafiken i näten och dess krav har drivit fram införande av Internet Protocol (IP) och Ethernet-teknologi i globala nätverk. Ethernets teknologi har ursprungligen utvecklades för Local Area Networks. Ethernets spridning i globala näten (också känd som Carrier Ethernet) har gjort det till en både konkurrenskraftig och eftersökt teknologi i jämförelse med SONET/SDH och Våglängdsmultiplexering (WDM) tekniker. Denna rapport utreder kraven på Carrier Ethernet som kommer från följande intressenter: kunder, standardiseringsorgan, telekommunikations företag, och leverantörer. Detta examensarbete undersöker varje intressent och identifierar vilka funktioner de behöver och hur de är i förbindelse med andra målgrupper. Resultatet av analysen samlades i en karta som kallades Carrier Ethernet ekosystem. Dessutom kommer denna uppsats identifierar mer specifika rekommendationer för varje aktör som kan ge en förbättrad utveckling av Carrier Ethernet-teknik i allmänhet och motivera framtida innovationer i tekniken.

Improvements in embedded electronics which have effectively reduced power consumption requirements as well as advancements in IC technology allowing utilization of low power inputs have made Energy Harvesting a popular power solution for low power applications such as WSNs. In many implementation areas, we can see solar, thermal, and vibration energy harvesting techniques have taken the role of batteries as power source. Now that Energy Harvesting is a popular and considerably mature technology, with proper design and installation, any object exposing energy has the ability to be promoted as a power source. We are currently living in Internet age where we connect to the world through network packets. Ethernet, by far, is the most popular LAN technology which allows us to plug and play. Therefore, on an Ethernet link, billions of packets where our data are encapsulated in are traversing every hour. We assume each of these packets exposes some level of energy on an Ethernet link. The challenge here is harvesting the energy available from Ethernet packets and transforming it into useful energy so that it can be used to power devices such as WSNs. In this thesis work, we have revealed how much energy is available from Ethernet packets, and how much of it can be made usable. We have also designed a system where a WSN is generating all of its operating power solely from Ethernet packets and consuming this energy in communication with a base station.

Background.As a result of the digital era, vehicles are being digitalised in arapid pace. Autonomous vehicles and powerful infotainment systems are justparts of what is evolving within the vehicles. These systems require more in-formation to be transferred within the vehicle networks. As a solution for this,Ethernet was suggested. However, Ethernet is a ’best effort’ protocol which cannot be considered reliable. To solve that issue, specific implementations weredone to create Automotive Ethernet. However, the out-of-the-box vulnerabil-ities from Ethernet persist and need to be mitigated in a way that is suitableto the automotive domain. Objectives.This thesis investigates the vulnerabilities of Ethernet out-of-the-box and identify which vulnerabilities cause the largest threat in regard tothe safety of human lives and property. When such vulnerabilities are iden-tified, possible mitigation methods using security measures are investigated.Once two security measures are selected, an experiment is conducted to see ifthose can manage the latency requirements. Methods.To achieve the goals of this thesis, literature studies were conductedto learn of any vulnerabilities and possible mitigation. Then, those results areused in an OMNeT++experiment making it possible to record latency in a sim-ple automotive topology and then add the selected security measures to get atotal latency. This latency must be less than 10 ms to be considered safe in cars. Results. In the simulation, the baseline communication is found to take1.14957±0.02053 ms. When adding a security measure latency, the total dura-tion is found. For Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC)-SecureHash Algorithm (SHA)-512 the total duration is 1.192274 ms using the up-per confidence interval. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)- ED25519 has the total latency of 3.108424 ms using the upper confidenceinterval. Conclusions. According to the results, both HMAC-SHA-512 and ECDSA- ED25519 are valid choices to implement as a integrity and authenticity secu-rity measure. However, these results are based on a simulation and should beverified using physical hardware to ensure that these measures are valid. / Bakgrund.Som en påföljd av den digitala eran, så har fordon blivit digitalis-erade i ett hastigt tempo. Självkörande bilar och kraftfulla infotainmentsys-tem är bara några få av förändringarna som sker med bilarna. Dessa systemkräver att mer information skickas genom fordonets nätverk. För att nå dessahastigheter föreslogs Ethernet. Dock så är Ethernet ett så kallat ’best-effort’protokoll, vilket inte kan garantera tillförlitlig leverans av meddelanden. För attlösa detta har speciella tillämpningar skett, vilket skapar Automotive Ethernet.Det finns fortfarande sårbarheterna av Ethernet kvar, och behöver hanteras föratt tillämpningen skall vara lämplig för fordonsindustrin. Syfte.Denna studie undersöker vilka sårbarheter som finns i Ethernet ’out-of-the-box’ och identifierar vilka sårbarheter som har värst konsekvenser urperspektivet säkerhet för människor och egendom. Två säkerhetsimplementa-tioner väljs ut för att se över vidare de kan användas för kommunikation i bilar. Metod.För att nå arbetets mål, så genomfördes en literaturstudie för attundersöka sårbarheter och potentiella motverkningar. Studiens resulat använ-des sedan i en simulering för att kunna mäta fördröjningen av en enkel topologii en OMNeT++miljö. Sedan addera den tiden med exekveringstiden för säker-hetsimplementationerna för att få en total fördröjning. Kommunikationstidenmåste vara mindre än 10 ms för att räknas som säker för bilar. Resultat.I simuleringen, så ger mätningarna en basal kommunikation på1.14957±0.02053 ms. När säkerhetsimplementationerna tillsätts så får manden totala kommunikationstiden. För HMAC-SHA-512 mäts den totala kom-munikationstiden till 1.192274 ms genom att använda den övre gränsen av kon-fidensintervallet. För ECDSA - ED25519 mäts tiden till 3.108424 ms. Slutsatser.Enligt resultaten så är både HMAC-SHA-512 och ECDSA - ED25519möjliga alternativ för integritets- och äkthetstillämpningar i fordorns kommu-nikation. Dessa resultaten är dock framtagna ur en simulering och bör verifierasmed hjälp av fysisk hårdvara så mätningarna är sanningsenliga.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta as principais características de um sistema telefônico de voz baseado na tecnologia TDM e de um sistema de comunicações ópticas baseado em no protocolo Ethernet. Os dois sistemas são comparados economicamente. A solução Ethernet foi então escolhida e avaliada para ser instalada priorizando sua utilização na área central do Rio de Janeiro em aplicações corporativas. Aplicações residenciais também foram avaliadas, com menor ênfase. / [en] This work shows the legacy telephone system and optical communication system based on the Ethernet protocol major characteristics, compares both in technical and economically aspects. Then, the implementation of an optical network based on the Ethernet protocol in some areas of Rio de Janeiro is assessed.

Classic AUTOSAR provides a standardized architecture and guidelines for automotive development. However, it does not include specifications for securing Ethernet communication. The IEEE 802.1AE standard specifies a security standard called Media Access Control Security (MACsec) to protect Ethernet communication. MACsec protected communication requires key agreement between the network peers. IEEE has also standardized this as MACsec Key Agreement (MKA) protocol specified in the 802.1X-2020 standard. This thesis determines the feasibility of incorporating the MKA protocol and MACsec standard in Classic AUTOSAR. For this purpose, we designed and implemented a proof of concept (PoC), having an evaluation board running Classic AUTOSAR communicating via Ethernet with a virtual machine. Classic AUTOSAR has a layered architecture. The PoC developed in this thesis introduces a services module in its basic software layer, which performs MKA protocol and provides MACsec protection. It interacts with the Ethernet interface in the hardware abstraction layer and with the cryptographic service manager (CSM) in the services layer. Furthermore, this thesis evaluates the results to determine that the PoC meets the security requirements and does not violate the Classic AUTOSAR specifications. Based on the design and implementation of this proof of concept, we conclude that it is feasible to incorporate the MKA protocol and MACsec standard in Classic AUTOSAR. This work also mentions the limitations of the PoC and future work required to achieve the goal of having MKA protocol and MACsec standard as a part of Classic AUTOSAR specification. / Classic AUTOSAR tillhandahåller en standardiserad arkitektur och riktlinjer för fordonsutveckling. Den innehåller dock inga specifikationer för att säkra Ethernet-kommunikation. IEEE 802.1AE-standarden specificerar en säkerhetsstandard som kallas Media Access Control Security (MACsec) för att skydda Ethernet-kommunikation. MACsec-skyddad kommunikation kräver nyckelöverenskommelser mellan nätverkskollegorna. IEEE har också standardiserat detta som MACsec Key Agreement (MKA)-protokoll specificerat i 802.1X-2020-standarden. Denna avhandling bestämmer möjligheten att införliva MKA-protokollet och MACsec-standarden i Classic AUTOSAR. För detta ändamål designade och implementerade vi ett proof of concept (PoC), med ett utvärderingskort som kör Classic AUTOSAR som kommunicerar via Ethernet med en virtuell maskin. Classic AUTOSAR har en skiktad arkitektur. PoC som utvecklats i denna avhandling introducerar en tjänstemodul i sitt grundläggande mjukvarulager, som utför MKA-protokoll och ger MACsec-skydd. Den interagerar med Ethernet-gränssnittet i hårdvaruabstraktionslagret och med den kryptografiska tjänstehanteraren (CSM) i tjänsteskiktet. Dessutom utvärderar denna avhandling resultaten för att fastställa att PoC uppfyller säkerhetskraven och inte bryter mot Classic AUTOSAR-specifikationerna. Baserat på designen och implementeringen av detta proof of concept drar vi slutsatsen att det är möjligt att införliva MKA-protokollet och MACsec-standarden i Classic AUTOSAR. Detta arbete nämner också begränsningarna för PoC och framtida arbete som krävs för att uppnå målet att ha MKA-protokoll och MACsec-standard som en del av Classic AUTOSAR-specifikationen.

ÅF Digital Solutions AB are looking to replace their current legacy system for audio transmissions within aircrafts with a new system based on Ethernet. They also want the system to be as closely matching the current Audio Integration System as possible as well as preferably using commercial off the shelf components. The issue evaluated in this thesis is whether it is feasible to port the legacy protocol over to an Ethernet based solution with as few modifications as possible, what performance requirements are present on the Ethernet solution as well as what remaining capacity is available in the network. Furthermore is ÅF Digital Solutions AB interested in what avionics related Ethernet based protocols and standards are already present on the market.The work is conducted in two tracks - one track of experimental measurements and statistical analysis of the latency present in the proposed solutions and one track with a survey regarding the integration of the present Audio Integration System protocol into the propesed Ethernet based solutions. The study finds two standards present on the market: Avionics Full-Duplex Ethernet (AFDX) and Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet). Two prototype implementations are built, one implementing AFDX and one custom built upon Ethernet and UDP. The latency of these are measured and found to be largely similar at ideal conditions. Ethernet is found to be more flexible, whilst AFDX allow for interoperation with other manufacturers and TTEthernet facilitates strict timing requirements at the cost of specialised hardware. The bandwidth utilisation of AFDX at ideal conditions is found to be 0.980% per stream and for the Ethernet solution 0.979% per stream.It is proposed that ÅF Digital Solutions AB pursue a custom Ethernet based solution unless they require interoperability on the same network with other manufacturers as a custom solution with full control over the network allows the largest flexibility in regards to timings and load. If interoperability is required is AFDX proposed instead as it is a standardised protocol and without the, for ÅF Digital Solutions AB, unnecessary overhead of TTEthernet. / Åf Digital Solutions AB vill undersöka möjligheterna att byta sitt nuvarande legacysystem för kommunikation inom flygplan till ett Ethernet-baserat system. Detta på ett sätt som håller implementationen så nära deras nuvarande Audio Integration System som möjligt. Problemet som undersöks är huruvida det är rimligt att flytta legacyprotokollet till Ethernet med så lite modifikationer som möjligt. Utöver detta vill ÅF Digital Solutions AB veta prestandakraven som blir på en Ethernet-lösning samt hur mycket resterande kapacitet som eventuellt finns kvar för framtida användning. Vidare vill de veta vilka standarder som redan finns på marknaden.Arbetet genomförs genom två spår - ett med experimentella mätningar och statistisk analys och en med ett case-study av integrationen av Audio Integration System och Ethernet. Undersökningen finner två standarder på marknaden relaterat till avionik; Avionics Full-Duplex Ethernet (AFDX) samt Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet).Två prototyper byggs, en baserad på AFDX och en baserad på UDP och Ethernet. Latencyn för dessa två mäts och finns vara snarlika vid deras respektive ideala scenarion. Ethernet finns vara mer flexibelt, AFDX merinteroperabel och TTEthernet mer lämplig vid strikta tidskrav. Bandbreddsutnyttjandet för AFDX finns vara 0.980% vid ideala förhållanden och 0.979% för Ethernetvid ideala förhållanden.Det rekommenderas att ÅF Digital Solutions använder sig av en egenutformad Ethernetbaserad lösning om de inte har krav på interoperabilitet ty det ger mer flexibilietet gällande tidskrav, protokoll och dataflödet.