Thesis advisor: Pamela J. Grace / Background: As established in professional codes of ethics, critical care nurses must be equipped to provide good (ethical) patient care. This requires ethical awareness, which involves recognizing the ethical implications of all nursing actions (ranging from the mundane to the dilemmatic). Ethical awareness is imperative in successfully addressing patient needs, however, evidence suggests that the ethical import of everyday issues may often go unnoticed by nurses in practice. Assessing nurses’ ethical awareness is a necessary first step in preparing nurses to identify and manage ethical issues in the highly dynamic critical care environment. Purpose: To use Rasch principles to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to assess the nature and extent of critical care nurses’ ethical awareness in the context of everyday nursing practice, and to assess the success of scale development using a Rasch model. Method: An item bank representing nursing actions was developed (33 items). Content validity testing with nursing ethics experts (n = 5) was performed (CVI-I = 1). Eighteen items were selected for face validity testing with graduate nursing students (n = 7). After revisions, two full-scale pilot administrations were performed to run item analyses. Sample: Critical care nurses (n = 116) at a large academic teaching hospital in New England. Results: Pilot test analyses suggest sufficient item invariance across samples and sufficient construct validity. Final analyses demonstrate a progression of items uniformly along a hierarchical continuum; items that match respondent ability levels; response categories that are sufficiently used; a Principle Components Analysis demonstrating randomness of residuals, and adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.83). Mean ethical awareness scores were in the low/moderate range (M = 34.9/54; logit = -0.21). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the Ethical Awareness Scale (EAS) is a psychometrically sound, reliable, and valid measure of ethical awareness in critical care nurses. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

<p>Ethical considerations have become more important in our environment, since all humans are moral agents and we can not avoid the involvement of ethical issues in every activity that we take part in. Ethical issues are vital, and it seems that it has become a burning question. This study presents the results of a survey of how Chief Executive Officers (CEO) in five IT-companies considers and work with attitudes toward ethical issues. The survey indicated that ethics in IT-companies has much to do with relations, relations between employees, relations between company and customer, and the importance of creating long-term relationships with customers. The survey also indicated the individual view of ethics. Finally, suggestions for further examination in this area are made.</p>

Ethical considerations have become more important in our environment, since all humans are moral agents and we can not avoid the involvement of ethical issues in every activity that we take part in. Ethical issues are vital, and it seems that it has become a burning question. This study presents the results of a survey of how Chief Executive Officers (CEO) in five IT-companies considers and work with attitudes toward ethical issues. The survey indicated that ethics in IT-companies has much to do with relations, relations between employees, relations between company and customer, and the importance of creating long-term relationships with customers. The survey also indicated the individual view of ethics. Finally, suggestions for further examination in this area are made.

Titel: Kan etisk kultur och etisk medvetenhet förbättra revisorsobjektivitet? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jonas Glad och Madalina Ersson Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2015 – januari Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att klarlägga möjliga samband mellan etisk kultur, etisk medvetenhet samt objektivitet och har sin bakgrund i tidigare forskning inom respektive ämne. Vi undersöker om ´Etisk kultur´ påverkar ´Objektivitet´, om ´Etisk Kultur´ påverkar ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ samt om ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ påverkar ´Objektiviteten´. Metod: Arbetet bygger på en deduktiv kvantitativ metod där vi använt oss av en tvärsnittsdesign i form av en surveyundersökning med en onlineenkät som insamlingsmetod för primärdata i studien. Primärdata har analyserats med statistiska metoder i statistikprogrammet SPSS och resultatet redovisas i huvudsak i tabellform vilket sedan diskuteras mot tidigare forskning. Resultat och slutsats: Inget signifikant samband har erhållits för hypotesen att ´Objektivitet´ skulle bero på ´Etisk kultur´ eller ´Etisk medvetenhet´. Ett signifikant samband för hypotesen att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ påverkas av ´Etisk kultur´ visade sig i resultatet av vår studie. Hypotesen om att ´Objektivitet´ beror på ´Etisk medvetenhet´ förkastades av resultatet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Detta arbete har begränsats av en snäv tidsram samt ekonomiska resurser vilket lett till att studien inte uppnått en så hög svarsfrekvens som önskat, vilket ger utslag på arbetets resultat. Det vore därför intressant att se en mer omfattande studie med högre svarsfrekvens och ytterligare mer fokus på objektivitets- och medvetenhetsmåtten ur ett svenskt perspektiv, vilka möjligen kan upplevas för inexakta för en sådan uppgift som att bekräfta våra hypoteser, även om det är erkända mått inom internationell forskning. Uppsatsens bidrag: Arbetet har bidragit till att visa att det inte är självklart att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ har en direkt inverkan på revisorers ´Objektivitet´. Detta kan resultera i en ökad förståelse för komplexiteten kring dessa aspekter hos både yrkesgruppen revisorer samt för andra intressenter som kunder, investerare, myndigheter och det övriga samhället. Studien har även validerat det mått av etisk kultur som använts från tidigare forskning, vilket visar att det går att applicera i en svensk miljö men att vissa aspekter skiljer sig åt mot den miljö där dessa mått är utvecklade. Detta är värdefullt både för fortsatta kumulativa studier inom ämnet, samt som kunskap för branschen i applicerandet av de bakomliggande teorierna i praktisk etiskt arbete. / Title: Does ethical culture and ethical awareness improve auditor objectivity? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Jonas Glad and Madalina Ersson Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2015 – January Aim: This exam paper aims to identify (clarify) possible relationships between ´Ethical culture´, ´Ethical awareness´ and ´Objectivity´ amongst auditors and has its origins in previous research about these individual components. It examines if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´, if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Ethical awareness´ and finally if ´Ethical awareness´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´. Method: This paper practices a quantitative method where we have used a cross-sectional study in form of a survey design with an online survey to collect primary data for this study. This primary data has been analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS and the result is primarily presented in table form which is then discussed against previous research. Result and conclusion: No significant relationship could be proved that ´Objectivity´ would be dependent of ´Ethical culture´ or ´Ethical awareness´ in this study. The hypothesis that ´Objectivity´ is dependent of ´Ethical awareness´ was rejected, which validates previous research in the area. There is however an indication that ´Ethical awareness´ is dependent of the ´Ethical culture´ and we find a significant dependency between them throughout this study. Suggestions for future research: This study has been limited by scarce amount of time and financial resources which has led to a lower response frequency than could be wished for. Also the measurements for objectivity and ethical awareness, although they are accepted and recognized in previous research, could be viewed as inexact and it would be interesting to apply more exact measurements of objectivity and ethical awareness formed out of Swedish conditions and view of objectivity. This suggest that a more thorough survey to ensure higher answer-ratio and even more focus on the objectivity and ethical awareness measurements could be fruitful.      Contribution of the thesis: This paper has contributed to showing that it’s not obvious that ethical awareness has a direct impact on auditor’s objectivity, which can strengthen the understanding for the complexity of these aspects among the professional auditors and other interest groups such as investors, regulators and society. The paper also validates the measurement of ethical culture from previous research, and shows that the model is valid in a Swedish context. This gives a value for further cumulative studies in this area and as knowledge for future application of the studied theories in practical ethical issues in organizational work.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In efforts to combat the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, the WHO/UNAIDS published the Joint Strategic Action Framework to Accelerate the Scale-up of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa which outlines the aim of a VMMC (voluntary medical male circumcision) prevalence of 80% among males 15-49 year old in 14 countries by 2016 (WHO/UNAIDS, 2011). In line with this directive, South Africa has launched a national VMMC campaign. However, a lot of ethical issues remain unaddressed surrounding VMMC. These can be categorised as individual considerations (autonomy and informed consent; non-maleficence and unintentional, unforeseen harm; risk compensation in circumcised men; risk of undermining current HIV prevention strategies; age of circumcision), community considerations (cultural considerations; justice: the gender divide and female subjugation; distributive justice; social stigmatisation as a result of VMMC), national considerations (adverse events and complications on a macro level; cost saving and unforeseen expenditure of VMMC; the implications of international funding for VMMC; the public health ethics of VMMC; risks of “de-medicalisation” of a surgical procedure; the ever present danger of corruption), global considerations (female genital mutilation; non-sexual HIV transmission; a dangerous shift in focus) and other considerations (a statistical perspective on VMMC; circumcision technique; lack of ethical awareness; dealing with medical uncertainty). Finally, I shall consider neonatal circumcision, which is in itself a contentious issue, and has no role to play in VMMC. The unresolved issues raised by these ethical considerations cast doubt on the moral status of VMMC and I conclude that the VMMC campaign as it stands in South Africa currently is morally indefensible. There is, undeniably, a pressing need for HIV/AIDS prevention strategies in South Africa and other developing countries but the role of circumcision has been overemphasised to the detriment of more holistic approaches. While there are no easy answers to any of the ethical dilemmas presented in this thesis, it is imperative to raise ethical awareness surrounding VMMC. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ‘n poging om die globale MIV/VIGS-pandemie te bekamp, het die WHO/UNAIDS in 2007 die Joint Strategic Action Framework to Accelerate the Scale-up of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa gepubliseer wat ‘n aksie-plan is wat poog om ‘n voorkoms van VMMC (vrywillige mediese manlike besnyding) van 80% in 14 lande onder 15-49 jaar oue mans in 2016 (WHO/UNAIDS, 2011) te bewekstellig. In ooreenstemming met dié riglyn, het Suid-Afrika 'n nasionale VMMC veldtog geinnisiëer. Maar baie van die etiese kwessies verbonde aan VMMC is nie bevredigend aangespreek nie. Hierdie kwessies kan geklassifiseer word onder individuele oorwegings (outonomie en ingeligte toestemming; nie-kwaadwilligheid en onbedoelde, onvoorsiene skade; risiko vergoeding in mans wat besny is; VMMC ondermyn die huidige MIV-voorkoming strategieë; ouderdom van besnyding), gemeenskap oorwegings (kulturele oorwegings; geregtigheid: die oorweging van die geslag verdeel en vroulike onderdanigheid; distributiewe geregtigheid; sosiale stigmatisering as gevolg van VMMC), nasionale oorwegings (newe-effekte en komplikasies op 'n makro-vlak; kostebesparing en onvoorsiene uitgawes van VMMC; die implikasies van internasionale befondsing vir VMMC; die openbare gesondheid etiek van VMMC; risiko's van "de-medikalisering" van 'n chirurgiese procedure; die alomteenwoordige gevaar van korrupsie), globale oorwegings (vroulike genitale verminking; nie-seksuele oordrag van MIV; 'n gevaarlike verskuiwing in fokus) en ander oorwegings ('n statistiese perspektief op VMMC; besnyding tegniek; die gebrek aan bewustheid van hierdie etiese kwessies; die hantering van mediese onsekerheid) bespreek. Ten slotte, sal ek neonatale besnyding ondersoek, wat op sigself 'n omstrede kwessie is, en geen rol behoort te speel in VMMC nie. Die onopgeloste kwessies wat deur hierdie etiese oorwegings aan die lig gebring word veroorsaak twyfel oor die morele status van VMMC. Ek lei dus af dat die VMMC veldtog soos dit tans bestaan in Suid-Afrika moreel onverdedigbaar is. Daar is ongetwyfeld 'n dringende behoefte vir MIV/VIGS- voorkoming strategieë in Suid-Afrika en ander ontwikkelende lande, maar die rol van besnydenis word oorbeklemtoon ten koste van ‘n meer holistiese benadering. Hoewel daar geen maklike antwoorde op enige van die etiese dilemmas wat in hierdie skripsie verken is nie, is dit noodsaaklik dat etiese bewustheid rondom VMMC verhoog word.

No description available.