In 2011, a period began in which the United States demographic will change to include the largest, least prepared, and most diverse elderly population in our nation’s history. That was the year the “Baby Boomer” generation started retiring and members of this large cohort will continue to do so for approximately twenty years (Kemper, Komisar & Alecxih, 2005). Chronic health conditions and the obesity epidemic may make retirement years less healthy ones than for previous generations of older adults. Lifestyle changes in Baby Boomers as compared to previous cohorts of elders – increased divorce, fewer children, nontraditional family relationships – may result in less support for frail elders when they can no longer care for themselves, thereby increasing their vulnerability to long-term care placement (Cherlin, 2010; Ryan, Smith, Antonucci & Jackson, 2012

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2011. / In this research report, I present the role of ethical principles in promoting efficient service delivery at the Department of Education in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province. I critically present what the codes of conduct are; and explore the challenges and constraints faced by the public regarding behaviour and conduct of public officials Both the interviews and the questionnaires of the study were conducted at Capricorn District of the Department of Education at Lebowakgomo. The subjects of the study were all the current personnel attached to the Human Resource Management of the district.The report is concluded with an assessment of the challenges and constraints faced by the districttowards acceptable conduct as opposed to unacceptable or unethical behaviour, as well asrecommendations for addressing them.

No / This article explores the concept of internationally acceptable codes of ethics within the context of an Egyptian nurse’s PhD studies. Theoretical work, including gaining ethical approval for the project, took place in the UK, while the data collection phase of the study was done in Egypt. This highlighted areas where the Arab Muslim interpretation of some ethical principles, especially around the issue of gaining informed consent, differed from that currently accepted in British research ethics. The authors argue that it may not be possible, or even desirable, to standardize codes of ethics globally in areas such as academic research. Ethical principles develop from a unique mix of culture and religion. It may be more important to develop cultural competence that includes the ability to understand and respect the way in which ethical principles are interpreted by various societies.

Background: The development of artificial intelligence (AI) is ever increasing, especially in the telecom and IT industry due to its great potential competitive advantage. However, AI is implemented at a fast phase in society with insufficient consideration for the ethical implications. Luckily, different initiatives and organizations are now launching ethical principles to prevent possible negative effects stemming from AI usage. One example is the Ethical Framework for AI by Floridi et al., (2018) who established five ethical principles for sustainable AI with inspiration from bioethics. Moreover, Sweden as a country is taking AI ethics seriously since the government is on a mission to be the world leader in harnessing artificial intelligence. Problem: The research in the field of ethical artificial intelligence is increasing but is still in its infancy where the majority of the academic articles are conceptual papers. Moreover, the few frameworks that exist for responsible AI are not always action-guiding and applicable to all AI applications and contexts. Purpose: This study aims to contribute with empirical evidence within the topic of artificial intelligence ethics and investigate the relevancy of an existing framework, namely the Ethical Framework for AI by Floridi et al., (2018), in the IT and telecom industry in Sweden. Method: A qualitative multiple-case study of ten semi-structured interviews with participants from the companies EVRY and Ericsson. The findings have later been connected to the literature within the field of artificial intelligence and ethics. Results: The most reasonable interpretation from the findings and analysis is that some parts of the framework are relevant, while others are not. Specifically, the principles of autonomy and non- maleficence seem to be applicable, meanwhile justice and explicability appear to only be partially supported by the participants and beneficence is suggested to not be relevant due to several reasons.

<p>Do we have a moral duty to offer severely ill asylum- seeking children permanent residence permits?</p><p>This thesis analyses our moral duty to offer 410 severely ill asylum-seeking children permanent residence permits. During 2004 an emotionally charged debate started in Sweden. The debate concerned the deportation of 410 severely ill asylum- seeking children and their families. For this and other reasons Sweden was criticized by the United Nations commission along with human rights organizations for being too restrictive in its migration and asylum politics. My thesis outlines the migration and asylum debate and the refugee situation in the world at present together with facts about how the asylum procedure takes place in Sweden. Further I draw upon medical research connected to the asylum procedure along with how the Swedish Government and Save the Children respond to the migration and asylum debate.</p><p>I also explore which rights, in terms of legal implications and ethical principles, these children have. Additional I outline theories in political philosophy from the utilitarian and communitarian tradition. The two philosophers I refer to are Michael Walzer and Peter Singer to apply their views to my primary question. Finally, I reach a critical analysis where I summarize and discuss my research. In the end I offer my final reflections in order to further debate on migration and asylum issues.</p>

Do we have a moral duty to offer severely ill asylum- seeking children permanent residence permits? This thesis analyses our moral duty to offer 410 severely ill asylum-seeking children permanent residence permits. During 2004 an emotionally charged debate started in Sweden. The debate concerned the deportation of 410 severely ill asylum- seeking children and their families. For this and other reasons Sweden was criticized by the United Nations commission along with human rights organizations for being too restrictive in its migration and asylum politics. My thesis outlines the migration and asylum debate and the refugee situation in the world at present together with facts about how the asylum procedure takes place in Sweden. Further I draw upon medical research connected to the asylum procedure along with how the Swedish Government and Save the Children respond to the migration and asylum debate. I also explore which rights, in terms of legal implications and ethical principles, these children have. Additional I outline theories in political philosophy from the utilitarian and communitarian tradition. The two philosophers I refer to are Michael Walzer and Peter Singer to apply their views to my primary question. Finally, I reach a critical analysis where I summarize and discuss my research. In the end I offer my final reflections in order to further debate on migration and asylum issues.

Ability and willingness to act ethically is the basis of the quality of the service in helping professions. This thesis deals with the fact which ethical principles are considered to be the most important in work of health care professionals and social workers of the civic association Prevent. In the theoretical part it is dealt with professional ethics, specifics of ethics in health care and social work, about the ethical codes of health and social workers and ethical principles of these professions. Ethics is a philosophical science that seeks to identify and justify the common and general bases which are connected with morality (culturally and historically conditioned by moral standards). The most common approach to the professional ethics is to determine generally formulated ethical principles. The formulation of the ethical principles of the profession can help to understand better the goals that have to be fulfilled. They are defined freely, so they can be acceptable to all. Their freedom is also their weak point - the acceptance of the principle does not give the instructions for a particular act, in addition to the generally accepted principles often come into dispute among them. The basic principles of medical ethics are considered the principles of non maleficience, beneficence, autonomy and justice. Banks defined similar principles for social work ? respect to the right to self-determination, support of well-being or welfare, distributive justice and equality, in the sense of non-discrimination. The practical part of the thesis presents the results of the research. Its goal was to find out which ethical principles are considered by health care professionals and social workers of the civic association Prevent the most important in their profession and how they apply these principles in practice, next to find similarities and differences in the responses of both professional groups and their clients. To achieve the goal the qualitative research was chosen. Interviews, semi-structured interview technique were used to gain the data. The sample was made up three health care professionals, three social workers and three clients civic association Prevent. The research results show that the area of ethics for health care profesiionals and social workers is a difficult topic. The interviewed professionals and clients do not realize the difference between ethics in the health and social work. All interviewees rather see the difference between professionals working with drug users, who are judged as professional and respondents are satisfied with their ethical behavior, and professionals outside the field of addiction, where they met with unethical approach ? prejudices, not respecting of the dignity, condemnation due to addiction. The social workers and health care professionals mention a number of principles which they consider relevant and important to their work. The matching answers to five basic bioethical principles and the principles of social work (non maleficience, beneficence, autonomy, justice, equality-nondiscrimination) has shown that the answers of the respondents of both professions at the same time meet the basic ethical principles of social work and bioethics. Nonmaleficience principle, which is not referred in the literature as the ethical principles of the social work, which two of the three paramedical workers and two of the tree social workers mention in their answers. The principle of the equality, is not mentioned among the basic bioethical principles, two of the three paramedical workers and two of the three social workers. Also the interviewed clients think that it is also very important and significant, the main client requirement in the area of ethics for both professions is the respect for the client, the access without prejudices. The interviewed health care professionals and social workers agree that the main way of solving ethical problems is the intervision in the team and a supervision.

The casuistical manner of dealing with ethical issues goes as far as to the antiquity, and afterwards it was considerably developed in Christianity. Nevertheless from the half of the 17th century it was criticized because of abusing and due to the supposedly "unscientific" character and subsequently it has been abandoned. The ridiculous criticism of Blaise Pascal in his "Provincial Letters" has presented the casuistry as a way in which it is possible to justify almost any behaviour and this evaluation has remained up to the present day. In the same era the mathematization of natural sciences has led to impressive successes and the similar mathematical exactness was expected also in other fields of the human knowledge. Also ethics was concerned with seeking such abstract general principles, which were supposed to describe, cover and explain the whole field of morality. The value of casuistry was seen only as an illustration of such principles in an individual case. In my diploma thesis I attempted to rehabilitate the casuistry as an ethical method. I discussed the book of American authors Albert R. Johnes and Stephen Toulin "The Abuse of Casuistry" from the year 1988. The presentation of this publication is one of purposes of my thesis. Then I examined the casuistry as an ethical method in cases of...

Persuasive design and dark patterns are types of design that aims to change the attitudes and behaviors of users. This study addresses where and how persuasive design and dark patterns are integrated into a selection of two websites, and what users of a website feel about the design underlying purposes. Persuasive design is an area with a design practice where the focus is on influencing the user's behavior through a product or service's characteristics. A dark pattern is an interface designed to trick users into performing actions in applications that they are not meant to perform. The purpose of the study is to map typical UX-related persuasive designs and dark patterns on a selection of websites using Gray’s definition of dark patterns and Ethical principles from Association for Computing Machinery, then analyze five users and their ethical stance. The results of the interviews and observations show that users are not aware that a persuasive design and dark patterns elements exist on a website. The dark patterns influence the users to perform a behavior in a certain direction. The results of the theory based analysis have resulted in Gray’s dark patterns and Ethical principles from Association for Computing Machinery features that on websites allow users to be influenced by a persuasive design and/or dark patterns. In summary, it can be concluded that the participants in the study agree that a design involving dark patterns is considered unethical.

This study is a comparative study of government ethics documents in Sweden and Denmark. It explores how the role of civil servants and their relationship with politicians are described in the ethical documents of both countries. The study aims to identify and analyze the types of civil servants emerging from these documents, their loyalties, and their political and administrative autonomy. The thesis employs a qualitative content analysis method to examine the documents, considering the differences in administrative traditions and political-administrative institutions in the two Nordic countries. The study contributes to understanding the public administration and ethics within the specific contexts of Sweden and Denmark.