Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence) / With approximately 450 tribes and 250 ethnic groups in a territory of 2 345 095 km2,1the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the world's largest, populous, and multiethnolinguistic countries. Since the departure of the Belgian coloniser in 1960, this Member State of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) is facing a myriad of institutional crises, bloody conflicts and wars, mainly caused by the design of political institutions and the side-lining of some ethnic groups from political institutions. For many decades, Congolese provinces have seen numerous violent ethnic-driven conflicts, which led to institutional instability, political crisis, secessions, massacres and wars. The bloodiest of them all were the first and second Congolese wars. From 1996 to 2002, these so-called "African first world war" cost the DRC the lives of millions of people, divided it into many small "republics" and destroyed the few political and economic infrastructures that survived four decades of institutional instability and dictatorship.

The present study attempted a cross-cultural investigation of ethnic and national stereotypes in South Africa, a land inhabited by a heterogeneous population. In this country, real or imagined differences due to racial characteristics profoundly influence social interaction. Moreover, such differences are entrenched and underscored by the prevailing legal system while supplying the rationale for many actions of the goverru:tent in power. On the basis of relevant literature it was assumed that differentiation between stereotypes would be based mainly on colour, but that further distinctive differentiations would be present inside the ensuing major groupings ("White and "Non-White"). It was furthermore attempted to show that various groups differed significantly in their judgment of an ethnic stereotype only if they had a dissimilar relationship with the group to be judged. Altogether 760 subjects were tested. These belonged to the six major ethnic and cultural groups in South Africa (Africans, Afrikaners, Coloureds, English-speaking White Gentiles, Indians, and Jews). They were all asked to judge each one of ten concepts by means of the semantic differential technique, which consisted of twenty adjective pairs. Six of these concepts were the names of the South African groups mentioned above, while another three concepts represented the names of groups outside South Africa ("the Americans", "the Germans", and "the Russians") which play an important role in the thinking of South Africans. Finally, the subjects were asked to rate themselves ("Me"- concept). For the sake of better comparison, only first-year students were tested at various universities. The results were analyzed with the aid of a computer (the ICT computers at the University of Cape Town and at Rhodes University). Since a cross-cultural study rests on the theoretical assumption that any tests used for the purpose of comparison are reliable and valid in all cultures to be investigated, a few additional questions had to be asked. The checks undertaken confirmed that in the present study:- 1) The motivation of the subjects as well as their comprehension of the test's basic aims did not differ to any great extent. 2) The six groups did not differ appreciably as regards the social desirability of adjectives used, the semantic structure of the adjective pairs, and the range of scores on the adjective pairs. Furthermore, it was established that male-female differences in attitudes in each of the six groups tested were negligible. The stereotypes were compared with each other inside every one of the groups tested, as well as being compared between all the groups. These comparisons were carried out on the single adjective pairs separately (by means of the Sign Test and the Median Test), and then undertaken in the context of the factorial structure of the concepts. The major results showed that:- 1. The 'colour line' is an important criterion of evaluation in all groups but the Coloureds and the Jews. a) Apart from a 'Black Factor', on which the concepts "the Africans" and "the Coloureds" obtained high loadings, there appeared to be two factors dealing with the evaluation of the White groups. b) The evaluation of the 'Black Factor' by the African subjects was much more positive than the 'Black Factor' found in other groups. c) The Indian subjects did not regard themselves as belonging to the ' Non-Whites' ; neither were they regarded as such by the other subjects tested. 2. The criterion of colour was of less importance in the Coloured and Jewish groups tested. 3. The Jewish subjects appeared to possess the most differentiated stereotype structure, since, in their case, there were four, instead of the usual three factors to be extracted. Moreover, they tended to regard the Non-'White groups more positively than did the other two White groups. 4. The Afrikaans subjects held the most negative opinion of "the Africans"; conversely, "the Afrikaners" were also rejected more strongly than the English-speaking Whites by the Non-Whites tested. 5. Of all groups rated, "the Americans" were the most liked. 6. The stereotypes of "the Russians" and "the Germans" were fairly similar, except in the case of the Afrikaans subjects, who had an exceptionally positive regard for "the Germans". 1. Ratings of the subjects' own group were generally very much more positive than the ratings of the same group by members of other groups, except in the case of the English-speaking White Gentiles. 8. When any two groups rated a concept differently, this could generally be traced back to, on the one hand, differences in the relationships between each one of the judging groups, and, on the other, the group being judged. In conclusion it can be stated that differences between the groups as regards any one stereotype were generally smaller than the differences between the stereotypes of different concepts as held by any one group tested. Where no special relationships existed between a judging group and one being judged, ethnic and national stereotypes tended to be relatively similar in the various cultures and sub-cultures investigated.

Em virtude da miscigenação populacional que ocorre no Brasil, os diferentes grupos étnicos podem apresentar características faciais próprias e específicas que devem ser consideradas durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Nesse sentido, estudos devem ser estabelecidos para suportar o diagnóstico e facilitar o plano de tratamento entre as diferentes raças e seus diferentes padrões de miscigenação. Objetivou-se, assim, obter e comparar os valores médios de normalidade para as grandezas cefalométricas esqueléticas das alturas e proporções faciais anterior e posterior em leucodermas, feodermas e melanodermas brasileiros com oclusão normal, além de avaliar o dimorfismo entre os gêneros. A amostra constituiu-se de 146 telerradiografias em norma lateral de indivíduos jovens brasileiros não tratados, apresentando oclusão normal, divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1- 50 indivíduos leucodermas (25 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,30 anos; Grupo 2- 40 indivíduos feodermas (20 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,12 anos; e Grupo 3- 56 indivíduos melanodermas (28 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,28 anos. Foram realizados os testes estatísticos: análise de variância a um critério (ANOVA) e teste t. Observou-se que no gênero masculino, os leucodermas apresentaram a altura e a proporção facial anterossuperior maior em relação aos melanodermas e aos feodermas e uma menor proporção facial anteroinferior. No gênero feminino os leucodermas apresentaram uma altura facial anterior total maior em relação aos melanodermas e uma proporção facial anteroinferior menor em relação aos outros dois grupos étnicos. Ainda no gênero feminino a altura e a proporção anterossuperior foram menores nos melanodermas em relação aos leucodermas e aos feodermas. Notou-se também a presença de dimorfismo entre os gêneros para algumas grandezas cefalométricas nos três grupos étnicos. Dessa maneira, afirma-se que é evidente a importância de se estabelecer padrões cefalométricos específicos para o desenvolvimento vertical da face em raças miscigenadas, uma vez que os mesmos auxiliam no diagnóstico e na escolha da melhor terapia ortodôntica. / Due to the diverse population in Brazil, the different ethnic groups can present unique and specific facial characteristics that would be considered during orthodontic treatment. In this, regard, studies should be established to support and facilitate the diagnosis and the treatment plan between the different races and standards of miscegenation. This study objected obtain and compare the mean normal values for skeletal Cephalometric variables for anterior and posterior facial heights in Caucasian, black and afro Caucasian young Brazilian descents with normal occlusion, in addition to verifying sexual dimorphism. The sample consisted of 146 lateral cephalograms of untreated young Brazilian subjects, with normal occlusion, that were divided into three groups: Group 1 - 50 Caucasian subjects (25 of each gender) with an average age of 13.30 years; Group 2 - 40 Afro Caucasian subjects (20 of each gender) with an average age of 13.12 years and Group 3 - 56 Black subjects (28 of each gender) with an average age of 13.28 years. Statistical tests were performed: an analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and t tests. In males, Caucasian presented greater height and proportion of upper anterior third of the face than black individuals and afro Caucasian, the proportion in the lower third was smaller in this group. In females, Caucasian presented a greater anterior facial height than black individuals and a smaller proportion of lower anterior third of the face than two other ethnic groups. Still in females, the minimum height and proportions of upper anterior were smaller in black individuals compared to white and afro Caucasian. It was also observed the presence of sexual dimorphism for some cephalometric measurements in the three ethnic groups. It becomes evident the importance of establishing specific Cephalometric standards for the vertical development of the face in mixed races, since they help to diagnose and choose the best orthodontic therapy.

Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo foi obter os valores médios de normalidade das alturas faciais anterior e posterior de 30 jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, com oclusão normal, com idade média de 14 anos, e verificar a presença ou ausência de dimorfismo entre os gêneros. Metodologia: estudo cefalométrico com as mensurações advindas das análises de Wylie e Johnson (1952), Siriwat e Jarabak (1985), Gebeck (1989), Merrifield (1989) e Horn (1992). Resultados: os resultados revelaram a presença de dimorfismo entre os gêneros para as variáveis AFAT, AFAI, AFA, AFPT e AFPS. Conclusões: um padrão cefalométrico específico, das alturas faciais anterior e posterior, para os jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros com oclusão normal, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, foi apresentado e um dimorfismo entre os gêneros para cinco das treze variáveis avaliadas foi verificado nesta faixa etária média. / Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the standards for facial heights in 30 (14-year-old) adolescent Japanese-Brazilian descents with normal occlusion and also to evaluate whether there is sexual dimorphism. Methods: The cephalometric measurements used followed the analyses of Wylie; Johnson (1952), Siriwat; Jarabak (1985), Gebeck (1989), Merrifield (1989) and Horn (1992). Results: The results showed dimorphism for the TAFH, LAFH, AFH, TPFH and UPFH measurements. Conclusions: the standards for facial heights in adolescent Japanese-Brazilian descents with normal occlusion were presented and a sexual dimorphism in five of the thirteen evaluated variables at this age range were verified.

Orientadores: Joel Sales Giglio, Fátima Bottcher-Luiz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_BiancaStella_D.pdf: 5894313 bytes, checksum: fc4ba7a3bffc7a8fc9e36191ae69d28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender as percepções das diferenças culturais e religiosas de mulheres muçulmanas que residem no Brasil, empregando o método clinico-qualitativo. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-dirigidas a oito mulheres, incluídas na amostra segundo a técnica de bola-de-neve e fechada segundo o critério de saturação dos dados. Estes foram analisados e interpretados à luz das teorias psicossociais. As entrevistadas mostraram-se interessadas em promover visibilidade às práticas religiosas que permeiam a vida do povo muçulmano, salientando o desconhecimento do mundo ocidental sobre estas questões; disseram-se discriminadas em vários aspectos, sobretudo com relação ao uso do véu; questionaram a idéia ocidental da mulher subjugada e refutaram os rígidos padrões de beleza e saúde impostos ao universo feminino ocidental; abordaram aspectos gerais da cultura islâmica, incluindo a sexualidade, o casamento, a criação dos filhos e as suas relações com a população de um país de costumes e tradições diferentes. Ficou evidente o impacto dos acontecimentos de 11 de Setembro sobre a vida destas mulheres, fomentando medo e exclusão social. Concluímos que as entrevistadas encontraram formas conciliatórias de viver no país, sem negar sua religiosidade, convivendo com valores por vezes opostos àqueles que buscavam idealmente. Embora restrito a um grupo de muçulmanas que vivem no Brasil, os resultados apresentados sugerem que as questões levantadas não se limitam a este grupo, mas fazem parte da problemática geral de minorias étnico-religiosas. Neste sentido, esperamos contribuir para uma atenção à saúde que seja culturalmente sensível e contemple não apenas os recursos tecnológicos da moderna medicina, mas também os aspectos sócio-culturais implícitos nas relações saúde-doença, considerados fundamentais no processo de aderência ao tratamento / Abstract: The objective of this present study was to understand the perceptions of the cultural and religious differences of Muslim women who live in Brazil, employing the qualitative-clinical method. Semi-directed interviews were applied to eight women, included in the sample, according to the snow-ball technique and closed according to the criterion of the data saturation. These were analyzed and interpreted under the light of the psychosocial theories. The interviewees were interested in promoting visibility to the religious practices that permeate the life of the Muslim people, emphasizing the ignorance of the Western world about these questions; they said they were discriminated against several aspects, especially in relation to the use of the veil; they also called into question the western idea of the dominated woman and refuted the stricted standard of beauty and health imposed to the western feminine universe; they became open the general aspects of the Islamic culture, including sexuality, marriage, bringing up children and their relations with the people of a country with different traditions and habits. It was evident the impact of the events of September 11 on the life of these women, inciting fear and social exclusion. We deduced that the interviewees found conciliatory ways of living in the country without denying their religion, getting on with values that sometimes are opposite to those that they ideally looked for. Although restricted to a group of Muslim women who live in Brazil, the results that are shown suggest that the questions that were raised don't restrict themselves to this group, but they are part of the general problematic of the ethnic-religious minorities. In this sense, we hope to contribute to a special attention to health that may be culturally sensitive and contemplate not only the technological resources of the modern medicine, but also the social-cultural aspects implicit in the health-disease relations, considered fundamental in the process of supporting treatment / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between reserved seats for ethnic groups in national legislatures and corruption. In 2008, over 30 countries were reserving seats for ethnic groups in their national legislature. The share of seats that was reserved ranged from a 2 percent reserved seats arrangement for a small ethnic minority, to a 100 percent reserved seats power-sharing arrangement between two or more ethnic groups. By applying theories of informal power, this essay hypothesizes that reserving seats reduces corruption. In contrast to the theory, an initial bivariate regression shows that reserved seats are associated with higher levels of corruption. However, when controlling for conflict history, democracy, ethnic fractionalization, GDP/capita, fuel exports, newspaper circulation, and region, this association turns into a negative one, indicating that reserved seats might reduce corruption. The main finding of the study is that having less than 25 percent of the total amount of legislative seats reserved for ethnic groups reduces corruption more than having no reserved seats at all or more than 25 percent reserved seats. This suggests that certain types of reserved seats arrangements are useful for fighting corruption.

M.A. / This study serves to expand the work of A.C. Faul on scale development in social work to incorporate the demand for multiculturalism. Ecometrics – the measurement of ecosystems – is a steadily growing field in South Africa. To date, however, scale development has assumed that the ecometrics will be practiced in a monocultural context. This is obviously not the case in South Africa. Consequently, the research goal is to design a process model for the development of social work scales for multicultural use in South Africa. As a secondary objective, the study aims to test this model in practice, through the development of a multicultural scale that accurately measures the social health of military employees/families. A number of issues underlying the technical aspects of multicultural scale development are first explored, including issues of the characteristics of ecometrics; the meaning of the term culture; the emic-etic debate; cultural equivalence; and bias, fairness and standards in ecometrics. Thereafter, a process model for the development of multicultural ecometric scales is introduced and five main phases are described: analysis, design, development, evaluation, and diffusion & adoption. Each of these phases is further decomposed into main moments and steps, each of which is described at both theoretical and technical levels. In order to test this process model in the real world, a new multicultural, multilingual, multidimensional, systems-oriented, salutogenic scale was created, called the Military Social Health Index. In the analysis phase, the need for the scale was analysed and the innovation requirements determined and contracted with the client. A theoretical framework – family resilience theory – was identified and explored, resulting in the development of an assessment model that underlies the scale. The cross-cultural comparability of the constructs was assessed and each construct was operationally defined, using facet maps. In the design phase, a multicultural, multilingual team of social workers generated close to 200 items, as well as instructions, using a multifocus approach, in which items were generated in four languages simultaneously (English, Zulu, Setswana and Afrikaans). Only items that could be expressed equivalently across languages were accepted. This resulted in an initial instrument, comprising 175 items (plus 16 demographic items), covering seven constructs, in four languages, at an average reading level of Grades 6-7. During the development (or field testing) phase, the instrument was reviewed by a group of social workers for content relevance, translation equivalence, item formulation, etc. Thereafter it was reviewed by focus groups of soldiers in the SANDF. Finally, the instrument was subjected to an analysis of linguistic equivalence. In response to each review, changes were made to the instrument.

'Multiculturalism' has become a commonplace in modern Canadian political parlance as the social geography of Canadian cities changes to reflect an increasingly more diverse immigrant profile. But as several critical interpretations of it contend, multiculturalism signifies more than pure diversity itself—multiculturalism is also an ideological framework that tries to contain and defuse political-economic crises among racialised immigrant communities. In this thesis I explore the circumstances surrounding two interventions by the city of Vancouver to police the production of 'ethnicised' commodities during the 1970s and 1980s. I argue this intervention was a problematic one which provoked tension between the state and a cadre of small capitalists, a struggle which was then promptly displaced onto the ideological field and mediated through the ideological framework of multiculturalism. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

INTRODUÇÃO: A cefalometria constitui um dos elementos auxiliares de grande importância no diagnóstico e planejamento ortodôntico. Diversos estudos já demonstraram que diferentes etnias apresentam algumas variáveis cefalométricas distintas. Realizar o tratamento ortodôntico tendo como guia outra raça ou etnia requer cuidado. As características próprias do indivíduo e seu padrão de miscigenação devem ser respeitados para suportar o diagnóstico e facilitar o plano de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Determinar os valores médios de normalidade das grandezas cefalométricas relacionadas à análise de Ricketts para jovens brasileiros leucodermas, xantodermas e nipo-brasileiros, com oclusão normal e com bom perfil facial, e compará-los entre si. MATERIAL e MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 40 telerradiografias laterais de jovens leucodermas (com idade média de 13,64 anos), 31 de xantodermas (com idade média de 15,63 anos) e 32 de nipo-brasileiros (com idade média de 13,96 anos), provenientes do arquivo da Disciplina de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente pela análise de variância a 2 critérios (ANOVA a 2 critérios) e análise de covariância (ANCOVA) seguidos do teste Tukey. RESULTADOS: encontrou-se diferença estatística significante (p< 0,05) entre as etnias em 6 das variáveis estudadas: Is-APog, Is.APog, Ii-APog, 6-Ptv, profundidade facial e protrusão labial inferior. Não foi observado dimorfismo entre os gêneros. CONCLUSÕES: A amostra de xantodermas apresentou características bem demarcadas de maior protrusão dos incisivos e protrusão labial, e um mento mais retruído, quando comparada com leucodermas e nipo-brasileiros. / INTRODUCTION: Cephalometry is one of the auxiliary elements with great importance in diagnosis and orthodontic planning. Several studies have shown that different ethnic groups have some distinct cephalometric variables. Do an orthodontic treatment having other race or ethnicity as a guide needs some care. The individual characteristics and miscegenation must be respected to support the diagnosis and facilitate treatment plan. OBJECTIVE: Determine the mean normal values and compare Ricketts cephalometric analysis in whites, xanthoderms and japanesebrazilians with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample is composed by 103 lateral cephalograms of young brazilians from Orthodontics Department of Bauru Dental Scholl - University of São Paulo, divided into three groups of both genders: group I: 40 whites; group II: 31 xanthoderms; group III: 32 japanese-brazilians. The data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance 2 criteria and analysis of covariance, followed by Tukey test. RESULTS: we found statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between ethnic groups in 6 variables: Ui-APOG, Ui.APog, Li-APOG, 6-PTV, facial depth and lower lip protrusion. There wasnt sexual dimorphism. CONCLUSIONS: xanthoderms presented a more retruded chin, incisive more protruded combining with a larger biprotrusion lip, compared with whites and japanese-brazilians.

The problem this research addresses is that, regardless of training, educational background or social status, with or without work experience, most non- or limited-English speaking immigrants are forced to begin their American careers at the bottom of the occupational ladder. This study focuses on the comparison of the lives of English as a Second Language (ESL) students/warehouse workers before and after migration to try to ascertain whether these individuals have experienced upward or downward mobility. The approximately 80 participants in this study are workers in a garment distribution warehouse in Worcester, Massachusetts. The participants have been drawn from the worksite ESL classes offered during their lunch or dinner hours and extended one-half hour into work time donated by the company. A questionnaire was distributed to voluntary participants. The information gleaned was used to tabulate statistics and analyze hypotheses regarding the socio-economic transition of immigrants to the United States. As a result of this study, the following questions were addressed: (1) How do immigrants perceive the effects of immigration? (2) When immigrants come to the United States, do they feel their lives improve or worsen socioeconomically? (3) If studies prove that high-status immigrants become downwardly mobile upon entrance to the United States, does that imply that lower-status immigrants become upwardly mobile? (4) How do immigrants compare their lives in their native country to their lives in their new country? The objective of this study was to evaluate the ramifications of migration to the United States with respect to upward and downward mobility of higher- and lower-status immigrants. The population consisted of ESL students/warehouse workers from 13 different countries. This group of immigrants was chosen because, regardless of background, education, English language facility, experience, degree of literacy, or previous socioeconomic class, they were now all thrust together, doing the same job, earning the same salary, and on an equal footing here in the United States. Based on this premise, the researcher wanted to study their perceptions of life in the United States compared to their previous countries to see if, in their estimation, they had indeed bettered themselves or their lots in life by migrating to the United States, or whether their lives had taken a downward turn by coming here.