The objective of this project was to study the influence of increased salinities on interaction processes in the system radionuclide – organics – clay – aquifer. For this purpose, complexation, redox, sorption, and diffusion studies were performed under variation of the ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg) and the background electrolyte. The U(VI) complexation by propionate was studied in dependence on ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg NaClO4) by TRLFS, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An influence of ionic strength on stability constants was detected, depending on the charge of the respective complexes. The conditional stability constants, determined for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes at specific ionic strengths, were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. The interaction of the bacteria Sporomusa sp. MT-2.99 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2.2 cells, isolated from Opalinus Clay, with Pu was studied. The experiments can be divided into such without an electron donor where biosorption is favored and such with addition of Na-pyruvate as an electron donor stimulating also bioreduction processes. Moreover, experiments were performed to study the interactions of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium noricense DSM-15987 with U(VI), Eu(III), and Cm(III) in 3 M NaCl solutions. Research for improving process understanding with respect to the mobility of multivalent metals in systems containing humic matter was focused on the reversibility of elementary processes and on their interaction. Kinetic stabilization processes in the dynamics of humate complexation equilibria were quantified in isotope exchange studies. The influence of high salinity on the mobilizing potential of humic-like clay organics was systematically investigated and was described by modeling. The sorption of Tc(VII)/Tc(IV) onto the iron(II)-containing minerals magnetite and siderite was studied by means of batch sorption experiments, ATR FT-IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The strong Tc retention at these minerals could be attributed to surface-mediated reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV). An influence of ionic strength was not observed. The influence of ionic strength (up to 3 mol/kg) and background electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was studied. The U(VI) sorption is influenced by the background electrolyte, the influence of ionic strength is small. Surface complexation modeling was performed applying the 2SPNE SC/CE model. Surface complexation constants were determined for the NaCl and CaCl2 system and were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Surface complexation in mixed electrolytes can be modeled applying surface complexation constants derived for pure electrolytes. The influence of citrate on U(VI) diffusion in Opalinus Clay was studied using Opalinus Clay pore water as background electrolyte. The diffusion parameter values obtained for the HTO through-diffusion and the U(VI) in-diffusion in the absence of citric acid were in agreement with literature data. In the presence of citric acid, U(VI) diffusion was significantly retarded, which was attributed to a change in speciation, probably U(VI) was reduced to U(IV). Larger-scale heterogeneous material effects on diffusive transport were investigated with PET. Diffusion parameters were derived by optimum fit of a FEM-model to the measurement. These parameters are in accordance with the results from 1D-through-diffusion experiments. Deviations from the simple transversal-isotropic behavior, which are identified as residuals from the model, are indications for heterogeneous transport on the mm-scale. PET measurements were also conducted in order to display the improvement of the EDZ with waterglass injections. These experiments enable to draw conclusions on the complex reactive transport process and thus an estimation of the achieved improvement of the barrier function. The image reconstruction procedure was largely improved, mainly with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulations, and now allows quantitative analysis and error estimation.

In this work the Point Charge Electrostatic Model (PCEM), the Simple Overlap Model (SOM) and the Method of Equivalents Nearest Neighbors (MENN) were applied to a well known series of oxides, namely, Gd2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, In2O3 and Sc2O3, all doped ion Eu3+ with the purpose of discussing the charge of interaction and some aspects of the crystal field effect. To this end, calculations were made of the crystal field and crystal field strength parameters and splitting of the 7F1 level of the luminescent ion. By using the luminescent site local structure, the PCEM, as expected, led to satisfactory results only from the qualitative point of view. With the SOM and the MENN it was possible to reproduce the experimental splitting of the 7F1 energy level and its sublevels, with physically acceptable charge factors. Only in some cases the NN charge has been greater than its valence. A discussion on the position of the charge of interaction also has been made. / Neste trabalho o Modelo Eletrostático de Cargas Pontuais, o Modelo de Recobrimento Simples e o Método dos Vizinhos Equivalentes foram aplicados a uma série bem conhecida de óxidos, a saber, Gd2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, In2O3 e Sc2O3, todos dopados com o íon Eu3+, com o objetivo de discutir a carga de interação e aspectos do efeito do campo cristalino. Para isso, foram feitos cálculos de parâmetros do campo cristalino, de parâmetro de força do campo cristalino, dos subníveis e desdobramento do nível 7F1 do íon luminescente. Usando a estrutura local do sitio luminescente, o modelo eletrostático, como esperado, levou a resultados satisfatórios apenas do ponto de vista qualitativo. Já com o modelo de recobrimento simples e com o método dos vizinhos equivalentes foi possível reproduzir o desdobramento experimental do nível de energia 7F1 e os seus subníveis, com fatores de carga fisicamente plausíveis. Em apenas alguns poucos casos a carga dos primeiros vizinhos foi maior que a valência respectiva. Também está feita uma discussão sobre a possível posição desta carga de interação.

The objective of this project was to study the influence of increased salinities on interaction processes in the system radionuclide – organics – clay – aquifer. For this purpose, complexation, redox, sorption, and diffusion studies were performed under variation of the ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg) and the background electrolyte. The U(VI) complexation by propionate was studied in dependence on ionic strength (up to 4 mol/kg NaClO4) by TRLFS, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An influence of ionic strength on stability constants was detected, depending on the charge of the respective complexes. The conditional stability constants, determined for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes at specific ionic strengths, were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. The interaction of the bacteria Sporomusa sp. MT-2.99 and Paenibacillus sp. MT-2.2 cells, isolated from Opalinus Clay, with Pu was studied. The experiments can be divided into such without an electron donor where biosorption is favored and such with addition of Na-pyruvate as an electron donor stimulating also bioreduction processes. Moreover, experiments were performed to study the interactions of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium noricense DSM-15987 with U(VI), Eu(III), and Cm(III) in 3 M NaCl solutions. Research for improving process understanding with respect to the mobility of multivalent metals in systems containing humic matter was focused on the reversibility of elementary processes and on their interaction. Kinetic stabilization processes in the dynamics of humate complexation equilibria were quantified in isotope exchange studies. The influence of high salinity on the mobilizing potential of humic-like clay organics was systematically investigated and was described by modeling. The sorption of Tc(VII)/Tc(IV) onto the iron(II)-containing minerals magnetite and siderite was studied by means of batch sorption experiments, ATR FT-IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The strong Tc retention at these minerals could be attributed to surface-mediated reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV). An influence of ionic strength was not observed. The influence of ionic strength (up to 3 mol/kg) and background electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was studied. The U(VI) sorption is influenced by the background electrolyte, the influence of ionic strength is small. Surface complexation modeling was performed applying the 2SPNE SC/CE model. Surface complexation constants were determined for the NaCl and CaCl2 system and were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Surface complexation in mixed electrolytes can be modeled applying surface complexation constants derived for pure electrolytes. The influence of citrate on U(VI) diffusion in Opalinus Clay was studied using Opalinus Clay pore water as background electrolyte. The diffusion parameter values obtained for the HTO through-diffusion and the U(VI) in-diffusion in the absence of citric acid were in agreement with literature data. In the presence of citric acid, U(VI) diffusion was significantly retarded, which was attributed to a change in speciation, probably U(VI) was reduced to U(IV). Larger-scale heterogeneous material effects on diffusive transport were investigated with PET. Diffusion parameters were derived by optimum fit of a FEM-model to the measurement. These parameters are in accordance with the results from 1D-through-diffusion experiments. Deviations from the simple transversal-isotropic behavior, which are identified as residuals from the model, are indications for heterogeneous transport on the mm-scale. PET measurements were also conducted in order to display the improvement of the EDZ with waterglass injections. These experiments enable to draw conclusions on the complex reactive transport process and thus an estimation of the achieved improvement of the barrier function. The image reconstruction procedure was largely improved, mainly with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulations, and now allows quantitative analysis and error estimation.

Ce travail concerne l'élaboration et la caractérisation de guides d'onde planaires non dopés et dopés par des nanoparticules semi-conductrices et/ou des ions de terre rare. Ce type de dispositif trouve son intérêt dans l'étude de nouveaux systèmes dans le cadre des technologies avancées pour les télécommunications optiques. Il est bien connu que les systèmes optiques nécessite l'emploi d'amplificateurs afin de compenser les pertes optiques dans les circuits. Ces amplificateurs pourraient avoir un meilleur rendement et une plus grande souplesse grâce au transfert d'énergie entre nanoparticules semi-conductrices et ions de terre rare. En effet, les nanoparticules de semi-conducteur présentent d'une part des sections efficaces d'absorption plus importantes, de plusieurs ordres de grandeur que celles des ions de terre rare, et d'autre part des bandes d'absorption plus larges permettant l'accordabilité du pompage et l'augmentation du rendement optique. Afin d'étudier le phénomène de transfert d'énergie entre les nanoparticules de semiconducteur et les ions de terre rare, nous avons préparé des guides d'onde à base de ZrO₂, non dopés et dopés, par le procédé sol-gel. Leurs propriétés optogéométriques ont été déterminées en utilisant la spectroscopie m-lines et en mesurant leurs coefficients d'atténuation. La spectroscopie Raman en configuration guidée a été utilisée pour caractériser la structure de ces guides et pour étudier les mécanismes accompagnant leur densification. Cette étude a été complétée par le biais de différentes techniques expérimentales telle que la spectroscopie d'émission utilisant l'ion Eu³⁺ comme sonde structurale. La mise en évidence de l'influence du dopage par les ions Eu³⁺ se traduit par un ralentissement du processus de densification du réseau de zircone. Un autre dopage a ensuite été opéré à l'aide de nanoparticules de CdS et de ZnS. Les précurseurs des métaux et du soufre ont été introduits directement dans le sol de ZrO₂ amenant à la précipitation in situ des particules lors du recuit. Leur taille et leurs propriétés d'émission ont été étudiées par les spectroscopies d'absorption UV-visible, d'émission et d'excitation. Enfin, le transfert d'énergie a été caractérisé lors du co-dopage de ZrO₂ par ZnS:Eu³⁺. La spectroscopie d'émission de l'ion Eu³⁺ par excitation dans l'UV nous a montré une exaltation de rémission d'un facteur 42 à 10 K. La spectroscopie d'excitation de l'ion Eu³⁺ a confirmé l'existence du transfert d'énergie par l'émergence d'une bande liée à l'absorption des particules.

Materiais cerâmicos têm se mostrado atrativos para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais funcionais avançados no estado-da-arte especialmente devido às suas propriedades ópticas, magnéticas e eletrônicas moduláveis. Materiais luminescentes (incluindo os materiais fosforescentes, fluorescentes e persistentes), são promissores para muitas aplicações tecnológicas como LEDs, sinalização de atenção, biomarcadores etc.; assim, o estudo dos seus fenômenos ópticos tem um papel fundamental na engenharia de materiais mais eficientes. Os materiais que apresentam o fenômeno de luminescência persistente são capazes de emitir luz por longos períodos de tempo após cessada a fonte de irradiação. O método cerâmico, no qual altas temperaturas (> 1000 °C) e longos tempos de tratamento térmico (> 10 h) são requeridos, é o método de síntese mais usado para obtenção dessa classe de materiais. Portanto, há a necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos mais rápidos, de menor consumo de energia e mais baratos para síntese desses compostos. Nesta tese, compostos com luminescência persistente de fórmula geral Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ foram preparados pelos métodos cerâmico-CCM (TR3+: Y, La-Lu) de coprecipitação-CPC (TR; Dy) e de estado sólido assistido por micro-ondas-MASS(TR: Dy) com o objetivo de investigar a influência dos métodos de síntese nas suas propriedades fotônicas. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita para explorar aspectos fundamentais dos compostos por uma ampla variedade de técnicas utilizadas, tais como, TGA, DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, NTA, XAS, PL e TL. De forma concisa, os principais resultados desta tese incluem a obtenção da fase cristalina desejada para o material particulado, com especial atenção às amostras obtidas em apenas 25 minutos de síntese pelo método MASS, correspondendo a um processo quase 20 vezes mais rápido do que o método cerâmico tradicional. Os materiais apresentaram uma larga banda de excitação entre 225 e 450 nm, atribuída às transições 4f7(8S7/2)&38594;4f65d1(2D) do íon Eu2+, indicando que estes materiais absorvem luz do UV ao visível. O comportamento de emissão destes materiais é bem descrito pela banda larga em 470 nm atribuída à transição 4f65d1(2D)→4f7(8S7/2) do íon Eu2+ na região do azul. A eficiência da luminescência persistente se mostrou um parâmetro fortemente dependente do codopante utilizado e do método de síntese. Os resultados de termoluminescência e de decaimento de luminescência persistente indicam que os materiais codopados com Tm3+ e Dy3+ são aqueles com maior tempo de emissão da luminescência persistente e que o método MASS o que produz materiais mais eficientes. Sendo assim, foi possível demonstrar a obtenção e os aspectos fundamentais das propriedades fotônicas do composto Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ com luminescência persistente de mais de 125 minutos, usando um método de síntese mais rápido, mais barato e de menor consumo de energia. / Ceramic materials have been attractive to the development of new state-of-the-art advanced functional materials, especially due to their tunable optical, magnetic and electronic properties. Luminescent materials (including phosphorescent, fluorescent and persistent materials) are promising to many technological applications such as LEDs, warning signs, medical biomarkers, etc.; thus, the studies of their optical phenomena play an important role in efficient materials engineering. Materials presenting persistent luminescence phenomenon are capable to emit light for long periods of time after ceased the irradiation source. The Ceramic Method, in which high temperatures (>1000 °C) and long-time thermal treatments (>10 h) are required, is the most common synthesis method used to obtain this class of materials. Therefore, the development of faster, energy-efficient and lower-prices synthesis methods is needed. In this work, persistent luminescent compounds with general formulae Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ were prepared via: ceramic method (CCM - RE3+: Y, LaLu), co-precipitation method (CPC, RE3+: Dy) and microwave-assisted solid-state method (MASS - RE3+: Dy) in order to investigate the influence of synthesis method parameters in their photonic properties. Important aspects of the materials characterization were explored using a wide range of techniques such as TGA, DTA, FTIR, PXRD, SEM, NTA, XAS, PL and TL. In summary, the main results of the thesis include the obtention of the desired phase powder materials, with special attention to the samples prepared via MASS method within 25 min of synthesis time, almost 20 times faster than the CCM method. The materials have shown a broad absorption band (from 225 to 450 nm) assigned to the Eu2+ 4f7(8S7/2)→ 4f65d1(2D) transition, showing that the materials absorb light from UV to visible. The emission behavior of these materials is well described by its 470 nm-centered broad emission band in the blue region of the visible range. The persistent luminescence efficiency is strongly dependent on the co-dopants as well as synthesis methods. The thermoluminescence and the persistent emission decay analysis indicate that Tm3+ and Dy3+ co-doped materials have the longest emission time and that MASS synthesis produce the most efficient materials. All pointed, we have demonstrated the obtention and the fundamental aspects of photonic properties of the Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ materials with persistent luminescence lasting for more than 125 min using a faster, cheaper and lower-energy synthesis method.

Ce travail s'insère, non seulement, dans la compréhension de la relation entre la résonance des terres rares et l'indice non linéaire, mais aussi, dans la recherche de nouveaux matériaux dopés terres rares pour la commutation optique. L'introduction d'oxyde d'erbium dans des verres tellurites et borophosphates de niobium, présentant intrinsèquement une non linéarité optique de 3ème ordre élevée, a été étudiée. Il a été montré qu'il est possible de contrôler le gain et la non linéarité de matériaux dopés grâce à la corrélation établie entre l'analyse structurale et l'étude des propriétés spectroscopiques, de gain et de non linéarité qui dépendent des probabilités de transition 4f –4f. L'ensemble des résultats permet de mieux comprendre et prédire la variation de l'indice non linéaire d'un matériau amplificateur.

Lanthanide elements display many remarkable and exciting properties which explain their widespread use in a number of very important biomedical tools like efficient MRI contrast agents or luminescent probes for highly sensitive assays of bioanalytes amongst other fields of application. In this context, the aim of the present work was to prepare and characterize lanthanide complexes of two ligands that feature a linear or a macrocyclic chelating unit compactly grafted onto a 1,10-phenanthroline derived moiety (phenDTPA and PhenHDO3A). The ditopic nature of the ligands allows the selective incorporation of a d6 metal ion and a lanthanide one in close proximity. The resulting rigid heterobimetallic supramolecular species show useful properties and constitute potential MRI contrast agents or new luminescent compounds depending on the type of the lanthanide and transition metal ions employed: for example, the selfassembly process of gadolinium(III) chelates around an iron(II) ion brings a remarkable increase of their relaxivity, a key parameter for use in MRI. On the other hand, association of a ruthenium and and a near infrared emitting 4f ion like ytterbium(III) gives mixed d-f structures able to harvest visible light and convert it into near infra-red signal. Visible light luminescent pH probes were also obtained with Eu3+ or Tb3+ phenHDO3A complexes.

Dans la perspective de la réalisation de luminophores pour écrans cathodiques, une étude de la luminescence de l'europium dans des réseaux-hôtes soufres caracterisés par une large bande interdite a été réalisée. La première partie porte sur l'élaboration des sulfures MS et la détermination des facteurs influençant leurs rendements de photoluminescence et de cathodoluminescence. La seconde est consacrée a l'étude des systèmes MS-Al2S3 et MS-SiS2. De nouveaux thioaluminates ont ete isoles; les donnees cristallographiques sur les thiosilicates ont été complétées. La dernière partie rassemble les résultats d' une étude comparative de la luminescence de Eu2+ dans les thioaluminates, thiogallates et thiosilicates alcalino-terreux: distribution spectrale, rendements, extinction thermique...

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/11446-0