Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-12T17:50:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Enilson Elias de Castro Monteiro.pdf: 2242730 bytes, checksum: 604477581dfb2b3ea8ed0e47112a9370 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T17:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Enilson Elias de Castro Monteiro.pdf: 2242730 bytes, checksum: 604477581dfb2b3ea8ed0e47112a9370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / This research dissertation is titled Case Study About Evasion in a Distance Learning Theology Course. The work is within the concentration area of Cognitive Processes and Digital Environments aligned with the research field of Learning and Cognitive Semiotics from the Stricto Sensu Graduate Program of Intelligence and Digital Design Technologies. The study aims to answer a guiding question about what are the reasons that led students to evade from the Distance Learning Free Theology Course of Latin American Faculty (FLAM). The objective of the research is to investigate the dropout phenomenon in the Distance Learning Free Theology Course offered by FLAM, analyzing it by the theory of transactional distance. For this, it commits to investigate the perceptions of evaded students and their course tutors about the teaching and learning process of this specific course as long as the possible causes of evasion; examine these reasons, categorizing them according to the variables dialogue, structure and autonomy, as presented in Theory of Transactional Distance and propose possible interventions that may reduce the evasion rates of the course. The research methodology is based on a qualitative approach, searching not only to pull up data but also to interpret and give them meaning in their own context. About the dissertation work type, it is a case study. As an instrument for data collection it was used the application of an online questionnaire to alumni and semi-structured interviews with two tutors of the course. For data analysis, this work employees the methodology of thematic analysis of content. The research result ends up denying the initial hypotheses to conclude that dropout reasons external to the course were a major factor than internal reasons and thus the phenomena is not related to the variables of transactional distance / A pesquisa tem como título Estudo de Caso sobre a Evasão em um Curso de Teologia a Distância e se insere na área de concentração Processos Cognitivos e Ambientes Digitais e na linha de pesquisa Aprendizagem e Semiótica Cognitiva do Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Tecnologias da Inteligência e Design Digital. Como questão norteadora, busca responder quais são os motivos que conduziram os alunos a evadirem do curso livre de Teologia a distância da Faculdade Latino-americana (FLAM). O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar o fenômeno da evasão no curso livre de Teologia a distância oferecido pela FLAM, analisando-o a partir da Teoria da Distância Transacional. Para isso, se dedica a descobrir a percepção dos alunos evadidos e a de suas tutoras acerca do processo de ensino e aprendizagem do curso em análise e as possíveis causas da evasão; a examinar esses motivos, categorizando-os conforme as variáveis diálogo, estrutura e autonomia, apresentadas na Teoria da Distância Transacional e a propor possíveis intervenções que possam minimizar o índice de evasão do curso. A metodologia da pesquisa baseia-se em uma abordagem qualitativa, buscando não apenas levantar os dados, mas também interpretá-los e dar-lhes significado em seu próprio contexto. Quanto à tipologia, é um estudo de caso. Utiliza, como coleta de dados, a aplicação de questionário on-line a ex-alunos e de entrevista semiestruturada a duas tutoras do curso. Para análise dos dados, utiliza a metodologia da análise temática de conteúdo. O resultado da pesquisa acaba por negar as hipóteses iniciais ao concluir que os motivos de evasão externos ao curso foram majoritários sobre os motivos internos e, assim, não estavam relacionados às variáveis da distância transacional

O presente estudo tem por objetivo geral identificar os critérios utilizados na tomada de decisão do orientador em aceitar ou não um candidato a orientando e analisar as possíveis relações dessa decisão com a sua produção acadêmica e a evasão de seus orientados. Para o cumprimento desses objetivos buscou-se identificar e analisar os critérios de seleção de candidatos para os programas de mestrado e de doutorado em um Programa de Pós-Graduação, no caso do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN, e mais especificamente, procurou-se estudar semelhanças e diferenças desses critérios entre os orientadores; verificar se existe correlação entre os critérios de seleção e as características (perfil) do orientador; identificar o processo de seleção utilizado pelos orientadores e apontar quais as possíveis motivações que levam à evasão segundo a visão desses orientadores. Para responder a tais desafios, como ponto de partida da pesquisa, foi elaborado um modelo conceitual da pesquisa, que serviu de base para a elaboração do roteiro de entrevistas com questões abertas para a identificação dos critérios de seleção utilizados por um grupo pequeno e com um perfil pré-definido de orientadores. Na sequência, a partir das respostas obtidas nas entrevistas, a pesquisa foi ampliada para todos os orientadores do programa de pós-graduação do IPEN mediante a aplicação de uma pesquisa online por meio do aplicativo Google Docs para coleta de dados. Em seguida, esses dados foram analisados e reorganizados segundo um modelo operacional de pesquisa que orientaria a análise através da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE) com o uso do software SmartPLS, cujo objetivo é identificar a existência ou não de correlação entre os critérios adotados pelos orientadores e sua produção acadêmica e a Evasão dos orientados, para isso nos apoiamos em nossos estudos em: Bazerman e Moore (2010); Hair Jr. et al (2009); Hansmann e Ringle (2004); Martins (1997); Ringle, C.; Silva e Bido (2014); Sousa (2007); Sousa e Yu (2014); Torres (2014); Yu (2011). A metodologia da pesquisa acima descrita pode ser definida como um estudo exploratório que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos. Como conclusão da pesquisa, constatou-se que existem critérios tanto subjetivos como objetivos de escolha dos orientadores, que estão associados à produção acadêmica, esses se apresentam com média intensidade, e que os orientadores que valorizam mais os critérios subjetivos na seleção dos orientandos estão associados a uma maior produção acadêmica do que aqueles que valorizam mais os critérios objetivos. Dentre os critérios subjetivos, destacou-se o critério da disponibilidade enquanto dentre os critérios objetivos destacou-se a experiência. Com relação à evasão não foi possível neste estudo associar os critérios de seleção a esta variável dependente. Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que os critérios de escolha por um orientador de Pós-Graduação podem estar associados à produção acadêmica desse orientador. Por outro lado, vale destacar que esses resultados se encontram limitados ao de um Programa de Pós-Graduação. / This study aims to identify the criteria used by advisors in the decision-making on whether to accept a candidate for mentoring in a postgraduate stricto sensu program and examines possible relationships between this decision and their scientific production and mentees evasion. In order to meet these goals one seeks to identify and analyze the selection criteria of candidates for the master\'s and doctorate programs at an institution; in this case, the Energy and Nuclear Research Institute - IPEN. More specifically, one seeks to study similarities and differences between those criteria among the advisors; find out whether there is a correlation between the selection criteria and the advisors characteristics (Profile); identify the selection process used by advisors and point out which are the motivations that lead to evasion according to their point of view. To meet these challenges, as the starting point of the research, a conceptual model was designed in order to form the basis for the preparation of the script for the interviews with open-ended questions as to identify the selection criteria used by a small group of advisors with a predefined profile. From that point, based on the responses obtained in interviews, the survey was expanded to all advisors working in the IPEN Postgraduate program by implementing an online survey using Google Docs app for data collection. These data were then analyzed and reorganized according to an operational model of research that would guide the analysis by structural equation modeling (SEM) by means of the SmartPLS software, in order to identify the presence or absence of correlation between the criteria adopted by the advisors and their academic production and the evasion of their mentees, for that one relied on studies in: Bazerman and Moore (2010); Cohen (1988); Hair Jr. et al (2009); Hansmann and Ringle (2004); Martins (1997); Ringle, C.; Silva and Bido (2014); Sousa (2007); Sousa and Yu (2014); Torres (2014); Yu (2011). The methodology of the research described above can be defined as an exploratory study that combines qualitative and quantitative aspects. As a conclusion of the research, it was found that there are both subjective and objective selection criteria that are linked to academic production and they come up with medium intensity and that advisors who value the subjective criteria in the selection of mentees are associated with a greater academic production than those who value objective criteria. Among the subjective criteria, one highlights the criterion of availability, while among the objective criteria experience stood out. Regarding the evasion, it was not possible, in this study, to connect the selection criteria to this dependent variable. The results presented here suggest that the selection criteria used by a postgraduate advisor may be associated with his academic production. On the other hand, it is worth noting that these results are limited to a single postgraduate program.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-29T14:13:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006 - Derlin?a Pe?anha Moreira Miranda.pdf: 1056065 bytes, checksum: 31e3b0efb910266467690ff31aed16a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006 - Derlin?a Pe?anha Moreira Miranda.pdf: 1056065 bytes, checksum: 31e3b0efb910266467690ff31aed16a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-01-26 / This study it deals with the evasion in the institutions of Private Superior Education, especially, in the courses of Administration in the Espirito Santo. It intends to identify the factors that induce the academic to abandon the college and to consider solutions to minimize the problem. The used procedure in this exploratory research of qualitative and quantitative nature was the case study. They had been carried through documentary research and of field, with the use of interviews answered for directors, coordinators and secretaries of the superior school. The sample was the pupils one of an Institution of Private Superior Education that possesss some campuses located in the State of the Espirito Santo, whose behavior was evaluated in the academic registers and by the information of the team technique of the Entity. Identified to the internal factors and the external ones of the IES, and individual of the learning, that causes evasion, such as: dissatisfaction with the pedagogical project and the professors, the available infrastructure and resources; excess of offers of vacant; financial difficulties and unemployment, difficulty in the learning, had been suggested immediate solutions and considered subjects of future research, to reach the target to prevent the defection of academics, who as many damages cause. / Este estudo trata da evas?o nas institui??es de Ensino Superior Privado, especialmente, nos cursos de Administra??o no Esp?rito Santo. Pretende identificar os fatores que induzem o acad?mico a abandonar a faculdade e propor solu??es para minimizar o problema. O procedimento usado nesta pesquisa explorat?ria de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa foi o estudo de caso. Foram realizadas pesquisa documental e de campo, com a utiliza??o de entrevistas respondidas por diretores, coordenadores e secret?rios das faculdades. A amostra foi o alunado de uma Institui??o de Ensino Superior Privado que possui v?rios campus localizados no Estado do Esp?rito Santo, cujo comportamento foi avaliado nos registros acad?micos e pelas informa??es da equipe t?cnica da Entidade. Identificados os fatores internos e os externos da IES, e individuais do discente, que causam evas?o, tais como: insatisfa??o com o projeto pedag?gico e com os professores, com a infra-estrutura e recursos dispon?veis; excesso de oferta de vagas; dificuldades financeiras e desemprego, dificuldade na aprendizagem, foram sugeridas solu??es imediatas e propostos temas de futuras pesquisas, colimando prevenir a deser??o de acad?micos, que tantos preju?zos causam.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-19T15:02:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Silvana Vanessa Martins da Silva Bonfim.pdf: 2803149 bytes, checksum: aacbc4e2b3bd400be465f8ba61dc0fb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Silvana Vanessa Martins da Silva Bonfim.pdf: 2803149 bytes, checksum: aacbc4e2b3bd400be465f8ba61dc0fb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-22 / The present research, characterized as a case study, had as design to analyze the problematic of the evasion in the process of implantation of the National Program of Integration of the Professional Education with the Basic Education in the modality of Young and Adult Education (PROEJA) in the Instituto Federal Baiano Campus Guanambi. The proposal of Decree n? 5.840/06, that regulates the PROEJA, is to create opportunities to the people that not had access to the educational system in the age considered ?adequate? the basic education tied with the professional formation conclusion, as well as the individuals? integral formation. However, it was observed that many of the individuals that entered the Campus Guanambi?s Technical Course in Computer Science (PROEJA) did not obtain to conclude high school, running away itself in elapsing of the course. In this context it was inquired: which the student profile attended for the PROEJA? Which the difficulties that they face to study? The choice of the Technical Course in Computer Science came from young and adult necessity? The teachers have been prepared to deal with this public? Which the reasons that had unleash school evasion? To answer these questions, a research of qualitative matrix was become fulfilled using documentary research, semistructuralized questionnaires applied to the teachers who gave lessons in the first semester of 2011 in the groups of the PROEJA and to the students of the groups 2009, 2010 and 2011 and interviews with the run away ones in these years. The research?s data proved that great part of the PROEJA?s students have high school and that the Technical Course in Computer Science was chosen by the Institution itself. It also noticed that the majority of the teachers had experience with EJA students in the Campus PROEJA?s groups only and that the institution has not offered courses of qualification in this education mode. Among the reasons that had led the school evasion it was perceived that the main ones were difficulties in technical area subjects, unfeasibility in conciliating work and school activities, lack of incentive of the teachers, problems with the transport and fatigue. In this context, it was perceived necessity of the Campus to review offers of the Technical Course in Computer Science, for this it is crucial a study of demand next to the target-public. It was identified that the teaching qualification makes necessary, so that the involved professionals in this process can realize the young and adult specificities and adequate their practical education. The spaces and times organization for courses PROEJA also is something that needs to be rethought because many students have to conciliate work and school and the institution places distant of the urban perimeter, causing problems related to the transport constantly. / A presente pesquisa, caracterizada como estudo de caso, teve como des?gnio analisar a problem?tica da evas?o no processo de implanta??o do Programa Nacional de Integra??o da Educa??o Profissional com a Educa??o B?sica na modalidade de Educa??o de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA) no Instituto Federal Baiano - Campus Guanambi. A proposta do Decreto 5.840/06 que regulamenta o PROEJA ? oportunizar ?s pessoas que n?o tiveram acesso ao sistema educacional na idade considerada ?regular? a conclus?o da educa??o b?sica vinculada ? forma??o profissional, bem como a forma??o integral dos indiv?duos. Entretanto, observouse que muitos dos indiv?duos que ingressavam no curso T?cnico em Inform?tica (PROEJA) do Campus Guanambi n?o conseguiam concluir o ensino m?dio, evadindo-se no decorrer do curso. Neste contexto indagou-se: qual o perfil dos discentes atendidos pelo PROEJA? Quais as dificuldades que eles enfrentam para estudar? A escolha do curso T?cnico em Inform?tica partiu da necessidade dos jovens e adultos? Os professores foram preparados para lidar com esse p?blico? Quais os motivos que desencadearam a evas?o escolar? Para responder tais questionamentos realizou-se uma investiga??o de cunho qualitativo, na qual se utilizou pesquisa documental, question?rios semiestruturados aos docentes que ministraram aulas no primeiro semestre de 2011 nas turmas do PROEJA e aos discentes das turmas 2009, 2010 e 2011 e entrevistas com os evadidos no interst?cio destes anos. Os dados obtidos na pesquisa demonstraram que grande parte dos discentes do PROEJA do Campus Guanambi possui o ensino m?dio e que o curso T?cnico em Inform?tica foi escolhido pela pr?pria institui??o. Notou-se tamb?m que a maioria dos docentes teve experi?ncias com os estudantes da EJA somente nas turmas do PROEJA do Campus e que a institui??o n?o tem ofertado cursos de capacita??o nesta modalidade de ensino. Dentre os motivos que suscitaram a evas?o escolar percebeu-se que os principais foram: dificuldades nas disciplinas da ?rea t?cnica, inviabilidade em conciliar trabalho e escola, falta de incentivo dos professores, problemas com o transporte e cansa?o. Diante dessa realidade, percebeu-se a necessidade do Campus rever a oferta do curso T?cnico em Inform?tica, a partir de um estudo de demanda junto ao p?blico alvo. Constatou-se a necessidade da capacita??o docente para que os profissionais envolvidos nesse processo possam perceber as especificidades dos jovens e adultos e adequar suas pr?ticas educativas. A organiza??o dos tempos e espa?os para os cursos PROEJA tamb?m ? algo que necessita ser repensado pelo fato de muitos discentes terem que conciliar trabalho e escola e pela institui??o situar-se distante do per?metro urbano, ocasionando constantemente, problemas relacionados ao transporte.

Part I of this thesis is concerned with cavity optomechanical systems subject to periodic driving. We develop a Floquet approach to solve time-periodic quantum Langevin equations in the steady state, show that two-time correlation functions of system operators can be expanded in a Fourier series, and derive a generalized Wiener-Khinchin theorem that relates the Fourier transform of the autocorrelator to the noise spectrum. Weapply our framework to optomechanical systems driven with two tones. In a setting used to prepare mechanical resonators in quantum squeezed states, we nd and study the general solution in the rotating-wave approximation. In the following chapter, we show that our technique reveals an exact analytical solution of the explicitly time-periodic quantum Langevin equation describing the dual-tone backaction-evading measurement of a single mechanical oscillator quadrature due to Braginsky, Vorontsov, and Thorne [Science 209, 547 (1980)] beyond the commonly used rotating-wave approximation and show that our solution can be generalized to a wide class of systems, including to dissipatively or parametrically squeezed oscillators, as well as recent two-mode backaction-evading measurements. In Part II, we study nonreciprocal optomechanical systems with several optical and mechanical modes. We show that an optomechanical plaquette with two cavity modes coupled to two mechanical modes is a versatile system in which isolators, quantum-limited phase-preserving, and phase-sensitive directional ampliers for microwave signals can be realized. We discuss the noise added by such devices, and derive isolation bandwidth, gain bandwidth, and gain-bandwidth product, paving the way toward exible, integrated nonreciprocal microwave ampliers. Finally, we show that similar techniques can be exploited for current rectication in double quantum dots, thereby introducing fermionic reservoir engineering. We verify our prediction with a weak-coupling quantum master equation and the exact solution. Directionality is attained through the interference of coherent and dissipative coupling. The relative phase is tuned with an external magnetic eld, such that directionality can be reversed, as well as turned on and off dynamically.

La presente investigación se elabora con la finalidad de determinar el impacto de la declaración tributaria de los servicios prestados en las plataformas de video de entretenimiento vía internet por personas naturales. Tal es el caso de los videobloggers, entendiéndose por la persona que publica videos con contenido propio mediante la plataforma on-line de YouTube, el cual configura una nueva forma de generación de ganancias. Asimismo, se expone una forma más adecuada que el sujeto pasivo podría emplear al momento de tributar los flujos de dinero que obtiene a partir de la creación y publicación de videos, los cuales son remunerados y que hoy en día genera un cierto nivel de evasión de impuestos. Por tal motivo la investigación se basará principalmente en la plataforma de video más popular y utilizada en el país por la gran significancia que representa en el medio tanto social como económicamente y en especial por el impacto tributario que comprende en la recaudación tributaria. Por ende, se desarrolla la presente tesis con el objetivo que pueda dar una base en el reconocimiento y determinación del impuesto a declarar ante la administración tributaria por el videoblogger. A la vez, aclarar cualquier concepto o duda respecto a la actividad y manejo tributario que pueda existir en la actividad por parte del contribuyente. Por tanto, primero se analiza los diversos aspectos tributarios que forman parte de los servicios prestados a través de plataformas de video, por tal se estudia tanto la ley del impuesto a la renta como el impuesto general a las ventas como los conceptos de servicios digitales, renta de fuente extranjera y comprobantes de pago que ayudan a ubicar a definir el tipo de servicio y categoría correspondiente. En segundo lugar, se describe la informalidad y cultura tributaria en el país y el impacto y medidas contra la evasión tributaria que la administración aplica para reducir y la orientación existente por parte del sujeto activo. En tercer lugar, para validar las hipótesis planteadas respecto al tema, se hicieron uso de dos herramientas de investigación, entrevistas y encuestas las cuales fueron aplicadas a profesionales especialistas en tributación y youtubers, respectivamente. Por último, se desarrolla un caso práctico donde se explica tanto la determinación como el impacto tributario producido por la publicación de videos remunerados mediante la plataforma online de YouTube el cual ayuda a proponer una forma de declaración de impuestos por parte de los contribuyentes pertenecientes a esta nueva forma de trabajo y luego se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas de la investigación realizada. / The present investigation is elaborated with the purpose of determining the impact of the tax declaration of the services rendered in the video entertainment platforms through the Internet by natural persons. This is the case of videobloggers, understood as the person who publishes videos with their own content through the YouTube online platform, which configures a new form of income generation. Likewise, a more adequate form is exposed that the taxpayer could use when taxing the cash flows obtained from the creation and publication of videos, which are remunerated and that today generates a certain level of tax evasion. For this reason, the research will be based mainly on the most popular video platform used in the country because of the great significance it represents socially and economically, and especially because of the tax impact it includes in tax collection. Therefore, the present thesis is developed with the objective that it can give a base in the recognition and determination of the tax to declare before the tax administration by the videoblogger. At the same time clarify any concept or doubt regarding the activity and tax management that may exist in the activity by the taxpayer. Therefore, we first analyze the tax concepts that are part of the services provided through the video platforms, which we study the income tax law as the general sales tax, the concepts of digital services, the income from foreign sources and payment vouchers that help define the type of service and the corresponding category. Second, it describes the informality and tax culture in the country and the impact and measures against tax evasion that the administration applies to reduce and the existing orientation by the active subject. Third, to validate the hypotheses raised on the subject, two research tools, interviews and surveys were used, which were applied to the tax specialists and youtubers, respectively. Finally, a practical case is developed to explain the determination and fiscal impact produced by the publication of videos paid through the YouTube online platform, which helps to propose a tax return form for taxpayers they belong to this new way of working. Then the conclusions and recommendations obtained from the research carried out are presented. / Tesis

This thesis is concerned with the Pursuit-and-Evasion (PE) problem where the pursuer aims to minimize the time to capture the evader while the evader tries to prevent capture. In the problem, the evader has two advantages: a higher manoeuvrability and that the pursuer is uncertain about the evader??s state. Cooperation among multiple pursuer vehicles can thus be used to overcome the evader??s advantages. The focus here is on the formulation and development of frameworks and algorithms for cooperation amongst pursuers, aiming at feasible implementation on real and autonomous vehicles. The thesis is split into Parts I and II. Part I considers the problem of capturing an evader of higher manoeuvrability in a deterministic PE game. The approach is the employment of Forward Reachable Set (FRS) analysis in the pursuers?? control. The analysis considers the coverage of the evader??s FRS, which is the set of reachable states at a future time, with the pursuer??s FRS and assumes that the chance of capturing the evader is dependent on the degree of the coverage. Using the union of multiple pursuers?? FRSs intuitively leads to more evader FRS coverage and this forms the mechanism of cooperation. A framework for cooperative control based on the FRS coverage, or FRS-based control, is proposed. Two control algorithms were developed within this framework. Part II additionally introduces the problem of evader state uncertainty due to noise and limited field-of-view of the pursuers?? sensors. A search-and-capture (SAC) problem is the result and a hybrid architecture, which includes multi-sensor estimation using the Particle Filter as well as FRS-based control, is proposed to accomplish the SAC task. The two control algorithms in Part I were tested in simulations against an optimal guidance algorithm. The results show that both algorithms yield a better performance in terms of time and miss distance. The results in Part II demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid architecture for the SAC task. The proposed frameworks and algorithms provide insights for the development of effective and more efficient control of pursuer vehicles and can be useful in the practical applications such as defence systems and civil law enforcement.

<p>The legal conception of contra legem derives from Roman law and is translated into "against the law". A decision contra legem arises when the text of law and the legislators purpose of law are disregarded. A paradoxal consequence is that there will always be a decision contra legem, when the text of lawand the legislators purpose of law are contradictory. It is therefore important that decisions contra legem are based on legitimate motives to ensure law and order. In fraudem legis is another legal conception from Roman law and is translated into "evasion of law". Eventhough both Swedish and German law in theory wants to separate in fraudem legis from legal acts made up for apperence, Swedish Supreme Court (HD) often treats them more or less the same. In practise it has often been regarded as too difficult to separate the parties intentions from the actual performed legal act.</p>

<p>Due to the invention of automated hacking tools, Hacking is not a black art anymore. Even script kiddies can launch attacks in few seconds. Therefore, there is a great emphasize on the Security to protect the resources from camouflage. Intrusion Detection System is also one weapon in the security arsenal. It is the process of monitoring and analyzing information sources in order to detect vicious traffic. With its unique capabilities like monitoring, analyzing, detecting and archiving, IDS assists the organizations to combat against threats, to have a snap-shot of the networks, and to conduct Forensic Analysis. Unfortunately there are myriad products inthe market. Selecting a right product at time is difficult. Due to the wide spread rumors and paranoia, in this work I have presented the state-of-the-art IDS technologies, assessed the products, and evaluated. I have also presented some of the novel challenges that IDS products are suffering. This work will be a great help for pursuing IDS technology and to deploy Intrusion Detection Systems in an organization. It also gives in-depth knowledge of the present IDS challenges.</p>

The legal conception of contra legem derives from Roman law and is translated into "against the law". A decision contra legem arises when the text of law and the legislators purpose of law are disregarded. A paradoxal consequence is that there will always be a decision contra legem, when the text of lawand the legislators purpose of law are contradictory. It is therefore important that decisions contra legem are based on legitimate motives to ensure law and order. In fraudem legis is another legal conception from Roman law and is translated into "evasion of law". Eventhough both Swedish and German law in theory wants to separate in fraudem legis from legal acts made up for apperence, Swedish Supreme Court (HD) often treats them more or less the same. In practise it has often been regarded as too difficult to separate the parties intentions from the actual performed legal act.