Zweitveröffentlichung / Lesen zielt darauf ab, Bedeutung aus geschriebenem Text zu extrahieren. Interessanterweise unterscheiden sich Wörter beträchtlich hinsichtlich der Menge mit ihnen assoziierter Bedeutung, und es wurde kürzlich gezeigt, dass eine hohe Bedeutungshaltigkeit lexikalische und semantische Aufgaben erleichtert. Die vorliegende Dissertation kombiniert ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKPs) und konnektionistische Modellierung, um einige offene Fragen zur Rolle der Bedeutungshaltigkeit bei der Wortverarbeitung anzugehen. Hierbei wurden EKPs verwendet, um den Zeitverlauf unabhängiger Einflüsse der Anzahl semantischer Merkmale und Assoziationen beim Wortlesen zu bestimmen sowie Einflüsse von Bedeutungshaltigkeit auf implizites Wortlernen zu untersuchen. Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen besser zu verstehen, wurden die Ergebnisse anschließend mittels eines semantischen Netzwerk-Modells simuliert. Es zeigten sich keine Einflüsse der Anzahl der Assoziationen, aber eine schnelle Aktivierung semantischer Merkmale, die das EKP bereits ab 190 ms beeinflussten - nur 20 bis 30 ms nach und zeitlich überlappend mit der Aktivierung orthographischer Repräsentationen, die durch N1-Lexikalitätseffekte angezeigt wurden. Im weiteren Verlauf ging eine hohe Merkmalsanzahl mit größeren N400-Amplituden einher. Zudem verstärkten semantische Merkmale Wiederholungseinflüsse auf die Akkuratheit lexikalischer Entscheidungen und N400-Amplituden, was einen ersten Hinweis auf Einflüsse von Bedeutungshaltigkeit auf implizites Wortlernen darstellt. Diese Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit merkmalsbasierten semantischen Netzwerk-Modellen. Simulationen legen nahe, dass semantische Aktivierung lexikalische Entscheidungen erleichtert, während Netzwerk-Fehler in engem Zusammenhang mit N400-Amplituden stehen. Da Netzwerk-Fehler psychologisch als implizite Vorhersagefehler interpretiert werden, deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass N400-Amplituden implizite Vorhersagefehler im semantischen System widerspiegeln. / Language ultimately aims to convey meaning. Importantly, the amount of associated semantic information varies considerably between words. Recent evidence suggests that the richness of semantic representations facilitates performance in lexical and semantic tasks, but much remains to be learned about semantic richness effects. The present dissertation combined event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and connectionist modeling to address several unresolved issues concerning the role of semantic richness in word processing. Specifically, ERPs were employed to investigate the time course of independent influences of the number of semantic features and associates during word reading (study 1) and influences of semantic richness on implicit word learning (study 2). Aiming at advancing a mechanistic understanding of the obtained results, both studies were subsequently simulated using a network model of semantic cognition (study 3). Results showed no influences of the number of associates, but fast access to semantic features, with influences of feature-based semantic richness starting at about 190 ms - a mere 20 to 30 ms after and temporally overlapping with the activation of orthographic representations as reflected by N1 lexicality effects. Later on, a high number of semantic features induced larger N400 amplitudes. Furthermore, the number of semantic features enhanced repetition priming effects on lexical decision accuracy and N400 amplitudes, providing initial evidence for influences of semantic richness on implicit word learning. These results are in line with feature-based network models of semantic cognition. Simulations with such a model suggest that semantic activation can facilitate lexical decisions, while network error closely corresponds to N400 amplitudes. In psychological terms, network error has been conceptualized as implicit prediction error. Thus, these results are taken to suggest that N400 amplitudes reflect implicit prediction error in semantic memory.

Visuell-räumliche Aufmerksamkeit spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Wortverarbeitung und der Augenbewegungskontrolle beim Lesen. Dennoch bleibt die räumliche und zeitliche Dynamik von Aufmerksamkeitsbereitstellung innerhalb einer Fixation ungeklärt. Die vorliegende Dissertation nutzt drei Ansätze in der Ko-Registrierung von Augenbewegungen und EEG um diese Forschungslücke zu untersuchen und direkte Einblicke in die Aufmerksamkeitsverteilung zwischen Fovea und Parafovea, ihre Anpassung an Verarbeitungsansprüche und Sakkaden sowie ihre Auswirkungen auf Wortverarbeitung zu liefern. In Studie 1 wurde das Probe Paradigma als Maß zur Abbildung räumlicher Aufmerksamkeit ohne Augenbewegungen implementiert. Die vergrößerte, Probe-bezogene N1 zwischen Wortpräsentationen deutet auf eine Bereitstellung und Umverteilung zusätzlicher Ressourcen zur simultanen fovealen und parafovealen Wortverarbeitung hin. Studie 2 untersuchte den Preview Benefit und seine Modulation durch Sakkaden und Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit und zielte darauf ab, das elektrophysiologische Korrelat als indirektes Maß für parafoveale Aufmerksamkeit in ERPs und FRPs zu etablieren. Es zeigte sich ein Effekt des orthographischen Previews auf die N1. Interaktionen mit Lesemodus und Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit implizieren, dass dem Preview Effekt Aufmerksamkeitseffekte zugrunde liegen. In Studie 3 wurden zwei Datensätze hinsichtlich der Lateralisierung von Oszillationen im Alpha-Band untersucht um die in Studie 2 generierten Hypothesen zu unterstützen. Alpha war im sakkadischen Lesen stärker rechts-lateralisiert als in RSVP und eine stärkere Lateralisierung sagte eine kürzere Fixationsdauer vorher, was die Rolle von parafovealer Aufmerksamkeit und ihre Verbindung zu Sakkaden betont. Trotz der Einschränkungen der drei Ansätze stellt die Kombination von Augenbewegungen, ERPs, FRPs und EEG-Oszillationen geeignete Maße für Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse in der Wortverarbeitung dar, die traditionelle Forschungsmethoden ergänzen. / Visuo-spatial attention is a key contributor to word processing and oculomotor control in reading. Yet, the spatial and temporal dynamics of attention allocation within a fixation remain unclear. The present dissertation uses three approaches in the co-registration of eye movements and EEG to investigate this gap and provide direct, online insights into attention distribution across fovea and parafovea, its adaptation to processing load and saccadic behavior, as well as its effects on word processing. In Study 1, the probe paradigm was implemented as a mapping tool of spatial attention adaptation in the absence of eye movements, yielding ERPs. The enhanced probe-related N1 in-between trials indicates a recruitment and redistribution of additional resources to achieve simultaneous foveal and parafoveal word-recognition. Study 2 tested the preview benefit and its modulation by saccades and foveal load, thereby aiming at establishing its electrophysiological correlate as an indirect index of parafoveal attention allocation in ERPs and FRPs. There was an effect of orthographic preview on the N1. Interactions with reading mode and foveal load indicate underlying attention effects. In Study 3, two datasets were reanalyzed with regard to the lateralization of oscillatory activity in the alpha-band in order to directly support the assumptions generated in Study 2. Alpha was more strongly right-lateralized in saccadic reading compared to RSVP, and moment-to-moment lateralization predicted shorter subsequent fixation duration, emphasizing the role of parafoveal attention allocation and its relation to saccades. Despite the limitations of the three approaches at this point, the combination of eye movements, ERPs, FRPs, and EEG oscillations provides suitable online markers of attention processes in word recognition that complement traditional research methods.

本研究包含兩個實驗，分別在再認作業的學習及測驗階段呈現選自國際情緒圖片系統（IAPS）的情緒性及非情緒性圖片作為情境操弄，進而了解情緒性情境對記憶歷程中，入碼及提取階段的影響。行為資料、腦電波相關電位及情緒的生理反應指標皆收集用作分析。實驗一中，中性及負向圖片在記憶目標字出現之前呈現，藉以操弄受試者記憶入碼的情緒狀態。行為結果並未顯示情緒效果，表示入碼的情緒情境不能影響記憶的正確率。事件相關腦電位的資料亦沒有在記憶相關的效果顯現情緒圖片的影響。實驗二中，中性及負向的圖片在提取階段呈現於目標字之前，藉以影響受是者記憶提取時的情緒狀態。相似於實驗一的結果，受試者的行為表現並未受情緒圖片的影響。但在事件相關電位方面，300至500毫秒間，靠近中間前腦區的新舊效果受到情緒的影響。觀看負向圖片後，受試者記憶提取時的新舊效果消失。此結果指出記憶提取時的情緒情境可能造成提取的認知歷程的改變。 / In two experiments, emotional or non-emotional pictures chosen from the IAPS (International Affective Pictures System) were presented before target words in the study phase or test phase of a recognition task to examine the effect of emotional context on memory encoding and retrieval. Behavioral data, ERP (Event-Related Potential) and physical indicators were adopted. In experiment one; neutral or negative pictures were presented before target in study phase in order to modify the emotional state of encoding. Behavioral data showed no emotional effect. Emotion of encoding context did not affect memory in accuracy. ERP data did not show a significant emotional effect on memory related components. In experiment two, pictures were presented before retrieval to modulate the emotional states during memory retrieving. Similar to experiment one, behavioral data was not affected in all indicators. ERP data in experiment two showed an emotional effect on mid-frontal old/new during 300 to 500ms that the old/new difference was eliminated when retrieved under a negative context. The result provided a possible emotional effect on response bias during retrieval.

Une variété d’opérations cognitives dépend de la capacité de retenir de l’information auditive pour une courte période de temps. Notamment l’information auditive prend son sens avec le temps; la rétention d’un son disparu permet donc de mieux comprendre sa signification dans le contexte auditif et mène ultimement à une interaction réussite avec l’environnement. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’activité cérébrale reliée à la rétention des sons et, ce faisant, parvenir à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de bas niveau de la mémoire à court-terme auditive. Trois études empiriques se sont penchées sur différents aspects de la rétention des sons. Le premier article avait pour but d’étudier les corrélats électrophysiologiques de la rétention des sons variant en timbre en utilisant la technique des potentiels reliés aux événements. Une composante fronto-centrale variant avec la charge mnésique a été ainsi révélée. Dans le deuxième article, le patron électro-oscillatoire de la rétention a été exploré. Cette étude a dévoilé une augmentation de l’amplitude variant avec la charge mnésique dans la bande alpha pendant la rétention des sons ainsi qu’une dissociation entre l’activité oscillatoire observée pendant la rétention et celle observée pendant la présentation des sons test. En démontrant des différentes modulations des amplitudes dans la bande alpha et la bande beta, cette étude a pu révéler des processus distincts mais interdépendants de la mémoire à court-terme auditive. Le troisième article a davantage visé à mieux connaître les structures cérébrales soutenant la rétention de sons. L’activité cérébrale a été mesurée avec la magnétoencéphalographie, et des localisations des sources ont été effectuées à partir de ces données. Les résultats ont dévoilé l’implication d’un réseau cérébral contenant des structures temporales, frontales, et pariétales qui était plus important dans l’hémisphère droit que dans l’hémisphère gauche. Les résultats des études empiriques ont permis de souligner l’aspect sensoriel de la mémoire à court-terme auditive et de montrer des similarités dans la rétention de différentes caractéristiques tonales. Dans leur ensemble, les études ont contribué à l’identification des processus neuronaux reliés à la rétention des sons en étudiant l’activité électromagnétique et l’implication des structures cérébrales correspondantes sur une échelle temporelle fine. / The capacity to retain auditory information for a short period of time is fundamental for a variety of cognitive operations. Sounds, in particular, often do not reveal their meaning before being integrated in their temporal context; the retention of tones that are no longer present in the environment is thus necessary for understanding the significance of auditory information. Retaining tones ultimately leads to a successful interaction with the environment. The goal of this thesis was to study brain activity related to the retention of tones, thereby providing a better understanding of low-level mechanisms related to auditory short-term memory. Three empirical studies have been conducted, each of them focusing on a different aspect of the retention of tones. The first article investigated electrophysiological correlates of the retention of tones differing in timbre using the event-related potential technique. The electrophysiological results revealed a fronto-central component that varied with memory load. In the second article, the oscillatory pattern of electric brain activity was explored using electroencephalography. The results revealed that alpha band amplitudes were modulated by memory load during retention. Furthermore, a dissociation of oscillatory activity between the retention of tones and the comparison of test tones against retained tone representations was observed. This study also revealed distinct but interrelated processes taking place at the same time by showing specific amplitude modulations in the alpha and beta bands. The third article focused more on brain areas underpinning the retention of tones. Brain activity was measured with magnetoencephalography and subsequent source localisations were performed. The results suggested the implication of a network of temporal, frontal, and parietal brain areas which was more pronounced in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. The results of the empirical studies emphasized the sensory aspect of auditory short-term memory. In addition, they revealed similarities between the retention of tones differing in fundamental sound characteristics such as timbre and pitch. Considered as a whole, the studies of this thesis contributed to the identification of neural processing underlying the retention of tones by studying electromagnetic brain activity and the implication of corresponding brain areas on a fine temporal scale.

La mémoire à court terme visuelle (MCTv) est un système qui permet le maintien temporaire de l’information visuelle en mémoire. La capacité en mémoire à court terme se définit par le nombre d’items qu’un individu peut maintenir en mémoire sur une courte période de temps et est limitée à environ quatre items. Il a été démontré que la capacité en MCTv et les habiletés mathématiques sont étroitement liées. La MCTv est utile dans beaucoup de composantes liées aux mathématiques, comme la résolution de problèmes, la visualisation mentale et l’arithmétique. En outre, la MCTv et le raisonnement mathématique font appel à des régions similaires du cerveau, notamment dans le cortex pariétal. Le sillon intrapariétal (SIP) semble être particulièrement important, autant dans la réalisation de tâches liées à la MCTv qu’aux habiletés mathématiques. Nous avons créé une tâche de MCTv que 15 participants adultes en santé ont réalisée pendant que nous enregistrions leur activité cérébrale à l’aide de la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG). Nous nous sommes intéressés principalement à la composante SPCM. Une évaluation neuropsychologique a également été administrée aux participants. Nous souhaitions tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’activité cérébrale aux capteurs pariéto-occipitaux pendant la tâche de MCTv en MEG sera liée à la performance en mathématiques. Les résultats indiquent que l’amplitude de l’activité pariéto-occipitale pendant la tâche de MCTv permet de prédire les habiletés mathématiques ainsi que la performance dans une tâche de raisonnement perceptif. Ces résultats permettent de confirmer le lien existant entre les habiletés mathématiques et le fonctionnement sous-jacent à la MCTv. / Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is a memory system that permits the temporary retention of visual information. Short-term memory capacity can be defined by the amount of information that an individual can remember over a short period of time and is limited to about four items. It was shown that VSTM capacity and mathematical abilities are closely related. VSTM is useful for a lot of components linked to mathematical skills like word problem solving, mental visualisation and arithmetic. Moreover, VSTM and mathematical reasoning activate similar brain regions, mainly within the parietal cortex. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) appears to be particularly important both in the realization of VSTM tasks and mathematical reasoning tasks. We created a VSTM task which 15 healthy adult participants completed while we recorded their brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We were mainly interested in the SPCM component. A neuropsychological assessment was also administrated to the participants. We wanted to verify the hypothesis stipulating that cerebral activity recorded at parieto-occipital sensors during the VSTM task should be linked to performance in mathematics. The results indicate that parieto-occipital activity during the VSTM tasks predicted mathematical abilities as well as performance on a perceptive reasoning task. These results confirmed the link existing between mathematical abilities and VSTM functioning.

La capture contingente de l’attention est un phénomène dans lequel les mécanismes d’orientation endogène et exogène de l’attention interagissent, de sorte qu’une propriété qui est pertinente à la tâche en cours, et donc qui fait l’objet de contrôles attentionnels descendants, endogènes, capture l’attention de façon involontaire, exogène, vers sa position spatiale. Dans cette thèse, trois aspects de ce phénomène ont été étudiés. Premièrement, en explorant le décours temporel de la capture contingente de l’attention et la réponse électrophysiologique à des distracteurs capturant ainsi l’attention, il a été établi que le déficit comportemental symptomatique de cette forme de capture était lié à un déploiement de l’attention visuospatiale vers la position du distracteur, et que ce traitement spatialement sélectif pouvait être modulé par le partage d’autres propriétés entre le distracteur et la cible. Deuxièmement, l’utilisation des potentiels liés aux événements a permis de dissocier l’hypothèse de capture contingente de l’attention et l’hypothèse de capture pure de l’attention. Selon cette interprétation, un stimulus ne peut capturer l’attention aux stades préattentifs de traitement que s’il présente le plus fort signal ascendant parmi tous les stimuli présents. Les contrôles attentionnels descendants ne serviraient donc qu’à désengager l’attention d’un tel stimulus. Les résultats présentés ici vont à l’encontre d’une telle interprétation, puisqu’un déploiement de l’attention visuospatiale, indexé par la présence d’une N2pc, n’a été observé que lorsqu’un distracteur périphérique possédait une caractéristique pertinente à la tâche en cours, même lorsque ses propriétés de bas niveau n’étaient pas plus saillantes que celles des autres items présents. Finalement, en utilisant un paradigme où la cible était définie en fonction de son appartenance à une catégorie alphanumérique, il a été démontré que des contrôles attentionnels en faveur d’un attribut conceptuel pouvaient guider l’attention visuospatiale de façon involontaire, rejetant une nouvelle fois l’hypothèse de la capture pure de l’attention. / Contingent involuntary orienting is a phenomenon in which endogenous and exogenous attentional mechanisms interact, such that an item captures attention only if it shares an attribute that is relevant for the task at hand. Hence, top-down attentional control settings are established endogenously in favour of the relevant attribute, but stimuli sharing this attribute draw attention to their location involuntarily. The present thesis explores three aspects of this phenomenon. First, by studying the time course of this contingent capture effect, and by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) to capturing distractors, it has been established that the performance deficits linked to contingent capture are in fact due to a deployment of visuospatial attention to the location of the distractor. Moreover, this spatially selective processing of the capturing distractor can be modulated if the distractor shares another target attribute, beside the target defining attribute. The ERP technique also permitted the dissociation of the contingent involuntary orienting hypothesis and the pure capture with brief attentional dwell time hypothesis. According to the latter interpretation, only salient singletons have the ability to capture attention at preattentive stages of processing. Therefore, top-down attentional control settings serve only to disengage attention from the location of such singletons when they do not share target features. The present results argue against this interpretation, because a deployment of visuospatial attention, indexed by the presence of the N2pc, was observed only in response to peripheral distractors sharing the target-defining attribute, even when all items in the stimulus displays were equated in terms of bottom-up salience. Lastly, when alphanumeric category was used to define the target, it was shown that top-down attentional control settings in favour of such conceptual attributes could be successfully implemented and used to guide visuospatial attention in an exogenous fashion, providing further evidence against the pure capture hypothesis.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le traitement des émotions joue un rôle essentiel dans les relations interpersonnelles. Des déficits dans la reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales et vocales ont été démontrés à la suite d’un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC). Toutefois, la majorité des études n’ont pas différencié les participants selon le niveau de gravité du TCC et n’ont pas évalué certains préalables essentiels au traitement émotionnel, tels que la capacité à percevoir les caractéristiques faciales et vocales, et par le fait même, la capacité à y porter attention. Aucune étude ne s’est intéressée au traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions musicales, alors que la musique est utilisée comme méthode d’intervention afin de répondre à des besoins de prise en charge comportementale, cognitive ou affective chez des personnes présentant des atteintes neurologiques. Ainsi, on ignore si les effets positifs de l’intervention musicale sont basés sur la préservation de la reconnaissance de certaines catégories d’émotions évoquées par les expressions musicales à la suite d’un TCC. La première étude de cette thèse a évalué la reconnaissance des émotions de base (joie, tristesse, peur) évoquées par les expressions faciales, vocales et musicales chez quarante et un adultes (10 TCC modéré-sévère, 9 TCC léger complexe, 11 TCC léger simple et 11 témoins), à partir de tâches expérimentales et de tâches perceptuelles contrôles. Les résultats suggèrent un déficit de la reconnaissance de la peur évoquée par les expressions faciales à la suite d’un TCC modéré-sévère et d’un TCC léger complexe, comparativement aux personnes avec un TCC léger simple et sans TCC. Le déficit n’est pas expliqué par un trouble perceptuel sous-jacent. Les résultats montrent de plus une préservation de la reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les expressions vocales et musicales à la suite d’un TCC, indépendamment du niveau de gravité. Enfin, malgré une dissociation observée entre les performances aux tâches de reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les modalités visuelle et auditive, aucune corrélation n’a été trouvée entre les expressions vocales et musicales. La deuxième étude a mesuré les ondes cérébrales précoces (N1, N170) et plus tardives (N2) de vingt-cinq adultes (10 TCC léger simple, 1 TCC léger complexe, 3 TCC modéré-sévère et 11 témoins), pendant la présentation d’expressions faciales évoquant la peur, la neutralité et la joie. Les résultats suggèrent des altérations dans le traitement attentionnel précoce à la suite d’un TCC, qui amenuisent le traitement ultérieur de la peur évoquée par les expressions faciales. En somme, les conclusions de cette thèse affinent notre compréhension du traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales, vocales et musicales à la suite d’un TCC selon le niveau de gravité. Les résultats permettent également de mieux saisir les origines des déficits du traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales à la suite d’un TCC, lesquels semblent secondaires à des altérations attentionnelles précoces. Cette thèse pourrait contribuer au développement éventuel d’interventions axées sur les émotions à la suite d’un TCC. / Emotional processing plays a crucial role in social interactions. Deficits in recognizing emotions from facial and vocal expressions have been established following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, most studies did not look at the effect of TBI severity and did not evaluate essential prerequisites to efficiently recognize emotions, such as the ability to perceive facial and vocal features, and thereby, the ability to pay attention to them. No study has looked at emotional recognition from musical expressions following TBI, whereas musical intervention can be used to address behavioral, cognitive and affective issues in neurological populations. Thus, it is unknown whether therapeutic effects could be based on the preservation of emotional recognition from musical expressions following TBI. The first study assessed recognition of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear) from dynamic facial, vocal and musical expressions in forty-one adults (10 moderate-severe TBI 9 complicated mild TBI, 11 uncomplicated mild TBI and 11 healthy controls), who were administered experimental and perceptual control tasks. Findings indicate impairment in fearful facial expressions recognition following moderate-severe TBI and complicated mild TBI, as compared to adults having sustained an uncomplicated mild TBI and healthy controls. Impairment is not explained by a perceptual disorder. Results also show that emotional recognition from vocal and musical expressions is preserved following TBI, irrespective of severity. Despite a dissociation observed between performance of emotional recognition tasks from visual and auditory modalities, no relationship was found between vocal and musical expressions. The second study measured early (N1, N170) and later (N2) neural information processing underlying emotional recognition from facial expressions in twenty-five adults (10 uncomplicated mild TBI, 1 complicated mild TBI, 3 moderate-severe TBI and 11 healthy controls) during presentation of fearful, neutral and happy facial expressions. Findings indicate reduced early attentional processing following TBI, which impede higher-level cognitive stage enabling discrimination of fearful facial expressions. In sum, this thesis contributes to further improve our comprehension of emotional recognition from facial, vocal and musical expressions following TBI, according to injury severity. It also contributes to understand mechanisms underlying affected emotional recognition from facial expressions, which seem to arise as a consequence of reduced early attentional processing following TBI. This thesis could help to eventually refine interventions for emotional processing following a TBI.

Introdução: A atresia congênita de orelha constitui uma deformidade presente ao nascimento, de prevalência unilateral, decorrente da alteração no desenvolvimento das estruturas das orelhas externa e média. Geralmente, provoca perda auditiva condutiva, e pode ser acompanhada por componente sensorioneural. Dentre as formas de tratamento disponíveis, encontra-se o implante de orelha média Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB), que tem se mostrado eficaz no tratamento deste tipo de alteração. A literatura mostra melhora nos limiares tonais e nos resultados dos testes de percepção auditiva da fala, realizados com o uso do processador de fala após a cirurgia. Considerando que os indivíduos com este tipo de malformação podem passar por um período de privação sensorial auditiva anterior à reabilitação, torna-se interessante avaliar o estágio maturacional das estruturas auditivas corticais e o processamento das informações auditivas em nível central, bem como, verificar o benefício da indicação do VSB unilateral em situação de escuta difícil. Não foram encontrados estudos que abordam este aspecto e o emprego dos potenciais evocados auditivos corticais (PEAC) e do P300 em usuários de VSB. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da perda auditiva condutiva e mista nos PEAC e P300 em usuários de VSB unilateral, com atresia de orelha bilateral, e verificar as habilidades auditivas, em situação de escuta difícil, considerando a indicação do VSB unilateral. Casuística e método: Vinte indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos, pareados em idade, sexo e grau de escolaridade. G1: dez indivíduos com perda auditiva condutiva ou mista bilateral, usuários de VSB unilateral, atendidos na Instituição de realização da pesquisa. Todos fizeram uso de aparelhos auditivos convencionais antes do VSB. G2: Dez indivíduos normo-ouvintes. Realização de audiometria em campo livre com o uso do VSB (apenas o G1), avaliação das habilidades auditivas pelo Hearing in Noise Test, pesquisa dos componentes P1, N1, P2, N2 e P300, em campo calibrado. Resultados: A média dos limiares tonais nas frequências de 500 a 3000 Hz, de 20 a 36 dB NA, mostrou que o VSB possibilitou o acesso aos sons da fala. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores de latência dos PEAC e P300 entre os grupos. Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre o limiar de reconhecimento de sentenças e a relação sinal/ruído entre os grupos, sendo os melhores resultados apresentados pelo G2. Conclusão: Indivíduos com atresia de orelha e perda auditiva condutiva ou mista bilateral, quando adequadamente reabilitados, podem atingir a maturação das vias auditivas centrais e o processamento da informação auditiva em nível cortical. As habilidades de reconhecimento auditivo, sem e com ruído competitivo, mostraram-se defasadas quanto à normalidade, apontando para a indicação do VSB bilateral / Introduction: Congenital aural atresia is a congenital deformity. It is unilaterally prevalent due to alterations in the development of the external and middle ear structures. Congenital aural atresia causes conductive hearing loss and can be accompanied by sensorineural component. Among the available forms of treatment is the middle ear implant, Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB), which has been shown to be effective in treating this type of alteration. The literature shows improvement in tonal thresholds and in the results of tests of auditory perception of speech that were performed using the speech processor after surgery. Individuals with this type of malformation often experience a period of auditory sensory deprivation prior to rehabilitation. Hence, it is important to evaluate the maturation stage of the cortical auditory structures, the processing of auditory information at the central level, and to verify the benefit of unilateral VSB in difficult listening situations. There are no previous data on this aspect and with the use of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) and event-related potential (P300) in users of VSB. Aim: To analyze the impact of conductive and mixed hearing loss on CAEP and P300 in unilateral VSB users with bilateral ear atresia. To verify the auditory abilities in a difficult listening situation considering the indication for unilateral VSB. Materials and methods: Twenty individuals were divided into two groups matched for age, sex, and educational level. G1 comprised ten individuals with bilateral conductive or mixed hearing loss and users of unilateral VSB, who visited the research institution. All subjects used conventional hearing aids prior to VSB. G2 comprised ten normal hearing individuals. Audiometry in the free field was performed with the use of VSB (G1 only) and evaluation of hearing skills by the Hearing in Noise Test was conducted; components P1, N1, P2, N2, and P300 in a calibrated field were recorded. Results: Evaluation of the mean tonal thresholds in the frequencies between 500 and 3000 Hz, from 20 to 36 dB HL, demonstrated that VSB allowed access to speech sounds. There was no statistically significant difference in the CAEP and P300 latency values between the two groups. A statistically significant difference was observed in the sentence recognition threshold and the signal-to-noise ratio between the groups, with best results presented by G2. Conclusion: Individuals with congenital aural atresia and bilateral conductive or mixed hearing loss may reach maturation of the central auditory pathway and achieve adequate processing of auditory information at the cortical level, when rehabilitated. The auditory recognition skills, with and without competitive noise, were shown to be out of phase with normality, indicating the need for a bilateral VSB

INTRODUÇÃO: O Autismo é um distúrbio que tem início na infância, cujas principais características são a presença de um desenvolvimento anormal ou prejudicado na interação social e comunicação, e um repertório restrito de atividades e interesses. Algumas teorias consideram o autismo como um distúrbio do desenvolvimento causado por uma alteração do sistema nervoso central, e salientam a presença do déficit cognitivo nessa população. Estudos demonstram também a presença de anormalidades eletrofisiológicas nos potenciais evocados auditivos de curta, média e longa latências. Considerando a importância da integridade do sistema auditivo periférico e central na aquisição e desenvolvimento de fala, linguagem e aprendizado, mostra-se imprescindível que anormalidades auditivas tanto periféricas como centrais sejam identificadas e tratadas em indivíduos autistas. OBJETIVO: caracterizar os achados das avaliações comportamentais, eletroacústicas e eletrofisiológicas da audição em indivíduos com autismo, bem como compará-los aos obtidos em indivíduos normais da mesma faixa etária. MÉTODOS: foram realizadas anamnese, audiometria tonal, logoaudiometria, medidas de imitância acústica, potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, potencial evocado auditivo de média latência e potencial cognitivo em 16 indivíduos com autismo (grupo pesquisa) e 25 normais (grupo controle), com idades entre oito e 20 anos. RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre os resultados normais e alterados (análise qualitativa), não foram encontradas alterações na avaliação comportamental da audição para os dois grupos. Na comparação dos resultados das avaliações comportamentais e eletroacústicas entre os grupos, não ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. O grupo controle apresentou alterações apenas no resultado do potencial evocado auditivo de média latência, sendo que o tipo de alteração mais freqüentemente encontrada foi ambas (efeito eletrodo e efeito orelha ocorrendo concomitantemente). O grupo pesquisa apresentou resultados alterados em todos os potenciais evocados auditivos, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado ao grupo controle. Com relação aos tipos de alterações encontradas no grupo pesquisa, foi observada uma maior ocorrência de alteração em tronco encefálico baixo no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, alteração do tipo ambas (efeito eletrodo e efeito orelha ocorrendo concomitantemente) no potencial evocado auditivo de média latência e ausência de resposta no potencial cognitivo. Na análise quantitativa dos resultados dos potenciais evocados auditivos, verificou-se que apenas para o potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico ocorreu diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, com relação às latências das ondas III e V e interpicos I-III e I-V. CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos com autismo não apresentam alterações nas avaliações comportamentais e eletroacústicas da audição, e apresentam alterações nos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico e potencial cognitivo, sugerindo comprometimento da via auditiva em tronco encefálico e regiões corticais. / INTRODUCTION: Autism is a disorder, which begins in the infancy, and the main characteristics are the presence of an abnormal or impaired development of social interaction and communication, and restrict range of activities and interest. Some theories consider autism as a developmental disorder caused by a central nervous system alteration, and stress the presence of a cognitive deficit in this population. Studies also demonstrate the presence of electrophysiological abnormalities in the auditory evoked potentials of short middle and long latencies. Considering the importance of the peripheral and central auditory system integrity for the speech and language acquisition and development and for learning, it becomes important to identify and treat hearing abnormalities, either peripheral or central, in autistic individuals. AIM: to characterize the findings of behavioral, electroacoustic and electrophysiological assessments of autistic individuals, as well as to compare those findings with the ones of normal individuals of the same age. METHOD: 16 individuals with autism (study group) and 25 normal ones (control group), ranging in age from eight and 20 years underwent anamnesis, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, acoustic immitance measures, brainstem auditory evoked potential, middle latency response and cognitive potential. RESULTS: Comparing the normal and altered results (qualitative analysis), no alterations were found in the behavioral assessment of hearing in both groups. Comparing the results of the behavioral and electroacoustic evaluations between the two groups, there were no statistical differences. The control group presented altered results only in the middle latency auditory evoked potential and the most common type of alteration was both electrode effect and ear effect occurring simultaneously. The study group presented altered results in all auditory evoked potentials with a significant statistical difference when compared to the control group. Concerning the types of alterations found in the study group it was verified higher occurrence of lower brainstem alteration in the brainstem auditory evoked potential, both electrode and ear effect occurring simultaneously in the middle latency auditory evoked potential, and absence of response in the cognitive potential. The quantitative analysis of the auditory evoked potentials results showed a significant statistical difference between the groups only in the brainstem auditory evoked potential, concerning the latencies of waves III and V and interpeaks I-III and I-V. CONCLUSION: autistic individuals do not present altered behavioral and electroacoustic evaluations, and present altered brainstem auditory evoked potential and cognitive potential, suggesting prejudice in the brainstem auditory pathway and cortical regions.