Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SMCC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm. Both conventional and liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical smears have low sensitivity in diagnosing SMCC, requiring immunocytochemical (ICH) confirmation. We present the first series of SMCC primarily diagnosed in cytology specimens, and ICH studies performed on the residual LBC specimens with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis on surgical pathology specimens. Immunocytochemical stains for keratin, p16INK4, and neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) were performed on additional ThinPrep slides. HPV test used chromogenic in situ hybridization high risk HPV DNA probe. The Pap smears in all three specimens were highly cellular with a mixture of squamous cells and numerous well-preserved single or small cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells. Tumor cells were small, monomorphic with minimal cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. There was significant nuclear overlap, but no nuclear molding, or smudging of nuclear chromatin. The chromatin pattern was stippled. A background tumor diathesis was prominent. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were noted in one case, and markedly abnormal squamous cells were seen in another case. The main cytology differential diagnoses included high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical positivity for the neuroendocrine markers supported the diagnoses of SMCC in all three cases. The morphologic features of the concurrent surgical pathology specimens were typical of SMCC. The tissue diagnoses were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our study allows us to conclude that SMCC can be primarily diagnosed in LBC specimens using a panel of immunocytochemical stains.

At the Third Turner Resource Network Symposium, a working group presented the results of collaborative discussions about the importance of autopsy in Turner syndrome (TS). Considerable gaps in understanding the causes of death in TS can only be closed by more frequent death investigations and autopsies. The presentation included an overview of autopsy methods, strategies for utilizing autopsy, and biobanking to address research questions about TS, and the role of palliative care in the context of autopsy. This review highlights strategies to promote autopsy and tissue donation, culminating with an action plan to increase autopsy rates in the TS community.

Bakgrund: Den gynekologiska undersökningen praktiseras vanligtvis i syfte för att bedöma och främja kvinnans reproduktiva hälsa. Den gynekologiska undersökningen omfattas av tre moment. Inledningsvis sker en undersökning av fortplantningsorganets yttre delar, därefter sker en undersökning av de inre delarna samt över buken. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av att genomgå en gynekologisk undersökning. Metod: För att besvara syftet, genomfördes en allmän litteraturstudie med stöd av en enkel form av innehållsanalys. Litteraturstudien efterföljdes genom en strukturerad informationssökning i tre omvårdnadsfokuserade databaser. Efter genomförd informationssökning, genomfördes granskning samt analys av valda kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar samt sammanställning av resultat.Resultat: Resultatet fördelades utifrån följande huvudkategorier: (1) Erfarenheter av obehag i samband med den gynekologiska undersökningen och (2) Erfarenheter av befrämjande faktorer relaterat till upplevelsen av den gynekologiska undersökningen. Konklusion: Det framkom att många kvinnor upplevde den gynekologiska undersökningen som obehaglig, där känslor som ångest, oro, rädsla, utlämnande, maktlöshet och misstro belyste en del av obehaget. Förekomst av adekvat information, ett gott bemötande samt god kommunikation var några faktorer som framkom som befrämjande till upplevelsen. För flera kvinnor ansågs det vara betydande att en sjuksköterska närvarade i samband med den gynekologiska undersökningen. / Background: The purpose of the gynecological examination is to evaluate and promote reproductive health among women. The gynecological examination is divided into three different stages, where the first stage includes an examination of the external parts of the female genital organs. Thereafter an examination of the internal parts of the organ and the abdomen are performed. Aim: The aim of the study was to illuminate women’s experiences of the gynecological examination. Method: A general literature study was used, with the guidance of a simple version of content analysis. The literature study was conducted through structured information retrieval in three databases focusing on nursing research. After the information retrieval was completed, a review and analysis was conducted on chosen qualitative and quantitative articles for further compilation of the result.  Result: The result was allocated into the following main categories: (1) Experiences of discomfort associated with the gynecological examination and (2) Experiences of promotive factors related to the experience of the gynecological examination. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that many women experience the gynecological examination as discomforting, where feelings of anxiety, worry, fear, exposure, loss of control and mistrust illuminated some of the discomfort. The incidence of adequate information, a good approach and communication were some factors that contributed to the experience. Some women found the presence of a nurse during the examination as substantial.

"In From Eden to Dystopia: An Ecocritical Examination of Emergent Mythologies" "in Early Los Angeles Literary Texts, ecocriticism and critical regionalism were utilized" "alongside other American Studies practices to analyze nineteenth- and early-twentieth-" "century depictions of nature in Los Angeles. Specifically, these tools were applied to" "travel guides and narratives of the 1870s and 1880s, the turn-of-the-century magazine" "The Land of Sunshine, Upton Sinclair’s Oil! (1926) and Raymond Chandler’s The Big" "Sleep (1939), and other non-fiction publications of the 1920s and ’30s to track an" "evolving narrative of Los Angeles as a paradise and later as a place perched on the edge" "of ecological ruin. Key themes included nature as aesthetic or health-related amenity vs." "exploitable resource, along with both subtle and overt class- and race-based" "environmental exclusions. The chief aim of this thesis was to elucidate how Los Angeles" "went from a “new Eden for the Saxon home-seeker” to the place where its river was" "paved with cement and virtually forgotten for decades. This thesis concluded that with" "the Los Angeles River’s recent revitalization efforts, there could be future gains made for" "other aspects of the city’s environment, with the hope that uncovering past idea-shaping" "narratives of nature in Los Angeles may help illuminate how current ideas of Los" "Angeles as a place without nature came to be and how that city-versus-nature dichotomy" "can be both damaging and false."

prediction of future percormance is attempted in almost every field of endeavor. The accuracy varies in different lines of study, and perhaps none is as subject to variability as those attempted with human beings as subjects. When an attempt is made to ascertain in advance the performance of college students in their schoolwork, a multiplicity of complicating problems are introduced. Whereas intelligence can be fairly well isolated, it is difficult to control or even enumerated all the other factors that come into the problem of predicting grades from scores received on an intelligence examination. Among the factors that are difficult to objectively measure or control are the transference of past learning, levels of aspiration, efficiency of study habits and time spent in studyingy, attentiveness in class, as well as specific aptitudes of disabilities, varying difficulty of different academic courses, and susceptibility to or freedom fromphysiological or paychological disorders. Evn though correlations between scholastic grades and intelligence test scores will be, due to various factors of limitation, only moderately high at best, their values cannot be doubted. With high correlations, a definite relationship can be established. With lower correlations, trends can be noted. A segment analysis also may prove to be of value in establishing areas of relative stringth and weaknesses in the predictive structure. The thesis problem is one of determining certain predictive values of the American Council on Education Psychological Examination. Inasmuch as specificity is a virtue in educational measurement, the American Council test is a definite step in this direction. The aim of the test is to measure what the authors of hte test consider to be schoolastic aptitude. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of this scholastic aptitude test in predicting grade-point averages of Utah State Agricultural College freshmen students in their first quarter in college.

This work examines the feasibility of a novel high-order numerical method, which has been termed Flux Correction. It has been given this name because it "corrects" the flux terms of an established numerical method, cancelling various error terms in the fluxes and making the method higher-order. In this work, this change is made to a traditionally second-order finite volume Galerkin method. To accomplish this, higher-order gradients of solution variables, as well as gradients of the fluxes are introduced to the method. Gradients are computed using lagrange interpolations in a fashion reminiscent of Finite Element techniques. For the Euler Equations, Flux Correction is compared against Flux Reconstruction, a derivative of the high-order Discontinuous Galerkin and Spectral Difference methods, both of which are currently popular areas of research in high-order numerical methods. Flux Correction is found to compare favorably in terms of accuracy, and exceeds expectations for convergence rates. For the full Navier-Stokes Equations, the effect of curved elements on Flux Correction are examined. Flux Correction is found to react negatively to curved elements due to the gradient procedure's poor handling of high-aspect ratio elements.

This experiment was designed to measure in situ concentrations of NH4+ and NO3--N in a soil of the arctic coastal tundra plain, to determine if nitrification was taking place in this soil and to determine if the vascular plants growing in this soil could assimilate NH4+-N. The extractable NH4+-N concentration was approximately 40 μg/g in the 01 horizon and 10 μg/g in the 02 horizon. The NO3--N concentration was approximately 5 μg/g in the 01 horizon and 4 μg/g in the 02 horizon. The presence of NO3--N in this soil indicates that nitrification is taking place but perfusion experiments indicate that it is not bacterial nitrification. Fungi may be responsible for nitrification in this soil. Corex aquatilis, a common plant in the study area, was found to readily assimilate NH4+-N as well as NO3--N.

The late Miocene Cedar Springs fault system is a high-angle transpressional system in the Silverwood Lake area, western San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. This thesis presents the study of oblique-slip faults with modest amounts of slip, which represent the early stages of fault development by using slip as a proxy for maturity. A structural and geochemical characterization is provided for six fault zones ranging from 39 m of slip to 3.5 km of offset in order to develop a model of fault zone geometry and composition. Basic geometric and kinematic results are provided for an additional 29 small-displacement (cm- to m-scale) faults. The main faults of this study can be divided into the fault core composed of sheared clay gouge and micro breccia, the primary damage zone made up of chemically altered rock with microstructural damage and grain-size reduction, and the secondary damage zone, which is characterized by an increased fracture density relative to the host rock. Although there appears to be a general increase in fault core thickness with increasing slip, the correlation is insignificant when analyzing all faults. Both the primary and secondary damage zones appear to thicken with increased slip on the main fault. Overall, the structure and composition of the faults studied here are similar to those of larger strike-slip and reverse faults. This indicates that the fault core develops early in a fault's history. Subsequent slip appears to be focused along these narrow zones, with some deformation accumulating in the damage zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses typically show a reduction in the abundance of Na, Al, K, and Ca in the fault core and primary damage zone relative to the host rock. This indicates enhanced fluid-rock interactions in these zones. Calculations of the energy consumed to produce the chemical alteration in the fault core indicate that a considerable amount of the total earthquake energy may be lost to alteration. This thesis concludes that fault processes are similar throughout the different stages of development, and the study of relatively small-displacement faults can therefore be used to understand fault evolution through time and the processes of larger faults in the brittle crust.

There is evidence for the importance of physical exercise balanced with diet and insulin therapy in the treatment and control of Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Recent attention in the literature has focused on the once neglected component of treatment--exercise. A well-controlled exercise state is generally believed to be beneficial for the individual with diabetes. Limited studies are available on the effect of exercise on long-term metabolic control. Before exercise levels can be professionally prescribed for a given population of youth with diabetes, current exercise patterns should be evaluated as to the effect on long-term metabolic control. It is the purpose of this study to examine the effects of exercise balanced with diet and insulin therapy on long-term metabolic control measured by total glycosylated hemoglobin values. The 26 subjects in the study were all Type I insulin-dependent youth with diabetes mellitus. The subjects ranged from 8 to 17 years of age. Sixteen subjects were female and 10 were male. All subjects were Diabetic Clinic outpatients of Primary Children Medical Center located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The research design utilized both descriptive design and statistical analysis. Questionnaries were used by the researcher to collect the data. Described were demographic data, nutrient intake, clinic staff assessment of metabolic control and growth parameters. Statistical analysis using a one-way analysis of variance test was performed to determine relationships between the dependent variable, total glycosylated hemoglobin, and the independent variables--exercise levels, caloric adequacy, insulin dosage administration, and metabolic control assessment. Further statistical tests were completed utilizing the least significant difference test. Among the described data, nutrient intake and growth parameters were compared to standards of a normal non-diabetic population. The nutrient intake of the subjects was well below the standard for iron. Iron was predominantly below the Recommended Dietary Allowance for iron. The growth parameters of the subjects were fairly equally distributed when compared to a normal population. The females showed some growth retardation with four of 16 females (25 percent) falling at or below the 5th percentile for either height or weight. It was found that a majority (88 percent) of the Type I insulin-dependent youth sampled were participating in regular exercise. Further examination of the subjects' exercise patterns demonstrated an influence of exercise on long-term metabolic control. Statistical significance at the 10 percent level was found between the three exercise levels and total glycosylated hemoglobin values. Individuals participating in predominantly moderately heavy activity (7.0-8.0 METS) had the highest degree of metabolic control. The results of the study support the conclusion that physical exercise has an important effect in the long-term metabolic control of youth with Type I insulin-dependent diabetes. A highly statistical significance was found between the clinic staff metabolic control assessment and total glycosylated hemoglobin values. Statistical significance was not found among the other two treatments. Caloric adequacy data failed to show statistical significance with total glycosylated hemoglobin. Insulin dosage administration data also failed to demonstrate a statistical significance with glycosylated hemoglobin.

In order to analyze the bacterial community of river otter scat (fecal material) at the class level, river otter scat samples were collected from Grizzly Island Wildlife Area (Solano County, CA) and the Cosumnes River Preserve (Sacramento County, CA). DNA was isolated from each sample with the MOBIO PowerSoil™ DNA Isolation Kit and 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from each sample. After digestion with Mspl, TRFLPs were analyzed in an ABI Prism™ 310 Genetic Analyzetin triplicate and data peak information from each electropherogram was uploaded into the Phylogenetic Assignment Tool (PAT). Species belonging to the Class Bacilli were the most abundant followed by unclassified species. Two road killed river otters were necropsied to recover brain and blood tissue. DNA was isolated using the Qiagen Tissue DNeasy Kit. Samples from both otters were amplified with a singe tube nested PCR primer set for the detection of the ITS 1 region of Toxoplasma gondii. Scat samples used in the T-RFLP analysis were also tested for the presence ofT. gondii using the same nested primer set. Neither the river otter tissue samples nor any of the scat samples used in this analysis showed evidence of infeGtion with T. gondii.