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OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente os resultados de duas técnicas de cirurgia refrativa de superfície com excimer laser, ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) e ceratectomia subepitelial borboleta assistida à laser (LASEKb). LOCAL: Hospital de Olhos Sadalla Amin Ghanem, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego envolvendo 102 olhos de 51 pacientes. Cada paciente teve aleatoriamente um dos olhos operado com a técnica do PRK e o outro com LASEKb. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1 ano. RESULTADOS: Não houveram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos na acuidade visual (AV) para longe, sem correção, (P = 0,5593). No 12o mês pós-operatório (PO), 98,04% dos olhos no grupo do PRK e 96,08% no grupo do LASEKb atingiram AV sem correção de 20/20. A previsibilidade, eficácia, segurança e estabilidade não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. O índice de segurança foi de 1 no PRK e 0,996 no LASEKb. Um olho do grupo do LASEKb perdeu uma linha de visão. A porcentagem de olhos que apresentou EE aos 12 meses na faixa de ±0,50 D foi de 94,1% no grupo do PRK e de 86,3% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,1883). Enquanto que na faixa de ±1,0 D foi de 100% no grupo do PRK e 98% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,3125). Não houve necessidade de reoperações. O tempo médio de cirurgia na técnica PRK foi de 304,86 + 58,77 segundos (aproximadamente 5 minutos) e na técnica LASEKb de 608,35 + 76,88 segundos (aproximadamente 10 minutos) (P < 0,001). O tempo médio de reepitelização no grupo do PRK foi de 4,35 ± 0,48 dias (variação, 4 a 5 dias) e no grupo do BLASEK foi de 4,75 ± 0,72 dias (variação, 4 a 6 dias) (P < 0,002). Os níveis de dor e o desconforto ocular PO não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos, entretanto houve uma tendência para menor dor no PRK (3,31 ± 4,09 vs 4,43 ± 4,27; P = 0,18). Houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa nos valores do teste de Schirmer em todas as avaliação PO, tanto no PRK (23,6 ± 8,1 vs 19,4 ± 10,1; P < 0,002) quanto no LASEKb (22,4 ± 8,7 vs 18,9 ± 9,7; P = 0,01), entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos. A opacificação corneana (OC) PO foi pequena nos dois grupos. Somente no 1o mês foi observado diferença estatística entre os grupos, com maior intensidade da OC no grupo do LASEKb (0,18 ± 0,3881) quando comparado ao PRK (0,08 ± 0,2109) (P = 0,039936). A maior intensidade foi observada no 3o mês, com redução gradativa até o 12o mês. CONCLUSÃO: Dentro das condições deste estudo, conclui-se que o PRK e o LASEKb mostraram resultados semelhantes, exceto que o PRK apresentou menor tempo cirúrgico, reepitelização corneana mais rápida e menor OC no 30o PO. / PURPOSE: Comparatively evaluate the results of two techniques of surface excimer laser refractive surgery, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (BLASEK). SETTING: Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hospital, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized and double-masked study including 102 eyes from 51 patients. Each patient was randomized to have one eye operated on with PRK and the other with BLASEK. Patients were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding uncorrected distant visual acuity (VA) (p= 0.5593). On the 12th post-operative (PO) month, 98.04% of the eyes in the PRK group and 96.08% in the BLASEK group reached uncorrected VA of 20/20. The predictability, efficacy, safety and stability did not present statically significant difference between groups. The safety index was of 1 for PRK and 0.996 for BLASEK. One eye of the BLASEK group lost one line on the 12th PO month. The percentage of the eyes that presented spherical equivalent at 12 months in the range of ±0.50 D was 94.1% in the PRK group and 86.3% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.1883). While in the range of ±1.0 D it was 100% in the PRK group and 98% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.3125). There were no retreatments. The mean surgical time was 304.86 + 58.77 seconds (approximately 5 minutes) in PRK and 608.35 + 76.88 seconds in BLASEK (approximately 10 minutes) (P < 0,001). The mean reepithelization time in the PRK group was 4.35 ± 0.48 days (range, 4 to 5 days), and in the BLASEK group was 4.75 ± 0.72 days (range, 4 to 6 days) (P < 0.002). Pain scores and ocular discomfort were not statistically different between groups, although there was a trend towards a lower pain level with PRK (3.31 ± 4.09 vs. 4.43 ± 4.27; P = 0.18). Schirmer test values were significantly reduced from preoperative levels through 12 months with both PRK (23.6 ± 8.1 vs. 19.4 ± 10.1; P < 0.002) and BLASEK (22.4 ± 8.7 vs. 18.9 ± 9.7; P = 0.01), however there was no difference between groups in any time point. Haze incidence was slight in both groups. Only in the 1st PO month statistical difference between the groups was observed, with higher intensity in the BLASEK group (0.18 ± 0.3881) when compared to the PRK (0.08 ± 0.2109) (p = 0.039936). The highest intensity was observed on the 3rd month, with gradual reduction until the 12th month. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, it can be concluded that PRK and BLASEK showed similar results, except that PRK presented shorter surgical time, faster corneal reepithelization and less haze at 30th PO days.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente os resultados de duas técnicas de cirurgia refrativa de superfície com excimer laser, ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) e ceratectomia subepitelial borboleta assistida à laser (LASEKb). LOCAL: Hospital de Olhos Sadalla Amin Ghanem, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego envolvendo 102 olhos de 51 pacientes. Cada paciente teve aleatoriamente um dos olhos operado com a técnica do PRK e o outro com LASEKb. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1 ano. RESULTADOS: Não houveram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos na acuidade visual (AV) para longe, sem correção, (P = 0,5593). No 12o mês pós-operatório (PO), 98,04% dos olhos no grupo do PRK e 96,08% no grupo do LASEKb atingiram AV sem correção de 20/20. A previsibilidade, eficácia, segurança e estabilidade não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. O índice de segurança foi de 1 no PRK e 0,996 no LASEKb. Um olho do grupo do LASEKb perdeu uma linha de visão. A porcentagem de olhos que apresentou EE aos 12 meses na faixa de ±0,50 D foi de 94,1% no grupo do PRK e de 86,3% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,1883). Enquanto que na faixa de ±1,0 D foi de 100% no grupo do PRK e 98% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,3125). Não houve necessidade de reoperações. O tempo médio de cirurgia na técnica PRK foi de 304,86 + 58,77 segundos (aproximadamente 5 minutos) e na técnica LASEKb de 608,35 + 76,88 segundos (aproximadamente 10 minutos) (P < 0,001). O tempo médio de reepitelização no grupo do PRK foi de 4,35 ± 0,48 dias (variação, 4 a 5 dias) e no grupo do BLASEK foi de 4,75 ± 0,72 dias (variação, 4 a 6 dias) (P < 0,002). Os níveis de dor e o desconforto ocular PO não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos, entretanto houve uma tendência para menor dor no PRK (3,31 ± 4,09 vs 4,43 ± 4,27; P = 0,18). Houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa nos valores do teste de Schirmer em todas as avaliação PO, tanto no PRK (23,6 ± 8,1 vs 19,4 ± 10,1; P < 0,002) quanto no LASEKb (22,4 ± 8,7 vs 18,9 ± 9,7; P = 0,01), entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos. A opacificação corneana (OC) PO foi pequena nos dois grupos. Somente no 1o mês foi observado diferença estatística entre os grupos, com maior intensidade da OC no grupo do LASEKb (0,18 ± 0,3881) quando comparado ao PRK (0,08 ± 0,2109) (P = 0,039936). A maior intensidade foi observada no 3o mês, com redução gradativa até o 12o mês. CONCLUSÃO: Dentro das condições deste estudo, conclui-se que o PRK e o LASEKb mostraram resultados semelhantes, exceto que o PRK apresentou menor tempo cirúrgico, reepitelização corneana mais rápida e menor OC no 30o PO. / PURPOSE: Comparatively evaluate the results of two techniques of surface excimer laser refractive surgery, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (BLASEK). SETTING: Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hospital, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized and double-masked study including 102 eyes from 51 patients. Each patient was randomized to have one eye operated on with PRK and the other with BLASEK. Patients were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding uncorrected distant visual acuity (VA) (p= 0.5593). On the 12th post-operative (PO) month, 98.04% of the eyes in the PRK group and 96.08% in the BLASEK group reached uncorrected VA of 20/20. The predictability, efficacy, safety and stability did not present statically significant difference between groups. The safety index was of 1 for PRK and 0.996 for BLASEK. One eye of the BLASEK group lost one line on the 12th PO month. The percentage of the eyes that presented spherical equivalent at 12 months in the range of ±0.50 D was 94.1% in the PRK group and 86.3% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.1883). While in the range of ±1.0 D it was 100% in the PRK group and 98% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.3125). There were no retreatments. The mean surgical time was 304.86 + 58.77 seconds (approximately 5 minutes) in PRK and 608.35 + 76.88 seconds in BLASEK (approximately 10 minutes) (P < 0,001). The mean reepithelization time in the PRK group was 4.35 ± 0.48 days (range, 4 to 5 days), and in the BLASEK group was 4.75 ± 0.72 days (range, 4 to 6 days) (P < 0.002). Pain scores and ocular discomfort were not statistically different between groups, although there was a trend towards a lower pain level with PRK (3.31 ± 4.09 vs. 4.43 ± 4.27; P = 0.18). Schirmer test values were significantly reduced from preoperative levels through 12 months with both PRK (23.6 ± 8.1 vs. 19.4 ± 10.1; P < 0.002) and BLASEK (22.4 ± 8.7 vs. 18.9 ± 9.7; P = 0.01), however there was no difference between groups in any time point. Haze incidence was slight in both groups. Only in the 1st PO month statistical difference between the groups was observed, with higher intensity in the BLASEK group (0.18 ± 0.3881) when compared to the PRK (0.08 ± 0.2109) (p = 0.039936). The highest intensity was observed on the 3rd month, with gradual reduction until the 12th month. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, it can be concluded that PRK and BLASEK showed similar results, except that PRK presented shorter surgical time, faster corneal reepithelization and less haze at 30th PO days.

Résumé : Les circuits photoniques intégrés qui combinent des dispositifs photoniques pour la génération, la détection, la modulation, l'amplification, la commutation et le transport de la lumière dans une puce, ont été rapportés comme étant une innovation technologique importante qui simplifie la conception du système optique et qui réduit l'espace et la consommation de l'énergie en améliorant ainsi la fiabilité. La capacité de modifier la bande interdite des zones sélectives des différents dispositifs photoniques à travers la puce est la clé majeure pour le développement de circuits photoniques intégrés. Comparé à d'autres méthodes d’épitaxie, l’interdiffusion de puits quantiques a attiré beaucoup d'intérêt en raison de sa simplicité et son efficacité en accordant la bande interdite durant le processus de post-épitaxie. Cependant, l’interdiffusion de puits quantiques a subi des problèmes reliés au manque de précision pour modifier convenablement la bande interdite ciblée et à l’incontrôlabilité de l’absorption des impuretés au cours du processus qui peut dégrader la qualité du matériel interdiffusé. Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les lasers excimer pour créer des défauts à proximité de la surface (~ 10 nm) des microstructures à base de puits quantiques III-V (par exemple InP et GaAs) et pour induire l’interdiffusion après le recuit thermique. L'irradiation par les lasers excimer (ArF et KrF) des microstructures à puits quantiques a été réalisée dans différents environnements, y compris l'air, l'eau déionisée, les couches diélectriques (SiO2 et Si3N4) et les couches d’InOx. Pour proposer un bon contrôle de la technique d’interdiffusion de puits quantiques par laser excimer, nous avons étudié la génération et la diffusion de défauts de surface en utilisant différentes méthodes de caractérisation de surface/interface, comme l'AFM, SEM, XPS et SIMS qui ont été utilisées pour analyser la modification de la morphologie de surface/interface et la modification chimique de la microstructure de ces puits quantiques. La qualité des microstructures à puits quantiques étudiées a été représentée par des mesures de photoluminescence et de luminescence des diodes lasers ainsi fabriqués. Les résultats montrent que le laser excimer induit des quantités d'oxydes de surface dans les surfaces des microstructure à puits quantiques InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP dans l'air et des impuretés d'oxygène des couches d'oxydes diffusées dans la région active de la microstructure lors du recuit, ce qui améliore l’interdiffusion, mais réduit l'intensité de la photoluminescence. Par contre, l’irradiation dans un environnement d'eau déionisée n’a pas démontré de diffusion des impuretés évidentes d'un excès d'oxygène vers les régions actives, mais la stœchiométrie de surface a été restaurée après l’interdiffusion. L’InOx a été trouvé avec un grand coefficient de dilatation thermique dans la microstructure interdiffusée qui était supposée d’augmenter la contrainte de compression dans la région active et ainsi d’augmenter l'intensité de photoluminescence de 10 fois dans l’échantillon irradié dans l'eau déionisée. Concernant les microstructures avec une couche diélectrique, la modification de la bande interdite a été toujours réalisée sur des échantillons dont les couches diélectriques ont été irradiées et la surface de InP a été modifiée par le laser excimer. Pour l'échantillon avec une couche de 243 nm de SiO2, les variations de la photoluminescence ont été mesurées sans l’ablation de cette couche de SiO2 lors de l'irradiation par le laser KrF. Cependant, la morphologie de l'interface d’InP a été modifiée, les oxydes d'interface ont été générés et les impuretés d'oxygène se sont diffusées à l'intérieur des surfaces irradiées. Les améliorations de l’interdiffusion dans les deux surfaces non irradiées et irradiés de l'échantillon couvert de couche d’InOx ont démontré l'importance des oxydes dans l’interdiffusion des puits quantiques. Les diodes laser fabriquées à partir d’un matériau interdiffusé par un laser KrF ont montré un seuil de courant comparable à celui des matériaux non interdiffusés avec un décalage de photoluminescence de 100 nm. En combinant un masque d'aluminium, nous avons créé un déplacement uniforme de photoluminescence de 70 nm sur une matrice rectangulaire de 40 μm x 200 μm ce qui présente un potentiel d’application de l’interdiffusion des puits quantiques par les lasers excimer dans les circuits photoniques intégrés. En outre, les lasers excimer ont été utilisés pour créer des structures de nano-cônes auto-organisées sur des surfaces de microstructure de InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP en augmentant l'intensité de PL par ~ 1.4 fois. Les lasers excimer ont été aussi utilisés pour modifier la mouillabilité sélective des zones d’une surface de silicium par une modification chimique de surface induite par laser dans différents milieux liquides. Ainsi, la fluorescence des nanosphères a été réussie pour des fonctions de configuration spécifique avec une surface de silicium. // Abstract : Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) which combine photonic devices for generation, detection, modulation, amplification, switching and transport of light on a chip have been reported as a significant technology innovation that simplifies optical system design, reduces space and power consumption, improves reliability. The ability of selective area modifying the bandgap for different photonic devices across the chip is the important key for PICs development. Compared with other growth methods, quantum well intermixing (QWI) has attracted amounts of interest due to its simplicity and effectiveness in tuning the bandgap in post-growth process. However, QWI has suffered problems of lack of precision in achieving targeted bandgap modification and uncontrollable up-taking of impurities during process which possibly degrade the quality of intermixed material. In this thesis, we have employed excimer laser to create surface defects in the near surface region (~ 10 nm) of III-V e.g. InP and GaAs, based QW microstructure and then annealing to induce intermixing. The irradiation by ArF and KrF excimer lasers on the QW microstructure was carried out surrounded by different environments, including air, DI water, dielectric layers (SiO2 and Si3N4) and InOx coatings. To propose a more controllable UV laser QWI technique, we have studied surface defects generation and diffusion with various surface/interface characterization methods, like AFM, SEM, XPS and SIMS, which were used to analyse the QW surface/interface morphology and chemical modification during QWI. The quality of processed QW microstructure was represented by photoluminescence measurements and luminescence measurements of fabricated laser diodes. The results shows that excimer laser induced amounts of surface oxides on the InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP microstructure surface in air and the oxygen impurities from oxides layer diffused to the active region of the QW microstructure during annealing, which enhance intermixing but also reduce the PL intensity. When irradiated in DI water environment, no obvious excessive oxygen impurities were found to diffuse to the active regions and the surface stoichiometry has been restored after intermixing. InOx with large coefficient of thermal expansion was found inside the intermixed QW microstructure, which was supposed to increase the compressive strain in active region and enhance the PL intensity to maximum 10 times on sample irradiated in DI water. On microstructure coated with dielectric layers, bandgap modifications were always found on samples whose dielectric layers were ablated and InP surface was modified by excimer laser. On sample coated with 243 nm SiO2 layer, the PL shifts were found on sample without ablation of the SiO2 layer when irradiated by KrF laser. However, the InP interface morphology was modified, interface oxides were generated and oxygen impurities have diffused inside on the irradiated sites. The enhancements of interdiffusion on both non irradiated and irradiated sites of sample coated with InOx layer have verified the importance of oxides in QWI. The laser diodes fabricated from KrF laser intermixed material have shown comparable threshold current density with as grown material with PL shifted by 133 nm. Combined aluminum mask, we have created uniform 70 nm PL shifts on 40 μm x 200 μm rectangle arrays which presents UV laser QWI potential application in PICs. In addition, excimer lasers have been used to create self organized nano-cone structures on the surface of InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP microstructure and enhance the PL intensity by ~1.4x. Excimer lasers have selective area modified wettability of silicon surface based on laser induced surface chemical modification in different liquid environments. Then the fluorescence nanospheres succeeded to specific pattern functions with silicon surface.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados de duas técnicas cirúrgicas guiadas pela análise de frente de onda, a ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) e a ceratomileusis in situ a laser (LASIK), para correção da miopia baixa a moderada, associada ou não ao astigmatismo. LOCAL: Setor de Cirurgia Refrativa da Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo randomizado envolvendo 70 olhos (35 pacientes) submetidos ao LASIK personalizado em um olho e PRK personalizado no olho contralateral para correção de miopia até 5 dioptrias (D) e astigmatismo até 1,5D. Avaliou-se acuidade visual não-corrigida (AVNC), melhor acuidade visual corrigida (MAVC), resultados refratométricos, aberrometria, sensibilidade ao contraste fotópico e mesópico, acuidade visual de baixo contraste (AVBC), qualidade da imagem retiniana (Função de Transferência Modular e Strehl ratio) e espalhamento intraocular de luz (EIL) no período pré-operatório e no 1o, 3o, 6o e 12o mês pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O equivalente esférico (EE) médio pré-operatório foi -2,57 ± 0,95D no grupo LASIK e, no grupo PRK, -2,52 ± 0,90D (p = 0,722). No 12o mês pósoperatório (PO), EE foi -0,06 ± 0,33D e -0,12 ± 0,41D, respectivamente (p = 0,438). No grupo LASIK, 60,0% dos olhos apresentaram AVNC 20/16 e 96,7% 20/20, e no grupo PRK, 66,6% e 96,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,667). No período pré-operatório, o total das aberrações de alta ordem (HOAs) foi 0,37 ± 0,09 m no grupo LASIK e 0,36 ± 0,11m no grupo PRK (p = 0,752). No 12o mês PO, o total das HOAs foi 0,46 ± 0,21m no grupo LASIK e 0,42 ± 0,14m no grupo PRK (p = 0,438). Tanto o teste de sensibilidade ao contraste fotópico como o mesópico apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre as técnicas, exceto pela freqüência 1,5 ciclos por grau (cpg) do teste mesópico no 12o mês PO, a favor do grupo PRK. Os índices de qualidade da imagem retiniana mostraram comportamento similar entre as técnicas ao longo do seguimento. Não houve aumento significativo do espalhamento intraocular da luz em ambos os grupos, quatro olhos cursaram com aumento transitório. CONCLUSÃO: Dentro das condições deste estudo, ambas as técnicas apresentaram excelentes resultados refratométricos e função visual semelhante. Apesar do tratamento personalizado guiado pela análise de frentes de onda, houve indução das HOAs, de forma similar, tanto no LASIK como no PRK. / PURPOSE: To compare clinical results of two wavefront-guided treatments, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), for low to moderate myopia correction, with or without astigmatism. SETTING: Refractive Surgery Service, General Hospital, University Of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Prospective randomized study of 70 eyes (35 patients) submitted to custom LASIK and custom PRK (contralateral eye) for myopia up to 5D and astigmatism up to 1,5D. Uncorrected visual acuity (AVNC), best-corrected visual acuity (MAVC), refractive results, wavefront analysis, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity, low contrast visual acuity (AVBC), retinal image quality (Modulation Transfer Function and Strehl ratio) and intraocular straylight (EIL) were performed preoperatively and at one, three, six and twelve months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean preoperative spherical equivalent (EE) was -2,57 ± 0,95D in the LASIK group and -2,52 ± 0,90D in the PRK group (p = 0,722). At twelve months postoperatively (PO), the mean EE was -0,06 ± 0,33D and -0,12 ± 0,41D, respectively (p = 0,438). In the LASIK group, 60,0% had AVNC 20/16 and 96,7% 20/20, and in the PRK group, 66,6% e 96,7%, respectively (p = 0,667). The mean pre-treatment total high-order aberrations (HOAs) was 0,37 ± 0,09 m in the LASIK group and 0,36 ± 0,11m in the PRK group (p = 0,752). At twelve months PO, the mean total HOAs was 0,46 ± 0,21m in the LASIK group and 0,42 ± 0,14 m in the PRK group (p = 0,438). No significant difference in photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity between groups was noted, apart from the 1,5 cpg frequency of the mesopic test, favoring PRK, at the 12th month PO. Similar results were found for retinal image quality metrics during the follow-up. No significant increase of the intraocular straylight was found for both techniques, four eyes presented transitory elevations. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, both techniques had excellent refractive results and similar visual function. In spite of the wavefront-guided treatments, HOAs were induced similarly after LASIK and PRK

Résumé : Les circuits photoniques intégrés qui combinent des dispositifs photoniques pour la génération, la détection, la modulation, l'amplification, la commutation et le transport de la lumière dans une puce, ont été rapportés comme étant une innovation technologique importante qui simplifie la conception du système optique et qui réduit l'espace et la consommation de l'énergie en améliorant ainsi la fiabilité. La capacité de modifier la bande interdite des zones sélectives des différents dispositifs photoniques à travers la puce est la clé majeure pour le développement de circuits photoniques intégrés. Comparé à d'autres méthodes d’épitaxie, l’interdiffusion de puits quantiques a attiré beaucoup d'intérêt en raison de sa simplicité et son efficacité en accordant la bande interdite durant le processus de post-épitaxie. Cependant, l’interdiffusion de puits quantiques a subi des problèmes reliés au manque de précision pour modifier convenablement la bande interdite ciblée et à l’incontrôlabilité de l’absorption des impuretés au cours du processus qui peut dégrader la qualité du matériel interdiffusé. Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les lasers excimer pour créer des défauts à proximité de la surface (~ 10 nm) des microstructures à base de puits quantiques III-V (par exemple InP et GaAs) et pour induire l’interdiffusion après le recuit thermique. L'irradiation par les lasers excimer (ArF et KrF) des microstructures à puits quantiques a été réalisée dans différents environnements, y compris l'air, l'eau déionisée, les couches diélectriques (SiO2 et Si3N4) et les couches d’InOx. Pour proposer un bon contrôle de la technique d’interdiffusion de puits quantiques par laser excimer, nous avons étudié la génération et la diffusion de défauts de surface en utilisant différentes méthodes de caractérisation de surface/interface, comme l'AFM, SEM, XPS et SIMS qui ont été utilisées pour analyser la modification de la morphologie de surface/interface et la modification chimique de la microstructure de ces puits quantiques. La qualité des microstructures à puits quantiques étudiées a été représentée par des mesures de photoluminescence et de luminescence des diodes lasers ainsi fabriqués. Les résultats montrent que le laser excimer induit des quantités d'oxydes de surface dans les surfaces des microstructure à puits quantiques InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP dans l'air et des impuretés d'oxygène des couches d'oxydes diffusées dans la région active de la microstructure lors du recuit, ce qui améliore l’interdiffusion, mais réduit l'intensité de la photoluminescence. Par contre, l’irradiation dans un environnement d'eau déionisée n’a pas démontré de diffusion des impuretés évidentes d'un excès d'oxygène vers les régions actives, mais la stœchiométrie de surface a été restaurée après l’interdiffusion. L’InOx a été trouvé avec un grand coefficient de dilatation thermique dans la microstructure interdiffusée qui était supposée d’augmenter la contrainte de compression dans la région active et ainsi d’augmenter l'intensité de photoluminescence de 10 fois dans l’échantillon irradié dans l'eau déionisée. Concernant les microstructures avec une couche diélectrique, la modification de la bande interdite a été toujours réalisée sur des échantillons dont les couches diélectriques ont été irradiées et la surface de InP a été modifiée par le laser excimer. Pour l'échantillon avec une couche de 243 nm de SiO2, les variations de la photoluminescence ont été mesurées sans l’ablation de cette couche de SiO2 lors de l'irradiation par le laser KrF. Cependant, la morphologie de l'interface d’InP a été modifiée, les oxydes d'interface ont été générés et les impuretés d'oxygène se sont diffusées à l'intérieur des surfaces irradiées. Les améliorations de l’interdiffusion dans les deux surfaces non irradiées et irradiés de l'échantillon couvert de couche d’InOx ont démontré l'importance des oxydes dans l’interdiffusion des puits quantiques. Les diodes laser fabriquées à partir d’un matériau interdiffusé par un laser KrF ont montré un seuil de courant comparable à celui des matériaux non interdiffusés avec un décalage de photoluminescence de 100 nm. En combinant un masque d'aluminium, nous avons créé un déplacement uniforme de photoluminescence de 70 nm sur une matrice rectangulaire de 40 μm x 200 μm ce qui présente un potentiel d’application de l’interdiffusion des puits quantiques par les lasers excimer dans les circuits photoniques intégrés. En outre, les lasers excimer ont été utilisés pour créer des structures de nano-cônes auto-organisées sur des surfaces de microstructure de InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP en augmentant l'intensité de PL par ~ 1.4 fois. Les lasers excimer ont été aussi utilisés pour modifier la mouillabilité sélective des zones d’une surface de silicium par une modification chimique de surface induite par laser dans différents milieux liquides. Ainsi, la fluorescence des nanosphères a été réussie pour des fonctions de configuration spécifique avec une surface de silicium. // Abstract : Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) which combine photonic devices for generation, detection, modulation, amplification, switching and transport of light on a chip have been reported as a significant technology innovation that simplifies optical system design, reduces space and power consumption, improves reliability. The ability of selective area modifying the bandgap for different photonic devices across the chip is the important key for PICs development. Compared with other growth methods, quantum well intermixing (QWI) has attracted amounts of interest due to its simplicity and effectiveness in tuning the bandgap in post-growth process. However, QWI has suffered problems of lack of precision in achieving targeted bandgap modification and uncontrollable up-taking of impurities during process which possibly degrade the quality of intermixed material. In this thesis, we have employed excimer laser to create surface defects in the near surface region (~ 10 nm) of III-V e.g. InP and GaAs, based QW microstructure and then annealing to induce intermixing. The irradiation by ArF and KrF excimer lasers on the QW microstructure was carried out surrounded by different environments, including air, DI water, dielectric layers (SiO2 and Si3N4) and InOx coatings. To propose a more controllable UV laser QWI technique, we have studied surface defects generation and diffusion with various surface/interface characterization methods, like AFM, SEM, XPS and SIMS, which were used to analyse the QW surface/interface morphology and chemical modification during QWI. The quality of processed QW microstructure was represented by photoluminescence measurements and luminescence measurements of fabricated laser diodes. The results shows that excimer laser induced amounts of surface oxides on the InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP microstructure surface in air and the oxygen impurities from oxides layer diffused to the active region of the QW microstructure during annealing, which enhance intermixing but also reduce the PL intensity. When irradiated in DI water environment, no obvious excessive oxygen impurities were found to diffuse to the active regions and the surface stoichiometry has been restored after intermixing. InOx with large coefficient of thermal expansion was found inside the intermixed QW microstructure, which was supposed to increase the compressive strain in active region and enhance the PL intensity to maximum 10 times on sample irradiated in DI water. On microstructure coated with dielectric layers, bandgap modifications were always found on samples whose dielectric layers were ablated and InP surface was modified by excimer laser. On sample coated with 243 nm SiO2 layer, the PL shifts were found on sample without ablation of the SiO2 layer when irradiated by KrF laser. However, the InP interface morphology was modified, interface oxides were generated and oxygen impurities have diffused inside on the irradiated sites. The enhancements of interdiffusion on both non irradiated and irradiated sites of sample coated with InOx layer have verified the importance of oxides in QWI. The laser diodes fabricated from KrF laser intermixed material have shown comparable threshold current density with as grown material with PL shifted by 133 nm. Combined aluminum mask, we have created uniform 70 nm PL shifts on 40 μm x 200 μm rectangle arrays which presents UV laser QWI potential application in PICs. In addition, excimer lasers have been used to create self organized nano-cone structures on the surface of InP/InGaAs/InGaAsP microstructure and enhance the PL intensity by ~1.4x. Excimer lasers have selective area modified wettability of silicon surface based on laser induced surface chemical modification in different liquid environments. Then the fluorescence nanospheres succeeded to specific pattern functions with silicon surface.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados de duas técnicas cirúrgicas guiadas pela análise de frente de onda, a ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) e a ceratomileusis in situ a laser (LASIK), para correção da miopia baixa a moderada, associada ou não ao astigmatismo. LOCAL: Setor de Cirurgia Refrativa da Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo randomizado envolvendo 70 olhos (35 pacientes) submetidos ao LASIK personalizado em um olho e PRK personalizado no olho contralateral para correção de miopia até 5 dioptrias (D) e astigmatismo até 1,5D. Avaliou-se acuidade visual não-corrigida (AVNC), melhor acuidade visual corrigida (MAVC), resultados refratométricos, aberrometria, sensibilidade ao contraste fotópico e mesópico, acuidade visual de baixo contraste (AVBC), qualidade da imagem retiniana (Função de Transferência Modular e Strehl ratio) e espalhamento intraocular de luz (EIL) no período pré-operatório e no 1o, 3o, 6o e 12o mês pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O equivalente esférico (EE) médio pré-operatório foi -2,57 ± 0,95D no grupo LASIK e, no grupo PRK, -2,52 ± 0,90D (p = 0,722). No 12o mês pósoperatório (PO), EE foi -0,06 ± 0,33D e -0,12 ± 0,41D, respectivamente (p = 0,438). No grupo LASIK, 60,0% dos olhos apresentaram AVNC 20/16 e 96,7% 20/20, e no grupo PRK, 66,6% e 96,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,667). No período pré-operatório, o total das aberrações de alta ordem (HOAs) foi 0,37 ± 0,09 m no grupo LASIK e 0,36 ± 0,11m no grupo PRK (p = 0,752). No 12o mês PO, o total das HOAs foi 0,46 ± 0,21m no grupo LASIK e 0,42 ± 0,14m no grupo PRK (p = 0,438). Tanto o teste de sensibilidade ao contraste fotópico como o mesópico apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre as técnicas, exceto pela freqüência 1,5 ciclos por grau (cpg) do teste mesópico no 12o mês PO, a favor do grupo PRK. Os índices de qualidade da imagem retiniana mostraram comportamento similar entre as técnicas ao longo do seguimento. Não houve aumento significativo do espalhamento intraocular da luz em ambos os grupos, quatro olhos cursaram com aumento transitório. CONCLUSÃO: Dentro das condições deste estudo, ambas as técnicas apresentaram excelentes resultados refratométricos e função visual semelhante. Apesar do tratamento personalizado guiado pela análise de frentes de onda, houve indução das HOAs, de forma similar, tanto no LASIK como no PRK. / PURPOSE: To compare clinical results of two wavefront-guided treatments, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), for low to moderate myopia correction, with or without astigmatism. SETTING: Refractive Surgery Service, General Hospital, University Of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Prospective randomized study of 70 eyes (35 patients) submitted to custom LASIK and custom PRK (contralateral eye) for myopia up to 5D and astigmatism up to 1,5D. Uncorrected visual acuity (AVNC), best-corrected visual acuity (MAVC), refractive results, wavefront analysis, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity, low contrast visual acuity (AVBC), retinal image quality (Modulation Transfer Function and Strehl ratio) and intraocular straylight (EIL) were performed preoperatively and at one, three, six and twelve months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean preoperative spherical equivalent (EE) was -2,57 ± 0,95D in the LASIK group and -2,52 ± 0,90D in the PRK group (p = 0,722). At twelve months postoperatively (PO), the mean EE was -0,06 ± 0,33D and -0,12 ± 0,41D, respectively (p = 0,438). In the LASIK group, 60,0% had AVNC 20/16 and 96,7% 20/20, and in the PRK group, 66,6% e 96,7%, respectively (p = 0,667). The mean pre-treatment total high-order aberrations (HOAs) was 0,37 ± 0,09 m in the LASIK group and 0,36 ± 0,11m in the PRK group (p = 0,752). At twelve months PO, the mean total HOAs was 0,46 ± 0,21m in the LASIK group and 0,42 ± 0,14 m in the PRK group (p = 0,438). No significant difference in photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity between groups was noted, apart from the 1,5 cpg frequency of the mesopic test, favoring PRK, at the 12th month PO. Similar results were found for retinal image quality metrics during the follow-up. No significant increase of the intraocular straylight was found for both techniques, four eyes presented transitory elevations. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, both techniques had excellent refractive results and similar visual function. In spite of the wavefront-guided treatments, HOAs were induced similarly after LASIK and PRK

No description available.

The recent developments in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) as a substrate material enable it to be used in the micro and millimetre wave range providing low dissipation factors at high frequencies, good dielectric properties and a high degree of integration for further miniaturised devices. The most common metallisation method used in LTCC technology is screen printing with high cost noble metals such as silver and gold that are compatible with the high sintering temperatures (850°C). However, these techniques require high capital cost and maintenance cost. As the commercial world requires convenient and low cost process technologies for mass production, alternative metallisation methods should be considered. As a result, electroless copper plating of fired LTCC was mainly investigated in this research. The main goals of this project were to carry out electroless plating of fired LTCC with sufficient adhesion and to extend the process to metallise closed LTCC channel structures to manufacture Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) components. The objectives were focused on electroless copper deposition on fired LTCC with improved adhesion. Electroless deposits on the Sn/Pd activated LTCC surface showed poor adhesion without any surface pre-treatments. Hence, chemical etching of fired LTCC was carried out using concentrated NaOH solution. NaOH pre-treatment of LTCC led to the formation of flake like structures on the LTCC surface. A number of surface and chemical analysis techniques and weight measurements were used to investigate the mechanism of the modification of the LTCC surface. The results showed that the flake like structures were dispersed in the LTCC material and a material model for the LTCC structure was proposed. SEM EDX elemental mapping showed that the flake like structure consisted of aluminium, calcium, boron and oxygen. Further experiments showed that both the concentration of NaOH and the immersion time affect the surface morphology and the roughness of fired LTCC. The measured Ra values were 0.6 μm for untreated LTCC and 1.1 μm for the LTCC sample treated with 4M NaOH for 270 minutes. Adhesion tests including peel test and scratch test were carried out to examine the adhesion strength of the deposited copper and both tests indicated that the NaOH pre-treatment led to an improvement, with the best results achieved for samples treated with 4M NaOH. A second aspect of the research focused on the selective metallisation of fired LTCC. Excimer laser machining was used to pattern a resist film laminated on the LTCC surface. This process also roughened the substrate and created channels that were characterised with respect to the laser operating parameters. After patterning the resist layer, samples were activated using Sn/Pd catalyst solution followed by the electroless copper deposition. Electroless copper was selectively deposited only on the patterned LTCC surface. Laser parameters clearly affected the copper plating rate. Even with a similar number of shots per area, the tracks machined with higher repetition rate showed relatively more machining depth as well as good plating conditions with low resistance values. The process was further implemented to realize a complete working circuit on fired LTCC. Passive components including a capacitor and an inductor were also fabricated on LTCC using the mask projection technique of the excimer laser system. This was successful for many designs, but when the separation between conductor lines dropped below 18 μm, electroless copper started to deposit on the areas between them. Finally, a method to deposit copper films on the internal walls of closed channel structures was developed. The method was first demonstrated by flowing electroless copper solutions through silane treated glass capillaries. A thin layer (approx. 60 nm) of electroless copper was deposited only on the internal walls of the glass capillaries. The flow rate of the electroless copper solution had to be maintained at a low level as the copper deposits tended to wash away with higher flow rates. The structures were tested for transmission losses and showed low (<10dB) transmission losses in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The process was further applied to deposit electroless copper on the internal walls of the LTCC closed channel structures to manufacture a LTCC Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW).

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Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 4 Publico-026a.pdf: 72550 bytes, checksum: afe0787528f227bc8c799cf1cd67fcc7 (MD5) Publico-026b.pdf: 2073659 bytes, checksum: b85cc4a971ac414e9e8aa01daa4ad8ed (MD5) Publico-026c.pdf: 2083167 bytes, checksum: 806646b87026c136bf8b329233fe315b (MD5) Publico-026d.pdf: 895113 bytes, checksum: 37de279e78fead2b9aa3c17fd44ab0f0 (MD5) / Objetivos: Comparar os resultados de acuidade visual, refração estática, aberrometria e sensibilidade ao contraste em olhos com miopia moderada submetidos à ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) com mitomicina C (MMC) ou à ceratomileuse assistida por excimer laser in situ (LASIK) em cirurgias guiadas por frente de onda durante acompanhamento de um ano. Avaliar o aspecto biomicroscópico nos dois grupos durante seguimento. Avaliar subjetivamente percepção de dor, queixas visuais e satisfação com resultado cirúrgico nos dois grupos durante acompanhamento. Analisar índices de microscopia especular nos dois grupos antes e seis meses após cirurgia. Comparar propriedades biomecânicas da córnea nos dois grupos um ano após o procedimento cirúrgico. Métodos: Quarenta e quatro pacientes (88 olhos) com miopia moderada e cálculo de consumo corneano maior que 50 μm na plataforma LADARWave 4000 (Alcon) em ambos os olhos foram selecionados para receber aleatoriamente LASIK em um olho e PRK com aplicação de MMC 0,002% durante um minuto no olho contralateral em cirurgias guiadas por frente de onda. Topografia corneana (EyeSys 2000, EyeSys e Orbscan II, Orbtek/Bausch & Lomb), acuidade visual sem correção (AVSC, tabela Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopaty Study), refração estática, acuidade visual com correção (AVCC), aberrometria (LADARWave 4000), paquimetria ultrassônica corneana central (Sonogage) e exame oftalmológico completo foram realizados no pré-operatório e no seguimento de um, três, seis e doze meses pós-operatório. Sensibilidade ao contraste fotópica e mesópica (Optec 6500, F.A.C.T.; Stereo Optical) com correção foram realizadas nos dois olhos antes da cirurgia e três, seis e doze meses após. Questionário subjetivo de dor foi aplicado no pós-operatório recente, e questionário de sintomas visuais e satisfação com o procedimento em cada olho foi aplicado nas visitas de acompanhamento com um, três, seis e doze meses de pós-operatório. Biomicroscopia de segmento anterior foi realizada no período pós-operatório recente e nas visitas de acompanhamento sempre como último exame do dia (examinador mascarado para procedimento cirúrgico). Microscopia especular (Topcon SP 2000p) foi realizada antes e seis meses após cirurgia. Avaliação biomecânica da córnea (ORA, Reichert) foi realizada um ano após o procedimento cirúrgico. Os testes ANOVA para medidas repetidas e t de student foram utilizados para análise estatística. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes do estudo foi de 31,7 anos (variou entre 21 e 54 anos). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos antes da cirurgia quanto a AVSC, AVCC, aberrometria, sensibilidade ao contraste ou microscopia especular. O equivalente esférico (EE) médio programado nos olhos que receberam LASIK foi de - 3,99±1,20 dioptrias (D) e de - 3,85±1,12 D nos olhos que receberam PRK com MMC (p>0,05). A profundidade de ablação média foi de 73,09±14,55 μm e 70,70±14,07 μm, no grupo LASIK e no grupo PRK com MMC, respectivamente (p>0,05). Quarenta e dois pacientes (95,5%) completaram um ano de acompanhamento. Os olhos que receberam PRK com MMC apresentaram média de AVSC significativamente superior aos olhos que receberam LASIK com três, seis e doze meses de pós-operatório. A média de AVCC também foi estatisticamente superior no grupo PRK com MMC na visita de um ano de pós-operatório (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos quanto ao EE ao longo do acompanhamento. Todos os olhos que receberam PRK com MMC completaram a reepitelização corneana em até cinco dias após o procedimento, e nenhum olho apresentou haze maior que grau 1 (escala de Fantes). Os olhos que receberam LASIK apresentaram valores de aberrações de baixa e alta ordem estatisticamente superiores aos olhos que receberam PRK com MMC durante todo o acompanhamento (p<0.05). Os olhos que receberam PRK com MMC obtiveram desempenho superior no teste de sensibilidade ao contraste em condições fotópicas e mesópicas quando comparados ao grupo LASIK durante seguimento (p<0,05). Até o quinto dia de pós-operatório, o grupo PRK com MMC apresentou índices de dor superiores ao grupo LASIK. O grupo PRK com MMC foi melhor avaliado no questionário subjetivo de queixas visuais e satisfação cirúrgica. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos quanto à microscopia especular (p>0,05). Na avaliação biomecânica da córnea, o grupo LASIK apresentou valores de fator de resistência corneana (CRF) e histerese (CH) significativamente superiores ao grupo PRK com MMC (p<0,05). Conclusões: Os olhos que receberam PRK com MMC apresentaram melhores valores de AVSC e AVCC, melhor correção de aberrações de baixa ordem e menores valores de aberrações de alta ordem em relação aos olhos que receberam LASIK. O grupo PRK com MMC também apresentou valores superiores de sensibilidade ao contraste e foi melhor avaliado em questionário subjetivo de satisfação cirúrgica. Não houve presença de haze clinicamente significativo no grupo PRK com MMC. O grupo PRK com MMC apresentou maiores índices de dor no período pósoperatório recente. Não houve diferença entre os índices de microscopia especular nos dois grupos. O grupo LASIK apresentou índices superiores de CRF e CH. / Purpose: To compare visual acuity results, cycloplegic refraction, aberrometry and contrast sensitivity in eyes that underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) or laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for wavefront-guided myopic corrections during one year follow-up. To evaluate slit-lamp microscopy in both groups during follow-up. To evaluate subjective pain, visual complains and satisfaction with visual results in the two groups during follow-up. To analyse specular microscopy values before and six months after surgeries in both groups. To compare biomechanical properties of the cornea in the two groups one year after surgeries. Methods: Forty-four patients (88 eyes) with moderate myopia and an estimated ablation depth greater than 50 μm using the LADARWave 4000 (Alcon Laboratories) platform in both eyes were randomized to receive LASIK in one eye and PRK with application of MMC 0.002% for one minute in the fellow eye in wavefront-guided surgeries. Corneal topography (EyeSys 2000, EyeSys and Orbscan II, Orbtek/Bausch & Lomb), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopaty Study table), cycloplegic refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), aberrometry (LADARWave 4000), central ultrasound corneal pachymetry (Sonogage Inc) and a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination were performed before surgeries and at one, three, six and twelve months postoperative visits. Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity (Optec 6500, F.A.C.T.; Stereo Optical Co) with BSCVA was performed in both eyes before surgeries and at three, six and 12 months follow-up. A subjective pain questionnaire was applied at early postoperative visits and another visual complain and satisfaction questionnaire with surgery in each eye was applied one, three, six and twelve months after surgical procedures. Slit-lamp anterior segment microscopy was performed at early postoperative visits and at follow-up visits always as the last examination (blind examiner for surgical procedure). Specular microscopy (Topcon SP 2000p, Topcon) was performed before and six months after surgeries. Biomechanical properties of the cornea (ORA, Reichert) were evaluated one year after surgeries. The tests ANOVA for repeated measures and the student’s t test were used for statistical analyses. Results: The mean age was 31.7 years (range, 21-54 years). There was no statistically significant between-group difference in UCVA, BSCVA, aberrometry, contrast sensitivity or specular microscopy before surgeries. The mean attempted spherical equivalent (SE) was - 3.99±1.20 diopters (D) in LASIK eyes and - 3.85±1.12 D in PRK with MMC eyes (p>0.05). The mean ablation depth was 73.09±14.55 μm and 70.70±14.07 μm in LASIK and PRK with MMC eyes, respectively (p>0.05). Forty-two patients (95.5%) completed one year follow-up. The PRK with MMC eyes presented statistically significant better mean UCVA values than LASIK eyes at three, six and 12 months visits. The mean BSCVA was also statistically significant better in PRK with MMC eyes than in LASIK eyes one year after surgeries (p<0.05). There was no between-groups statistical difference in SE during one year follow-up. All PRK with MMC eyes reepithelialized within five days after surgical procedure and no eye presented more than grade 1 haze (Fantes scale). The LASIK eyes presented statistically significant higher lower and higher order aberrations values than PRK with MMC eyes during follow-up (p<0.05). The PRK with MMC group showed better results in photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity than LASIK eyes during one year follow-up (p<0.05). Until the fifth postoperative day, PRK with MMC eyes presented higher pain scores than LASIK eyes. PRK with MMC eyes were better rated in terms of subjective visual symptoms and visual satisfaction. There were no statistical differences between the groups in specular microscopy (p>0.05). LASIK eyes showed statistically significant higher corneal resistance factor (CRF) and corneal hysteresis (CH) values than PRK with MMC eyes (p<0.05). Conclusions: The PRK with MMC eyes presented better UCVA, BSCVA, better correction of lower order aberrations and lower higher order aberration values than LASIK eyes. It also showed better contrast sensitivity results and was better rated in terms of visual satisfaction. There was no clinically significant haze in PRK with MMC eyes. The PRK with MMC eyes presented higher pain scores at early postoperative visits. There was no between groups differences in specular microscopy. LASIK eyes presented higher CRF and CH values one year after surgeries. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações