Automatic voltage regulation is necessary for all power producing synchronous generators to ensure that the produced power have a constant and stable voltage level and to sustain grid stability. The aim of this thesis is to design and build an automatic voltage regulator for a synchronous generator. A six-phase permanent magnet alternator will be used to excite the rotor with solid-state relay controlled rotating bridge rectifier. The field current is regulated by a closed loop control system that is based on a programmable logic controller, PLC. Programing of the PLC is executed in the developing environment CoDeSys, IEC 61131-3, which is the international standard for programing PLC applications. Simulations for predicting the system behavior is done with a web based in-browser tool, circuitlab.com. The results show a good performance of the regulator and the closed loop system although there is room for improvement of the solid-state controlled rectifier system.

The fundamental character of excitation system is to provide the direct-current power for field windings for synchronous generators. Excitation control system controls the generator output voltage and reactive power by varying the field winding¡¦s currents. Therefore, it can improve the transient stability of power system. The thesis proposed a process for modeling and simulation on a brushless coal-fired unit, since the 40 years-old magnetic amplifier (Type WMA MAG-A-STAT) Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) was replaced by a Programmable Logical Controller based digital redundancy system, for the purpose to verify the excitation system model and dynamic response gains in the future power system study. To establish the generator excitation system and simulations on a popular software program MATLAB/SIMULINK, we wish to manipulate the effective and precise simulation test on a personal-computer and apply Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find the global optimal solution for AVR controller settings. This thesis contributes in building a reliable excitation system model with dynamic response figures for power system network planning and dispatch.

Striving to improve performance and lower weight of aircraft engines, modern compressor blades become thinner and lighter but higher loaded resulting in an increased vulnerability towards flutter. This trend is further aggravated through blisk designs that diminish structural damping and therewith flutter margin. Modern 3D wide-chord blade designs result in complex structural behaviors that add to the difficulty of correctly predicting flutter occurrence. To counteract above tendencies by driving the physical understanding of flutter and thereby helping to improve aero engine design tools, free flutter as well as forced response will be investigated in the 1.5 stage transonic compressor at TU Darmstadt. Aim of the forced response campaign is to determine the system damping in the stable compressor regime. Hence a novel excitation system capable of dynamically exciting specific rotor blade modes is needed. It is aim of the present work to find a promising concept for such a system. In the present work, the requirements for an excitation system to be used in the TUD compressor are defined with respect to achievable frequency, phase controllability, transferred excitation level, mechanical robustness, integrability and cleanliness. Different excitation system concepts, i.e. oscillating VIGVs, rotating airfoils, tangential and axial air injection are investigated numerically. An evaluation of the results obtained through 2D numerical studies proposes axial air injection as the most favorable concept. / Master of Science

Neste trabalho propõe-se uma metodologia de estimação de parâmetros da máquina síncrona e do sistema de excitação baseada na técnica de sensibilidade de trajetória e sincronização de sistemas. Diversas metodologias de estimação de parâmetros foram propostas na literatura, cada uma com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Entretanto, poucas são adequadas para a estimação de parâmetros com o gerador em operação (on-line). A metodologia de sensibilidade de trajetória foi escolhida por permitir uma completa representação da máquina síncrona e do sistema de excitação incluindo as não linearidades como, por exemplo, os limites do sistema de excitação e a saturação do gerador. Foram propostas algumas alternativas para esta técnica visando uma futura aplicação on-line. Dentre as propostas destaca-se o uso da teoria de sincronização no processo de estimação de parâmetros. A metodologia desenvolvida é aplicada para identificar os parâmetros do gerador síncrono (modelo clássico, modelo de um eixo, e modelo de dois eixos). Também são relatados alguns dos problemas encontrados no momento de estimar vários parâmetros da máquina síncrona simultaneamente. A metodologia também é aplicada com sucesso para estimar os parâmetros do sistema de excitação (tipo ST1A e DC1). Por fim, analisa-se a influência dos parâmetros estimados na estabilidade transitória. Para tal objetivo são realizados testes de estabilidade em um pequeno sistema de potência sujeito a incertezas nos parâmetros / In this work a methodology to estimate parameters of synchronous machines and their excitation system based on trajectory sensitivity technique and system synchronization is proposed. Many methodologies for parameter estimation have been proposed in the literature, each one with advantages and desadvantages. However, only some of them are adequate to estimate parameters with generator in operation (on-line). The trajectory sensitivity methodology has been chosen as it allows a complete representation of generator and excitation system including non-linearities as, for instance, the limits of excitation system and saturation of generator. Some alternatives were proposed for this technique regarding a future on-line application. Among them, the use of synchronization theories in parameter estimation process is highlighted. The methodology developed is used to estimate the parameters of generators (classical model, one-axis model and two axis-model). Some problems to simultaneously estimate several parameters of a synchronous machine are also presented. The methodology is successfully used to estimate the parameters of the excitation system (type ST1A and DC1). Finally, the influence of the estimated parameters on transient stability is analyzed. For this aim, stability tests were performed in a small power system with uncertain parameters

Neste trabalho propõe-se uma metodologia de estimação de parâmetros da máquina síncrona e do sistema de excitação baseada na técnica de sensibilidade de trajetória e sincronização de sistemas. Diversas metodologias de estimação de parâmetros foram propostas na literatura, cada uma com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Entretanto, poucas são adequadas para a estimação de parâmetros com o gerador em operação (on-line). A metodologia de sensibilidade de trajetória foi escolhida por permitir uma completa representação da máquina síncrona e do sistema de excitação incluindo as não linearidades como, por exemplo, os limites do sistema de excitação e a saturação do gerador. Foram propostas algumas alternativas para esta técnica visando uma futura aplicação on-line. Dentre as propostas destaca-se o uso da teoria de sincronização no processo de estimação de parâmetros. A metodologia desenvolvida é aplicada para identificar os parâmetros do gerador síncrono (modelo clássico, modelo de um eixo, e modelo de dois eixos). Também são relatados alguns dos problemas encontrados no momento de estimar vários parâmetros da máquina síncrona simultaneamente. A metodologia também é aplicada com sucesso para estimar os parâmetros do sistema de excitação (tipo ST1A e DC1). Por fim, analisa-se a influência dos parâmetros estimados na estabilidade transitória. Para tal objetivo são realizados testes de estabilidade em um pequeno sistema de potência sujeito a incertezas nos parâmetros / In this work a methodology to estimate parameters of synchronous machines and their excitation system based on trajectory sensitivity technique and system synchronization is proposed. Many methodologies for parameter estimation have been proposed in the literature, each one with advantages and desadvantages. However, only some of them are adequate to estimate parameters with generator in operation (on-line). The trajectory sensitivity methodology has been chosen as it allows a complete representation of generator and excitation system including non-linearities as, for instance, the limits of excitation system and saturation of generator. Some alternatives were proposed for this technique regarding a future on-line application. Among them, the use of synchronization theories in parameter estimation process is highlighted. The methodology developed is used to estimate the parameters of generators (classical model, one-axis model and two axis-model). Some problems to simultaneously estimate several parameters of a synchronous machine are also presented. The methodology is successfully used to estimate the parameters of the excitation system (type ST1A and DC1). Finally, the influence of the estimated parameters on transient stability is analyzed. For this aim, stability tests were performed in a small power system with uncertain parameters

This thesis aims to design a cabinet to house some of the required hardware to realize a 1000 A IGBT inverter controlled static excitation system. In the thesis practical design considerations are identified and solved. The suggested excitation system requires a cabinet to house the inverters. Together with inverter requirements stated by the inverter manufacturer and possible electromagnetic interference from switching of the IGBT:s, practical design considerations arise when realizing the system. Identified design considerations are heat dissipation, EMI, IP-code requirements and mechanical stresses at inverter connections. In this study, the design considerations are addressed and a cabinet design with required components inside is suggested. The suggested cabinet together with its components could fulfil the suggested system's- and the inverter's requirements. However, the IP-code allowed by the suggested EMC-seals might be lower than the IP54 required by the inverter. The cabinets EMC-properties will probably be lowered if regular rubber gaskets are used. The study suggests one possible configuration which is possible to realize. It is suggested that further consideration is dedicated to the EMI reducing properties of the cabinet if it is to be installed in an environment sensitive to EMI.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os sistemas de controle de excitação em máquinas síncronas devem detectar com bastante rapidez as mudanças causadas pela entrada de carga no gerador isolado e atuar no sistema de excitação de forma rápida e eficiente, para manter a tensão terminal em níveis desejados. Ao contrário de outros trabalhos realizados nesta área com circuitos eletrônicos analógicos, em muitos casos, este controlador pode ser construído utilizando tecnologia microcontrolada por possuir alto nível de eficiência no controle, circuito com flexibilidade para implementação de diferentes estratégias de controle e baixo custo para produção. A abordagem deste trabalho consiste em uma proposta para aplicação de um controle de excitação automático utilizando uma malha PID, com opções de controle manual, monitoramento de tensão terminal e temperatura de estator da máquina, utilizando um microcontrolador PIC16F877A da empresa Microchip Technology. Os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios práticos em laboratório com partidas diretas de motores de indução (1 e 2 cv) com um gerador de 2 kVA mostra que a atuação do controlador recuperou a tensão terminal em pouco tempo, para o setpoint adotado. E por fim, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os tempos de resposta de outro conhecido regulador automático de tensão encontrado no mercado, para comprovar o bom desempenho de controle deste projeto. / The excitation control systems in synchronous machines must very quickly detect changes caused by load increase on the isolated generator and act on the excitation system in a rapid and efficient way in order to maintain terminal voltage at optimal desired levels. Unlike other works related with this area which used analog-based electronic circuits, this controller can in many case be built utilizing microcontrolled technology which is more efficient and flexible to implement different control strategies, as well as having a low cost of production. The approach of this research consists in a proposal to apply an automatic excitation controller, utilizing a PID control loop, including manual adjustments and monitorings of terminal voltage and stator temperature of the machine. It employs a PIC16F877A microcontroller from the Microchip Technology Company. The results obtained through practical tests in laboratory with a direct online start of induction motors (1 and 2 HP) on a 2 kVA generator show that the controller acts to recover the terminal voltage to the adopted setpoint in a reduced time. Finally, the results were also compared to the time of response provided from another well-known automatic voltage regulator found in the market, in order to prove the good control performance of this project. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

This diploma thesis is focused on the design of a rotating rectifier for a synchronous generator. Based on defined requirements, the new rotating rectifier concept has been created that allows a greater current range than existing rectifier used by Siemens Electric Machines s.r.o. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part deals with the search of existing rotating rectifiers and other design possibilities. The requirements for the rotating rectifier were defined in the second part of the thesis. The following section deals with both electrical design of rectifier elements and varistors. The fourth part of the diploma thesis describes the thermal analysis. On the basis of thermal analysis the operating conditions of the rotating rectifier were determined. The last part of the thesis is devoted to mechanical and modal analysis. Based on these analyses, the strength and operability of the new rotating rectifier concept were verified.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa apresentam-se os principais conceitos gerais de estabilidade elétrica, assim como suas divisões e classificações, onde são desenvolvidas as condições de operação de um sistema elétrico de potência, que são relevantes nos estudos de estabilidade angular do rotor, tensão e frequência. Para os estudos de estabilidade da frequência e de tensão é preciso conhecer os equipamentos como os reguladores de tensão e frequência, em consequência é apresentada a modelagem matemática de vários componentes dinâmicos como o sistema de excitação, estabilizador do sistema de potência (PSS), sistema de regulação de velocidade, sistema de regulação de tensão (AVR), máquina síncrona, turbina a vapor e turbina hidráulica. É necessário a modelagem de eles para projetar seus respectivos controladores. Nesta pesquisa também se faz a introdução ao controlador Fuzzy e controlador PID convencional assim como os métodos de sintonia, depois projetamos um controlador que combine os dois controladores e tenha mais vantagens como o controlador híbrido PID-Fuzzy. Depois de desenvolver a modelagem do regulador de tensão e frequência, fazemos o projeto do controlador PID-Fuzzy, previamente projetado o controle PID. As simulações dos sistemas de regulação de tensão e frequência sem controlador, com controlador PID e com controlador PID-Fuzzy foram realizadas aplicando a ferramenta computacional de Matlab-Simulink no domínio do tempo contínuo e as respostas foram investigadas e discutidas. / Abstract: This research presents the main general concepts of electrical stability, as well as their divisions and classifications, where the operating conditions of an electrical power system are developed, which are relevant in the studies of angular stability of the rotor, voltage and frequency. For frequency and voltage stability studies it is necessary to know equipment such as voltage and frequency regulators, consequently the mathematical modeling of several components is presented as dynamic as the excitation system, power system stabilizer (PSS) , speed regulation system, voltage regulation system (AVR), synchronous machine, steam turbine and hydraulic turbine. We need the modeling of them to design their respective controllers. In this investigation we also do the introduction to the Fuzzy controller and conventional PID controller as well as the tuning methods then we designed a controller that combines the two controllers and has more advantages as the hybrid PID-Fuzzy controller. After developing the modeling of the voltage and frequency regulator, we design the PID-Fuzzy controller, previously designed the PID control. The simulations of the voltage and frequency regulation systems without controller, with PID controller and with PID-Fuzzy controller were performed applying the Matlab-Simulink computational tool in the continuous time domain and the answers were investigated and discussed. / Mestre

In order to reduce emissions and achieve sustainable energy systems, renewable energy is increasingly being integrated into the power grid. However, the integration of renewable energy into the grid poses several challenges, including maintaining a stable power supply under changing and unpredictable conditions. Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) assesses a generator's ability to maintain stable voltage during grid voltage drops, which is crucial for renewables due to their low inertia and vulnerability to voltage disruptions caused by changes in wind or sunlight. LVRT requirements are defined by regional grid codes and regulations, which vary in their diversity. A study was conducted using Matlab Simulink to model and simulate the LVRT phenomenon on Siemens Energy's medium gas turbine generator. The entire power system generation system was simulated to observe the system's response and the generator's behavior during LVRT events. A previous gas turbine power plant project in Romania, delivered by Siemens Energy in Finspång, was simulated for analysis and compared against the grid code requirements. The findings indicated that the Siemens Energy gas turbine model SGT-750 satisfies the Romanian LVRT grid code requirements.