Automatic voltage regulation is necessary for all power producing synchronous generators to ensure that the produced power have a constant and stable voltage level and to sustain grid stability. The aim of this thesis is to design and build an automatic voltage regulator for a synchronous generator. A six-phase permanent magnet alternator will be used to excite the rotor with solid-state relay controlled rotating bridge rectifier. The field current is regulated by a closed loop control system that is based on a programmable logic controller, PLC. Programing of the PLC is executed in the developing environment CoDeSys, IEC 61131-3, which is the international standard for programing PLC applications. Simulations for predicting the system behavior is done with a web based in-browser tool, circuitlab.com. The results show a good performance of the regulator and the closed loop system although there is room for improvement of the solid-state controlled rectifier system.

It is well known that a crucial factor determining the transmission capacity with regards to the voltage stability limit of a stressed power system, is the limitation of field and stator current of overexcited generators. These limiters are commonly referred to as overexcitation limiters (OEL) and stator current limiters (SCL). This thesis investigates the representation of overexcitation limiters and stator current limiters in the Swedish power system and how they could be implemented in the power system simulator PSS/E. Dynamic simulations in PSS/E are performed to investigate and validate differences between model types and parameters. The thesis compares different types of limiters and presents a representative set of parameters based on the documentation and implements them into PSS/E. The result from the study is a recommendation to migrate to limiter model MAXEX2 for generators without stator current limiters. The MAXEX2 model uses an inverse time characteristic which is becoming more common in installed voltage regulators. This feature makes it possible for extended use of generators before limiter action is applied. The MAXEX2 model is also possible to tune into a fixed time delay to represent older types of limiters.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως στόχο την αντιμετώπιση των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων οι οποίες εμφανίζονται σε μία σύγχρονη γεννήτρια παραγωγής Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας μετά από διαταραχές. Ο συμβατικός έλεγχος για τη διατήρηση της μηχανής σε συγχρονισμό μετά από ξαφνικές αλλαγές φορτίου, βραχυκυκλωμάτων, κλείσιμο διακοπτών ή οποιασδήποτε κατάστασης που μπορεί να προκαλέσει αστάθεια στο Σύστημα της Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας, γίνεται με χρήση ελεγκτικών διατάξεων Σταθεροποιητών Συστημάτων Ισχύος σε συνδυασμό με τον Αυτόματο Ρυθμιστή Τάσης (ΑΡΤ/ΣΣΙ). Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι να σχεδιαστούν και να ρυθμιστούν κατάλληλα οι διατάξεις αυτές, ώστε να εξασφαλίζεται η απόσβεση των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων που εμφανίζονται ανάμεσα στην γεννήτρια και το υπόλοιπο σύστημα. Στην εργασία αυτή, αρχικά γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα είδη των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων και την ευστάθεια για δυναμικά Συστήματα Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται το δυναμικό μοντέλο ενός απλού συστήματος μιας γεννήτριας άπειρου ζυγού βασισμένο στο απλοποιημένο μοντέλο 4ης τάξης της σύγχρονης μηχανής. Επειδή το μοντέλο αυτό είναι μη γραμμικό προχωράμε στην εξαγωγή του γραμμικοποιημένου μοντέλου που θα μας βοηθήσει για τον σχεδιασμό του κατάλληλου ελεγκτή. Αξιοποιώντας ιδιότητες του μοντέλου παρουσιάζεται μια συστηματική μέθοδος σχεδίασης του Σταθεροποιητή Συστήματος Ισχύος που είναι βασισμένη στη λογική των ολοκληρωτικών υπολοίπων. Τέλος με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού SIMULINK του MATLAB προσομοιώνεται το σύστημα σύγχρονης γεννήτριας συνδεδεμένης σε άπειρο ζυγό, που ελέγχεται με την χρήση του Αυτόματου Ρυθμιστή Τάσης και του Σταθεροποιητή Συστήματος Ισχύος σε κατάσταση τυπικής φόρτισης. Εφαρμόζοντας διαταραχές στο σύστημα παρατηρείται η απόκριση του συστήματος και εκτιμάται η λειτουργία του ελεγκτή. / This thesis aims to address the electromechanical oscillations which appear in a synchronous generator after disturbances. The conventional control for maintaining the machine synchronized after sudden load changes, short circuits, switching or any condition which may cause instability phenomena, is achieved by the use of control circuits such as Power System Stabilizers combined with the Automatic Voltage Regulator ( PSS / AVR). The purpose of this work is to design and configure properly these control circuits to ensure the reduction of electromechanical oscillations that occur between the generator and the rest of the system. In the beginning this thesis, an introduction of the types of power system electromechanical oscillations and stability is being discussed. Afterwards, the dynamic model of a simple system of a generator infinite-bus based on simplified 4th order of synchronous machine is being developed. Due to the model nonlinearities, we export the linearized model which helps us to design a suitable controller. Taking into account the model properties, we provide a systematic method for designing a Power System Stabilizer based on the residues method. Finally, using the MATLAB-SIMULINK software, the synchronous generator infinite-bus system is simulated which is controlled by an Automatic Voltage Regulator and a Power System Stabilizer. After applying disturbances, the system response is driven and analyzed along with the controller functioning.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho apresenta a aplicaÃÃo do algoritmo de OtimizaÃÃo por Enxame de PartÃculas (PSO â Particle Swarm Optimization) para sintonia Ãtima de controladores associados à regulaÃÃo de tensÃo e ao aumento do amortecimento de geradores sÃncronos utilizados em plantas termelÃtricas de ciclo combinado. Para representaÃÃo matemÃtica do gerador sÃncrono, utiliza-se o modelo linearizado de terceira ordem do sistema mÃquina conectada a uma barra infinita, vÃlido para estudos de estabilidade a pequenos sinais. Os parÃmetros do regulador automÃtico de tensÃo (AVR â Automatic Voltage Regulator) e do estabilizador de sistema de potÃncia (PSS â Power System Stabilizer) sÃo determinados de maneira Ãtima pela ferramenta computacional proposta. Os parÃmetros obtidos para o AVR e PSS sÃo comparados com valores calculados por tÃcnicas de sintonia convencionais, baseadas em aproximaÃÃes das equaÃÃes que descrevem o sistema. Os resultados de simulaÃÃes a variaÃÃes na tensÃo de referÃncia, considerando a anÃlise da resposta temporal do sistema controlado, demonstram que o PSO à uma tÃcnica eficiente na sintonia dos parÃmetros do AVR e PSS, destacando-se sua simplicidade, baixo esforÃo computacional e boa caracterÃsticas de convergÃncia. / This work presents the application of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimal tuning of controllers associated with voltage regulation and damping enhancement of synchronous generators used in combined cycle power station. For mathematic representation of the synchronous generator, the third order linearized model of a single machine connected to an infinite bus, valid for small signal stability studies, is used. The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Power System Stabilizer (PSS) parameters are optimally determined by the proposed computational tool. The parameters obtained for AVR and PSS are compared with values calculated by conventional tuning techniques based on approximations of the equations that describe the system. The simulations results to reference voltage disturbances, considering the time response analysis of the controlled system, show that PSO is an efficient technique in the tuning of AVR and PSS parameters, with emphasis on its simplicity, low computational effort and good convergence characteristics.

There are many ways to produce energy, using e.g. gas or hydro turbines. To guarantee a stable power output, it is important to consider components that could control and adjust the output power automatically. The intention of this thesis work is to carry out a pre-study and system design of a mobileplatform simulator system that could be used by companies like Siemens and help them to reduce their OPEX (Operational expenditure) and easily evaluate their AVR (AutomaticVoltage Regulator) solutions and test improvements. In this document, Siemens has decided to call the simulator system, MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). The pre-study includes the theory behind energy production, synchronous generator, simulator system, AVR, control systems and electrical grid. Furthermore, the pre-study includes selection of the proposed components for the simulator system and design of the complete simulator system that will be built by the Siemens R&D engineers at a later stage. The Mobile Platform Simulator System (MPSS) is intended to test the AVR performance, which is a component with its prime purpose being to maintain the output voltage values from the generator at a fixed value, regardless of the current being drawn by the load. It is important that these output values are constantly regulated during the process of producing electricity, so that problems such as overvoltage, overcurrent etc. can be prevented. The MPSS will also be able to simulate real working scenarios e.g. from the different components of an energy production system, such as gas and hydro turbine, synchronous generator, AVR, electrical grid and serve for personnel training. The MPSS will consist of three main components; Simulator, AVR and control system. Therefore, the report will initially provide the background and general theory behind the synchronous generator, AVR and control system used in power generation systems. General information about the electrical grid is also provided. Furthermore, the report suggests the best possible choice for the necessary components to build a MPSS as well instructions on how to perform event simulation. The necessary documentation, including a circuit diagram to support the building of the MPSS by the R&D engineers at late stage, is also provided. Finally, the general analysis of the technical and non-technical aspects related to the choice of components, work process, method and result are discussed in the end of this report. / Det finns många sätt att producera energi, genom användning av exempelvis gas- eller hydroturbiner. För att garantera en stabil produktion är det viktigt att noga överväga komponenter, som kan styra och justera uteffekten automatiskt. Avsikten med detta arbete är att göra en förstudie och systemdesign av ett simulatorsystem som kan användas av företag som Siemens, med avsikt att hjälpa dem att minska sin driftskostnad(OPEX), och lättare kunna utvärdera sina AVR-lösningar (Automatic Voltage Regulator)och möjliga testförbättringar. För detta arbete har Siemens bestämt att kalla systemet för ett mobilt simulatorsystem eller MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). Förstudien innehåller teorin bakom energiproduktion, synkrongenerator generator, simulatorsystem, AVR, styrsystem och elnät. Ett urval av de olika komponenterna för simulatorsystemet och en slutgiltig design tas fram. Det kompletta simulatorsystemet kommer i ett senare skede att byggas av forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjörerna på Siemens. Simulatorsystemet är avsett att testa AVR-prestanda, vilket är en komponent vars huvudsakliga syfte är att upprätthålla utspänningsvärdena från en generator inom ett fast intervallvärde, oberoende av vilken effekt som en last drar. Det är viktigt att utgångsvärden ständigt regleras under elproduktionsprocesser så att utgångsvärden hålls inom systemets tillåtna gränser så att problem som över-/underspänning, över-/underström, över-/underfrekvens etc. kan förhindras. Simulatorsystemet kommer också att kunna simulera verkliga arbetsscenarier för olika komponenter i ett energiproduktionssystem, såsom gas- och hydroturbin, synkrongenerator, AVR och laster, exempelvis elnät, samt kunna användas vid personalutbildning. Simulatorsystemet kommer att bestå av tre huvudkomponenter; Simulator, AVR och styrsystem. Inledande beskrivning av arbetets bakgrund och allmän teoretisk kring komponenterna synkrongenerator, AVR och styrsystem, som används vid i kraftgenereringssystem, ges. Även en allmän bakgrund om elnätet och dess funktion presenteras. Därefter presenteras förslag på bästa möjliga val av nödvändiga komponenter för att bygga ett simulatorsystem. Ett förslag om hur händelse simulering görs samt vilken nödvändig dokumentation och kretsdiagram som behövs för att bygga ett simulatorsystem presenteras. I slutet av detta arbete presenteras en allmän analys av de tekniska och icke-tekniska aspekterna kring val av komponenter, arbetsprocess samt metod och resultat.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SuelioFC_DISSERT.pdf: 1266723 bytes, checksum: 8001a23164a7a48663a60001950fc3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The stability of synchronous generators connected to power grid has been the object of study and research for years. The interest in this matter is justified by the fact that much of the electricity produced worldwide is obtained with the use of synchronous generators. In this respect, studies have been proposed using conventional and unconventional control techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and adaptive controllers to increase the stabilitymargin of the systemduring sudden failures and transient disturbances. Thismaster thesis presents a robust unconventional control strategy for maintaining the stability of power systems and regulation of output voltage of synchronous generators connected to the grid. The proposed control strategy comprises the integration of a sliding surface with a linear controller. This control structure is designed to prevent the power system losing synchronism after a sudden failure and regulation of the terminal voltage of the generator after the fault. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy was experimentally tested in a salient pole synchronous generator of 5 kVA in a laboratory structure / A estabilidade de geradores s?ncronos conectados a rede el?trica tem sido objeto de estudo e investiga??es durante anos. O interesse por este assunto ? justificado pelo fato de grande parte da energia el?trica produzida no mundo ser obtida com a utiliza??o de geradores s?ncronos. Nesse aspecto, muitos trabalhos t?m sido propostos utilizando t?cnicas de controle convencional e n?o convencional como l?gica fuzzy, redes neurais e controladores adaptativos visando aumentar a margem de estabilidade do sistema quando ele est? sujeito a falhas s?bitas e dist?rbios transit?rios. Este trabalho apresenta uma estrat?gia de controle robusta n?o-convencional para a manuten??o da estabilidade dos sistemas de pot?ncia e regula??o da tens?o de sa?da de geradores s?ncronos conectados ? rede el?trica. A estrat?gia de controle utilizada ? composta pela integra??o de uma superf?cie deslizante com um controlador linear. Esta estrutura de controle contribui para a preven??o dos sistemas de pot?ncia de perder o sincronismo ap?s uma falha s?bita e regula??o da tens?o terminal do gerador ap?s a falta. A viabilidade da estrat?gia de controle proposta foi testada experimentalmente em um gerador s?ncrono de p?los salientes de 5 kVA em uma estrutura de laborat?rio

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CecilioMSN_DISSERT.pdf: 1132732 bytes, checksum: 95ce32ef2cdf325116d25b76e2b1858a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The power system stabilizers are used to suppress low-frequency electromechanical oscillations and improve the synchronous generator stability limits. This master thesis proposes a wavelet-based power system stabilizer, composed of a new methodology for extraction and compensation of electromechanical oscillations in electrical power systems based on the scaling coefficient energy of the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform in order to reduce the effects of delay and attenuation of conventional power system stabilizers. Moreover, the wavelet coefficient energy is used for electric oscillation detection and triggering the power system stabilizer only in fault situations. The performance of the proposed power system stabilizer was assessed with experimental results and comparison with the conventional power system stabilizer. Furthermore, the effects of the mother wavelet were also evaluated in this work / Os estabilizadores de sistemas de pot?ncia s?o empregados para suprimir oscila??es eletromec?nicas, de baixa frequ?ncia, e estender os limites de estabilidade de geradores s?ncronos. Prop?e-se nesta disserta??o de mestrado um estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia baseado nas wavelets, composta por uma novametodologia para extra??o e compensa??o de oscila??es eletromec?nicas em sistemas el?tricos de pot?ncia baseada nas energias dos coeficientes de aproxima??o da transformada wavelet discreta redundante, com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos de atraso e atenua??es dos estabilizadores de sistemas de pot?ncia convencionais. Por outro lado, as energias dos coeficientes wavelet s?o utilizadas para detec??o das oscila??es el?tricas e habilita??o do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia proposto apenas nas situa??es de falta. A efic?cia do desempenho do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia proposto foi comprovada por meio de resultados experimentais, cujo desempenho foi comparado com o desempenho do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia convencional. Al?m disso, os efeitos das wavelets m?es tamb?m foram avaliados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os sistemas de controle de excitação em máquinas síncronas devem detectar com bastante rapidez as mudanças causadas pela entrada de carga no gerador isolado e atuar no sistema de excitação de forma rápida e eficiente, para manter a tensão terminal em níveis desejados. Ao contrário de outros trabalhos realizados nesta área com circuitos eletrônicos analógicos, em muitos casos, este controlador pode ser construído utilizando tecnologia microcontrolada por possuir alto nível de eficiência no controle, circuito com flexibilidade para implementação de diferentes estratégias de controle e baixo custo para produção. A abordagem deste trabalho consiste em uma proposta para aplicação de um controle de excitação automático utilizando uma malha PID, com opções de controle manual, monitoramento de tensão terminal e temperatura de estator da máquina, utilizando um microcontrolador PIC16F877A da empresa Microchip Technology. Os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios práticos em laboratório com partidas diretas de motores de indução (1 e 2 cv) com um gerador de 2 kVA mostra que a atuação do controlador recuperou a tensão terminal em pouco tempo, para o setpoint adotado. E por fim, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os tempos de resposta de outro conhecido regulador automático de tensão encontrado no mercado, para comprovar o bom desempenho de controle deste projeto. / The excitation control systems in synchronous machines must very quickly detect changes caused by load increase on the isolated generator and act on the excitation system in a rapid and efficient way in order to maintain terminal voltage at optimal desired levels. Unlike other works related with this area which used analog-based electronic circuits, this controller can in many case be built utilizing microcontrolled technology which is more efficient and flexible to implement different control strategies, as well as having a low cost of production. The approach of this research consists in a proposal to apply an automatic excitation controller, utilizing a PID control loop, including manual adjustments and monitorings of terminal voltage and stator temperature of the machine. It employs a PIC16F877A microcontroller from the Microchip Technology Company. The results obtained through practical tests in laboratory with a direct online start of induction motors (1 and 2 HP) on a 2 kVA generator show that the controller acts to recover the terminal voltage to the adopted setpoint in a reduced time. Finally, the results were also compared to the time of response provided from another well-known automatic voltage regulator found in the market, in order to prove the good control performance of this project. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

In order to reduce emissions and achieve sustainable energy systems, renewable energy is increasingly being integrated into the power grid. However, the integration of renewable energy into the grid poses several challenges, including maintaining a stable power supply under changing and unpredictable conditions. Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) assesses a generator's ability to maintain stable voltage during grid voltage drops, which is crucial for renewables due to their low inertia and vulnerability to voltage disruptions caused by changes in wind or sunlight. LVRT requirements are defined by regional grid codes and regulations, which vary in their diversity. A study was conducted using Matlab Simulink to model and simulate the LVRT phenomenon on Siemens Energy's medium gas turbine generator. The entire power system generation system was simulated to observe the system's response and the generator's behavior during LVRT events. A previous gas turbine power plant project in Romania, delivered by Siemens Energy in Finspång, was simulated for analysis and compared against the grid code requirements. The findings indicated that the Siemens Energy gas turbine model SGT-750 satisfies the Romanian LVRT grid code requirements.

Vodní energie se nyní stala nejlepším zdrojem elektrické energie na zemi. Vyrábí se pomocí energie poskytované pohybem nebo pádem vody. Historie dokazuje, že náklady na tuto elektrickou energii zůstávají konstantní v průběhu celého roku. Vzhledem k mnoha výhodám, většina zemí nyní využívá vodní energie jako hlavní zdroj pro výrobu elektrické energie.Nejdůležitější výhodou je, že vodní energie je zelená energie, což znamená, že žádné vzdušné nebo vodní znečišťující látky nejsou vyráběny, také žádné skleníkové plyny jako oxid uhličitý nejsou vyráběny, což činí tento zdroj energie šetrný k životnímu prostředí. A tak brání nebezpečí globálního oteplování. Použití internetové techniky k ovladání několika vodních elektráren má velmi významné výhody, jako snížení provozních nákladů a flexibilitu uspokojení změny poptávky po energii na straně spotřeby. Také velmi efektivně čelí velkým narušením elektrické sítě, jako je například přidání nebo odebrání velké zátěže, a poruch. Na druhou stranu, systém získávání dat poskytuje velmi užitečné informace pro typické i vědecké analýzy, jako jsou ekonomické náklady, predikce poruchy systémů, predikce poptávky, plány údržby, systémů pro podporu rozhodování a mnoho dalších výhod. Tato práce popisuje všeobecný model, který může být použit k simulaci pro sběr dat a kontrolní systémy pro vodní elektrárny v prostředí Matlab / Simulink a TrueTime Simulink knihovnu. Uvažovaná elektrárna sestává z vodní turbíny připojené k synchronnímu generátoru s budicí soustavou, generátor je připojen k veřejné elektrické síti. Simulací vodní turbíny a synchronního generátoru lze provést pomocí různých simulačních nástrojů. V této práci je upřednostňován SIMULINK / MATLAB před jinými nástroji k modelování dynamik vodní turbíny a synchronního stroje. Program s prostředím MATLAB SIMULINK využívá k řešení schematický model vodní elektrárny sestavený ze základních funkčních bloků. Tento přístup je pedagogicky lepší než komplikované kódy jiných softwarových programů. Knihovna programu Simulink obsahuje funkční bloky, které mohou být spojovány, upravovány a modelovány. K vytvoření a simulování internetových a Real Time systémů je možné použít bud‘ knihovnu simulinku Real-Time nebo TRUETIME, v práci byla použita knihovna TRUETIME.