Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / David C. Poole / Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) or epistaxis has been recognized in racehorses since the 16th century. Since this time, great strides have been made in terms of identifying the lungs as the source of the hemorrhage via the endoscope, utilization of bronchoalveolar lavage to quantify the hemorrhage, and the discovery of successful treatments such as furosemide and the nasal strip that ameliorate, but do not abolish EIPH. It has been determined that, in addition to extremely high pulmonary arterial pressures and the negative intrapleural pressures being the major physiologic forces causing pulmonary capillary stress failure, other factors have the potential for influencing the severity of EIPH including locomotory impact trauma, inflammatory airway disease (IAD), upper airway obstruction, coagulation anomalies, and high blood viscosity. It has been hypothesized that EIPH is detrimental to performance and this was recently confirmed by Hinchcliff et al. in 2004. EIPH is a complex multi-factorial condition with much still unknown about the etiology, best method for diagnosis, and most effective form of treatment. Chapter one of this dissertation determined the effectiveness of a novel treatment, concentrated equine serum, in ameliorating EIPH via reduction of IAD. Chapter two refuted the hypothesis that herbal formulations commonly used in the field with anecdotal success would decrease EIPH by correcting coagulation deficits during exercise, as scientific efficacy was not evident, at least at the dose and duration used in our investigation. Chapter three addressed the dogma that EIPH only occurs during maximal intensity exercise, and in demonstrating significant EIPH during sub-maximal exercise, emphasized the role that the airways play in contributing to the initiation and severity of EIPH. Chapter four examined the occurrence and severity of EIPH in the horse’s canine counterpart, the racing Greyhound. The demonstrated presence of mild EIPH in the Greyhound, a physiologically similar yet different athlete in comparison to the horse sheds new light on the etiology of this condition in both species. The results of these investigations have advanced the frontiers of our knowledge concerning EIPH. Specifically, they have generated novel information on the mechanistic bases of EIPH and have provided evidence supporting additional treatment options for reducing the severity of EIPH in horses.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Medical Immunology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Immunology / unrestricted

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-17T16:55:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Comparação entre Corrida em Esteira e Hiperventilação Isocápnica no Diagnóstico do Broncoespasmo Induzido por Exercício e~1.pdf: 3080338 bytes, checksum: f032c38bc2ef2e09e4f9c47bf7556fd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T16:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Comparação entre Corrida em Esteira e Hiperventilação Isocápnica no Diagnóstico do Broncoespasmo Induzido por Exercício e~1.pdf: 3080338 bytes, checksum: f032c38bc2ef2e09e4f9c47bf7556fd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / CNPQ / O broncoespasmo induzido por exercício (BIE) é definido como o estreitamento agudo dos brônquios após exercícios físicos vigorosos. É um evento comum em pacientes asmáticos e ocorre em 50% a 90% deles, especialmente em crianças e adolescentes. As queixas respiratórias durante ou após atividades físicas (AF) também são muito comuns nestes indivíduos, mas nem sempre estão associados ao BIE, sendo necessária a comprovação através de testes objetivos. A corrida em esteira (CE) é o método de desencadeamento mais utilizado. Entretanto, a hiperventilação isocápnica (HIso) é sugerida como alternativa ao exercício, embora a utilidade dela na clínica diária para o diagnóstico de BIE em crianças e adolescentes ainda não esteja bem estabelecida. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar as duas técnicas de broncoprovocação no diagnóstico do BIE em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, inferencial, transversal, de comparação de métodos diagnósticos realizado com crianças e adolescentes, entre 08 e 18 anos de idade, com asma intermitente e persistente. Inicialmente, o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) basal dos pacientes foi determinado. Em seguida, as crianças e os adolescentes foram submetidos à CE ou à HIso em dias consecutivos e no mesmo horário, com a definição da ordem do primeiro exame realizada aleatoriamente. A CE foi realizada durante 8 minutos, sendo que nos últimos 6 minutos a velocidade foi o suficiente para manter a frequência cardíaca entre 80% e 90% da FC prevista. Na HIso, os pacientes foram estimulados a hiperventilar de modo a alcançar uma ventilação minuto 21 vezes o VEF1 basal. Novas medidas de VEF1 foram realizadas 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 e 30 minutos após as provocações. O diagnóstico do BIE foi definido como a redução do VEF1 ≥ 10% do basal em, pelo menos, dois momentos consecutivos de avaliação. Resultados: Em nosso estudo participaram 34 crianças e adolescentes com média de idade de 11,9 anos, sendo excluídos 5 deles. Dezenove indivíduos apresentaram BIE após CE (E+) e 17 após HIso (HIso+); em 6 houve redução no VEF1 apenas após o exercício e em 4 apenas após a HIso. Responderam a ambos os estímulos 13 asmáticos (κ = 0,41, p <0.05). Com relação a intensidade da redução do VEF1, não houve diferenças significativas entre as duas técnicas dentro de um mesmo intervalo de tempo. Na análise da taxa de ventilação/minuto, a média calculada durante a CE foi maior do que a medida na HIso (44,0 L.min-1 versus 36.9 L/min-1, p<0,001), mas não entre os pacientes HIso+ e HIso- (35,2L.min-1 Versus 38,6L.min-1, p=0,09). Conclusão: A hiperventilação isocápnica pode ser utilizada como alternativa ao exercício em esteira, entretanto mais estudos necessitam ser realizados, sobretudo para avaliar a repetibilidade da técnica de HIso e comparar com a da corrida em esteira. Crianças e adolescentes com asma e queixas de dispneia aos exercícios com teste negativo devem ser submetidos a um segundo teste. / Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as the acute and transient increase in lower airway resistance that follows vigorous exercise. It is a common event in asthmatics with estimated prevalence between 50% and 90%, especially in the young. Respiratory symptoms are frequent complaints during or after physical activities (PA) in these individuals but, as they are highly variable and nonspecific, objective methods for EIB diagnosis are required, usually by serial one second Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) after exercise challenge (EC). Treadmill running (TR) is the most adopted EC method. Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation (EVH) is a widely recommended surrogate to TR for EIB diagnosis, especially in athletes, although its clinical utility in young asthmatic is not established. Our objective was to compare both challenge methods for EIB diagnosis in asthmatic children and adolescents. Methods: Were recruited children and adolescents diagnosed with asthma, aged between 8 and 18 years, with basal FEV1 > 60% of predicted, from the Allergy and Immunology Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas/UFPE (Recife, Brazil) between September and December 2013. After basal FEV1 determination patients were randomly assigned to TR or EVH, in consecutive days at the same time. Treadmill running was performed for 8 minutes with the last six minutes at a speed to keep heart rate at 80% of maximum or higher. At EVH patients were instructed and coached to reach 60% of calculated MVV (21 X FEV1) for six minutes. Serial FEV1 measurements were taken at 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 e 30 minutes after both challenges. EIB diagnosis was defined as a fall > 10% from basal FEV1 in at least two consecutive moments. Results: Were recruited 39 individuals, 5 were excluded (3 not willing to participate and 2 due to a FEV1 < 60% of predicted). Completed the evaluations 34 subjects (18 male, mean age 11.8 + 2.3 years). EIB was diagnosed after both challenges in 13, in 6 only after EC and in 4 only after EVH (κ = 0.412, p=0.016). Estimated minute ventilatio during the sixth minute of treadmill running was higher than that measured at EVH (44.0 L.min-1 versus 36.9 L/min-1 , p<0,001) but there was no difference between EVH positive and negative patients (35.2L.min-1 versus 38.6L.min-1, p=0,09). Conclusion: Our results show that EVH can be a surrogate for TR, but highlight the need for studies to compare the repetibility of the methods and appropriate minimum minute ventilation for EVH. Individuals with PA associated respiratory complaints but negative test should have a repeated challenge to exclude EIB.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-07-17T21:34:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessyca Pachi Rodrigues Selman.pdf: 751192 bytes, checksum: 08273d86b91dafd414b9a67b3de3faab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T21:34:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessyca Pachi Rodrigues Selman.pdf: 751192 bytes, checksum: 08273d86b91dafd414b9a67b3de3faab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Introduction: The tests of broncoprovocation with exercises most used are the tests in cycleergometer and treadmill. The step test is a simple test, with the advantage of being portable and performed in any environment. Objective: To compare the incremental step test (IST) with the treadmill test for evaluation of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in patients diagnosed with asthma; Secondarily, to contrast the cardiorespiratory demand during the exercise between both tests. Method: Was recruted Patients with asthma from the Asthma Out patient Clinic of the Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Department of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), clinical lystable in the last six weeks. The order of the tests (treadmill or step) was performed on diferente days randomized. The patients performed the following sequence: pre-exercise spirometry, bronchoprovocation exercise test (according to randomization) together with analysis of expired gases and spirometry at times of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after exercise. Results: The step test had a lower metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular demand (p <0.05). There was pooragreement on kappa values ranging from 0.21 to 0.36. Although EIB prevalence was higher in the treadmill test (60%) compared to the IST (47%), functional characteristics rest did not differ between "discordant" versus "concordant" (p> 0. 05). The EIB was not related to the ability to reach very high levels of ventilation (≥ 40% or ≥ 60% maximum voluntary ventilation). In addition, a negative step, but a positive treadmill test (and vice-versa) was not associated with higher ventilatory demands in the positive test (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of EIB was not related with ventilatory demand in the treadmill and step tests. Although, when the negative step test should be confirmed in a treadmill test in children with EIB symptoms. / Introdução: Os testes de broncoprovocação com exercícios mais utilizados são os testes em cicloergômetro e esteira ergométrica. O teste do degrau é um teste simples, com a vantagem de ser portátil e realizado em qualquer ambiente. Objetivo: Comparar o teste do degrau incremental (TDI) com o teste em esteira para avaliação do broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em pacientes com diagnóstico de asma; secundariamente, contrastar a demanda cardiorrespiratória durante o exercício entre ambos os testes. Método: Pacientes com asma encaminhados do Ambulatório de Asma da Disciplina de Alergia, Imunologia Clínica e Reumatologia do Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), estáveis clinicamente nas últimas seis semanas. A ordem dos testes (esteira ou degrau), realizados em dias diferentes, foi randomizada. Os pacientes realizaram a seguinte sequência: espirometria préexercício, teste de exercício de broncoprovocação (segundo a randomização) juntamente com a análise dos gases expirados e espirometria nos tempos de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos após o exercício. Resultados: O teste do degrau teve um menor demanda metabólica, ventilatória e cardiovascular (p <0,05). Houve uma pobre concordância nos valores de kappa variando entre 0,21 e 0,36. Embora a prevalência do BIE tenha sido superior no teste em esteira (60%) em comparação com o teste do degrau (47%), as características funcionais de repouso não diferiram entre os "discordantes" versus os "concordantes"(p> 0,05). O BIE não estava relacionado com a capacidade de atingir níveis muito altos de ventilação (≥40% ou ≥60% ventilação voluntária máxima). Além disso, um degrau negativo, mas um teste em esteira positivo (e vice-versa) não foi associado a maiores demandas ventilatórias no teste positivo (p> 0,05). Conclusão: A prevalência de BIE não foi relacionada à demanda ventilatória atingida nos testes do degrau e em esteira. Embora, quando o teste do degrau negativo deva ser confirmado em um teste em esteira em crianças com sintomas de BIE.

The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is accompanied by a decline in regenerative capacity. The processes that facilitate healthy muscle repair are complex, involving several phases of degradation and rebuilding of muscle tissue and the surrounding microenvironment. Specifically, myogenic progenitor cells known as satellite cells are the most influential in repairing damaged muscle tissue. Following injury, satellite cells become activated and migrate, proliferate and fuse with mature skeletal muscle fibers to restore homeostasis to the tissue. However, satellite cells do not act in isolation, a robust inflammatory response is necessary to facilitate successful and rapid healing. Macrophages are one of the first and most abundant immune cells to infiltrate damaged skeletal muscle tissue. Primarily, macrophages adapt to a proinflammatory state to clear the area of cellular debris, promote degradation of the extracellular matrix and stimulate satellite cell activation and proliferation. Afterwards, a timely transition to an anti-inflammatory state directs rebuilding of the extracellular matrix and terminal differentiation of satellite cells. Indeed, the inhibition of macrophage activity leads to impaired healing and loss of skeletal muscle function. Little is known regarding the behavior of macrophages in aged skeletal muscle following injury in humans. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to investigate the age-related response of macrophages in human skeletal muscle, and their role in muscle repair.

No description available.

No description available.

Ergospirometri används bland annat för att påvisa ansträngningsutlöst bronk- obstruktion. Tillståndet kännetecknas av ett fall i den forcerade exspiratoriska volymen på en sekund (FEV1) efter kraftig fysisk ansträngning. Den maximala sänkningen av FEV1 efter ansträngning anges i procent av FEV1 före ansträng- ning. FEV1 och vitalkapaciteten (VC) bestäms före och efter ansträngning med enkel spirometri. Själva provokationstestet utförs genom maximal belastning på ergometercykel. Före cyklingen utförs den enkla spirometrin med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Vid provokationstestet används en tätslutande silikonmask av Hans-Rudolph serien 7450 vilken är avsedd för ergospirometri. Efter cyklingen får patienten behålla ergospirometrimasken på för att utföra mätningarna av VC och FEV1 i vila. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns en skillnad i VC och FEV1 vid enkel spirometri utförd med ergospirometri- mask jämfört med enkel spirometri utförd med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Alla mätningar utfördes i vila. Resultatet från Student's t-test påvisade statistisk signifikant skillnad för FEV1. Majoriteten av deltagarna uppvisade högre värden på FEV1 med ergospirometrimasken. För VC påvisades ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad. Därmed föreligger det en stor överens- stämmelse mellan munstycke och ergospirometrimask i mätningar av VC enligt Bland Altman Plot. Resultatet har visat att det föreligger skillnader mellan konventionellt munstycke och ergospirometrimask som kan vara av klinisk relevans. Det innebär att konventionellt munstycket och ergospirometrimask bör inte användas omväxlande vid provokationstestet. Vidare studier behövs göras för att kunna dra ytterligare slutsatser om huruvida andningsutrustningarna kan användas omväxlande. Ett fall i FEV1 efter ansträngningsprovokationen kan antingen bero på ansträngningsutlöstobstruktion eller att mätningarna som utförs före och efter belastningen är inte tillräckligt jämförbara.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder girdle pain is a common disabling complaint with a high lifetime prevalence. Interventions aimed at decreasing shoulder pain without stressing shoulder girdle structures have the potential to improve participation in multimodal shoulder rehabilitation programs. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of moderate intensity lower extremity exercise on mechanically induced shoulder pain in individuals without shoulder injury. It was hypothesized that participants would exhibit less shoulder pain, as indicated by increased pain thresholds, following lower extremity exercise. STUDY DESIGN: Repeated measures study. METHODS: Thirty (30) healthy participants were recruited to participate in this study. Pain pressure algometry was used to mechanically induce shoulder pain over the infraspinatus muscle belly. This was performed on the dominant shoulder before and immediately after performing 10 minutes of moderate intensity lower extremity exercise using a recumbent exercise machine. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were measured following exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare pain pressure threshold scores between the baseline and post-exercise time points. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 . Effect size (ES) was calculated using Glass's Δ. RESULTS: Moderate intensity lower extremity aerobic exercise led to significantly (F = 8.471, p = 0.003) decreased evoked shoulder pain in healthy adults with moderate effect sizes (0.30-0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity aerobic exercise significantly decreased pain of the infraspinatus in this sample of young healthy participants. Utilization of lower extremity exercise may be of benefit for younger patients to decreased acute shoulder pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b: individual cohort study.

This study assessed the effect of an eight-minute cycling intervention using varying intensities on exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Generally, current research examines EIH using protocols that last for more than 10 minutes and reach 75% of an individual's VO2 peak. The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of varying intensities on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and heat pain threshold (HPT) at the thigh and forearm, tested pre- and post-cycling intervention. Healthy male participants (n=16) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to establish their peak power output (PPO). In subsequent visits, participants completed five different 8-minute cycling interventions, with intensities randomly assigned to one of three counterbalanced orders. HPT and PPT were applied to the thigh and forearm two times before and after each cycling intervention. Additionally, there was a notable effect of intensity on PPT in the thigh, with significant changes at intensities of 90% (p = 0.024) and 100% (p = 0.003). In the forearm, repeated measures ANOVA indicated that there was no significant interaction or main effect for intensity and time. Similarly, for HPT, the analysis did not show significant interaction or main effects for both intensity and location. This study was the first to examine EIH using an 8-minute cycling intervention on a cycling ergometer at individualized intensities. Higher intensity cycling sessions generated EIH locally in the thigh using PPT. This intervention appeared to target the nociceptors activated by mechanical, rather than thermal stimuli, further highlighting the multi-faceted nature of EIH. A short but high intensity cycling intervention may have clinical relevance, as it can provide an intervention to reduce localized pain immediately after exercise using a pressure pain stimulus.