The purpose of this study is to integrate the past studies of the consequences of emotional labor via meta-analysis. We tested the relationships between emotional labor, job pressure, job attitudes, and job performance outcomes. Besides, we analyzed the effects of three potential moderators on above relationships: service categories (service relationship/service encounter) and sources of performance ratings (self-rating/ independent-rating). We included 31 independent studies in our meta-analysis and applied Hunter & Schmidt¡¦s (2004) approach to calculate the effect size for testing our hypothesis. Results revealed that surface acting was positively related to emotional exhaustion and negatively related to organization commitment. In addition, deep acting was positively related to job satisfaction, organization commitment and service performance. Finally, Service categories moderated the relationships between surface acting, job satisfaction and service performance. Implication for practices and suggestion for future research are also discussed.

The foundation of the education of our country lies in the hands of the primary school teachers. Unfortunately, teachers have to juggle many roles - not only are they expected to teach diverse classes and be a role model, but they also have to deal with social problems - all for very little remuneration. Our teachers are becoming less motivated, frustrated and very despondent and as a result, an increasing number of teachers are suffering from burnout. The objective of this research was to investigate the job characteristics associated with burnout as well as the burnout-strain relationship among primary school teachers in the North-West Province. A stratified random sample of 646 primary school teachers in the North West Province was taken. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBEGS), Job Characteristics Scale and Your Health Questionnaire (third questionnaire of the ASSET) were used as measuring instruments. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients, Pearsonproduct correlation coefficients and canonical correlation coefficients were used to analyse the data. Structural equation modelling (SEM) methods were used to construct job characteristic models of burnout. The results showed that overload leads to exhaustion, which leads to cynicism and in turn to lack of professional efficacy. Job resources was found to be related to all three dimensions of burnout, while rewards played a moderating effect between both overload and exhaustion, and job resources and burnout. Exhaustion and lack of professional efficacy lead to physical and psychological strain. Recommendations were made for further research. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The foundation of the education of our country lies in the hands of the primary school teachers. Unfortunately, teachers have to juggle many roles - not only are they expected to teach diverse classes and be a role model, but they also have to deal with social problems - all for very little remuneration. Our teachers are becoming less motivated, frustrated and very despondent and as a result, an increasing number of teachers are suffering from burnout. The objective of this research was to investigate the job characteristics associated with burnout as well as the burnout-strain relationship among primary school teachers in the North-West Province. A stratified random sample of 646 primary school teachers in the North West Province was taken. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBEGS), Job Characteristics Scale and Your Health Questionnaire (third questionnaire of the ASSET) were used as measuring instruments. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients, Pearsonproduct correlation coefficients and canonical correlation coefficients were used to analyse the data. Structural equation modelling (SEM) methods were used to construct job characteristic models of burnout. The results showed that overload leads to exhaustion, which leads to cynicism and in turn to lack of professional efficacy. Job resources was found to be related to all three dimensions of burnout, while rewards played a moderating effect between both overload and exhaustion, and job resources and burnout. Exhaustion and lack of professional efficacy lead to physical and psychological strain. Recommendations were made for further research. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Migrant workers in China tend to suffer from inferior status and hardship in the workplace. Domestic private enterprises have become highly market-oriented and have been criticized for exploiting workers; however, some of them have started to pay increasing attention to motivating and retaining workers. The well-being of migrant workers is worthy of study. This study collected survey data from migrant workers in two Chinese private enterprises in the cosmetics industry, aiming to probe how a harmonious and supportive working environment may benefit workers. It is argued that HR???s assistance to line managers can be conveyed to workers via supervisors, leading to perceptions of a supportive working system (represented by the behaviour of HR, managers and supervisors). This kind of system is likely to promote employees??? identification with the organisation and social exchanges with organisational members. Further, these may improve workers??? psychological state and cooperative worker relations. This thesis starts by presenting migrant workers??? experience and discussing how HRM is practised in Chinese private enterprises. Studies of organisational support are introduced as a foundation to explore the influences of HR on employee outcomes???emotional exhaustion and co-worker assistance???through the mechanism of supervisor support. The results validate the substantial role of effective HR assistance to line managers and the role of the supportive supervisor in improving employees??? well-being and in facilitating helping behaviour among co-workers. Finally, implications for management practices and future research are considered.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Hons.))--University of Wollongong, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

To explore the application of a cognitive test useful in screening of Exhaustion Disorder (ED), this study aimed to develop a Modified Stroop Task for ED. Participants’ scores on measures of burnout, anxiety, depression and stress were compared with performance on the task. The sample consisted of 56 participants (M=25.3 years), 30 women and 22 males, with the majority enrolled in fulltime higher education. The task consisted of five blocks with 100 stimuli in each block. The task was administered on a computer; upon completion of the task participants completed questionnaires measuring levels of burnout, anxiety and depression, as well as perceived stress. Raw scores on the task were calculated using a format comprised of both response times and number of errors. Data were analysed by comparing mean scores on the Stroop blocks using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Additionally, median splits were undertaken on the scores on the questionnaires to enable between group comparisons using MANOVAs. The results showed no significant differences between high and low scores on the questionnaires and performance on the task. A Stroop interference effect was observed and there was a tendency that high exhausted participants performed worse than less exhausted participants. In conclusion the Modified Stroop Task offers some promise, although as of yet it cannot be assumed to be an accurate modification of an Emotional Stroop Task, due to limitations regarding the method; preliminary findings may serve as a pilot test for future research.

LL.M. (International Law) / This thesis is based on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice viz a viz the South African law and practices as it relates to diplomatic protection of nationals or corporate entities who encounter problem with the law in a foreign country. How the concept of diplomatic protection has assisted individuals and corporate entities who wish to go to a foreign country for whatever reason to feel free and relaxed knowing that their lives and property are protected. The expose examines the rights of individuals to diplomatic protection in international law in comparison with the rights of nationals to request for diplomatic protection in South Africa. The questions posed are; what is the liability of the state to its nationals, what level of responsibility is to be exhibited by the state when providing diplomatic protection and do such nationals have a right to demand to be protected in international law and or municipal law. Chapter one will examine the growth and historical development of diplomatic protection and the position as it is today. Chapter two will deal with nationality issues, this is because to determine who will be the beneficiary of diplomatic protection nationality must first be determined. The issues to be discussed in this chapter are: acquisition of nationality, double or multiple nationalities, continuity of nationality, loss of nationality, nationality of a Corporation and its shareholders, stateless persons and refugees, and the right to diplomatic protection. In answering the question of state responsibility, chapter three will examine the local remedy rules. This is because local remedies will have to be exhausted before the state can intervene. Chapter four will examine the treatment of alien which include expulsion of alien, expropriation of foreign property, and consular protection. Various attempts have been made to define Diplomatic protection, but there has not been a generally accepted definition. Some of these definitions are highlighted below. A description is also provided below to help with the understanding and scope of diplomatic protection.

Runners adopt altered gait patterns as they fatigue which may increase energy expenditure and susceptibility to certain overuse injuries. Previous investigations have described changes in muscle performance and kinematic gait variables resulting from running fatigue. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize changes in joint moment patterns that develop as runners fatigue in order to better understand the kinetic bases for kinematic fatigue effects. It was hypothesized that when fatigued, runners would demonstrate increases in stance time, peak stance phase knee flexion angle, peak knee extension moment, peak swing phase hip flexion moment, and hip extension and plantarflexion angular impulse generated during stance. Eight recreational rearfoot-striking runners (height = 170.0 ± 9.8 cm; mass = 69.6 ± 15.1 kg) ran on a force-instrumented treadmill at a velocity 5% slower than that of lactate threshold until volitional exhaustion. Force and motion data were collected each minute and analyzed at six evenly-spaced time points over the run duration. Of the six hypotheses, only stance time changed significantly (p = 0.004), increasing in a linear manner over the course of the run (r2 = 0.946). Of the remaining hypotheses, peak knee flexion (r2 = 0.899) and hip extension angular impulse (r2 = 0.608) followed increasing trends over the course of the run. Individual participants often demonstrated joint moment trends consistent with fatigue effects reported in the literature, despite inconclusive group results. High variability in individual responses underscores the complexity of gait adaptations used by distance runners as they fatigue.

Abstract An estimated 33% to 54% of hospital nurses exhibit signs of emotional stress and decreased well-being, which is associated with a negative impact on nurses’ health, job performance, patient care outcomes, and healthcare cost. This project sought to improve nurse well-being by providing nurses with education on mindfulness-based practices. The practice question addressed whether implementing a mindfulness-based education strategy for nurses improved nurse well-being. Three models informed this project: the health promotion model, the andragogical model, and Kirkpatrick’s 4 levels of training evaluation. Sources of evidence included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a knowledge assessment administered to 10 registered nurse participants before and after a 6-week education program. An overall evaluation was also given at the end of the program. Analytical strategies included frequency distributions for demographics and program evaluation as well as measuring the mean difference between pre- and postscores using a paired t test for the MBI and the knowledge assessment. The results of this project demonstrated a significant improvement between pre- and postscores for basic knowledge of mindfulness practices (p = .004), confidence in performing mindfulness practices (p = .001), ability to apply mindfulness practices in the work setting (p = .004), participant’s belief that applying mindfulness practices supports self care (p = .013), and improvement in emotional exhaustion (p = .025). The implications are that teaching nurses mindfulness strategies can decrease emotional exhaustion and stress. Recommendations are to continue this program. The positive impact on social change included improved nurse well-being leading to better patient outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was three-fold. Firstly, it examined whether there was a positive relationship between the two burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, for career women in particular. Secondly, this relationship was further examined by considering whether stressful life events and racial differences moderated the association between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Thirdly, racial differences in depersonalisation were assessed. Motivation for study: In the fast paced environment of the 21st century, individuals are faced with increased demands which they need to address at an ever-increasing rate. This can translate into burnout, which is quickly becoming an epidemic. Existing theories on burnout postulate that burnout and its dimensions develop in a specific order, in that depersonalisation develops from increased levels of emotional exhaustion. Although several studies have tested this theory, limited research exists on how the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation may be influenced by negative factors outside of the work environment (i.e., stressful life events). In addition, the relationship between the burnout dimensions has not been assessed in relation to racial differences in the unique cultural context of South Africa. Studies have shown that burnout is detrimental both on an individual and collective level, and can result in extensive cost implications for organisations. Therefore, this research could assist organisations, perhaps including South African organisations, to understand which factors may accelerate the occurrence and development of burnout and its dimensions. Subsequently, organisations may be advised to introduce tailored interventions to reduce or prevent burnout from occurring. Research design, approach, and method: A post-positivistic quantitative research strategy was used with a sample of 31 female participants, aged between 25 and 60 years of age. Participants were employed at a higher education institution in South Africa. Data were obtained through the use of an online questionnaire consisting of three measurement scales: the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation scales from the Maslach Burnout Inventory General survey, and a stressful life events checklist. Data were analysed through the use of hierarchical multiple regression analysis and a one-way ANOVA. Main Findings: The results contradicted previous studies on burnout dimensions as the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation was not significant. Furthermore, both stressful life events and race did not have a significant impact on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Finally, the different racial groups assessed in this study did not differ significantly in terms of levels of depersonalisation. Practical Implications: Based on the findings of this study, organisations should not gear burnout interventions toward specific groups of women, that is, women experiencing greater stressful life events or women from specific racial groups, as these factors do not appear to have an influence on the occurrence of burnout or its dimensions. In addition, the occurrence of depersonalisation does not seem to be avoided by addressing levels of emotional exhaustion in women. Contribution/value-add: The study makes a knowledge contribution to the existing gap in burnout research regarding the development of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and the impact that stressful life events and race can have on this relationship. Even though the hypotheses were not supported, it adds value by equipping organisations with additional information regarding which factors to include or exclude when designing interventions to address burnout. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted