In the performance of law enforcement tasks, military forces frequently use expanding bullets. Such bullets are prohibited in international armed conflicts (IAC:s) by treaty, but in non-international armed conflicts (NIAC:s), the matter is regulated by the principle prohibiting means and methods of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering (SIrUS), and possibly by an independent rule of customary international humanitarian law. This essay looks first to a proposed solution in which the law enforcement legal paradigm takes precedence, and finds such a solution incomplete and its application limited. It proceeds to look at the prohibition of expanding bullets in NIAC:s as an independent rule,exploring the formation of customary law, the evidence value of military manuals, expanding bullets as a war crime, and the ICTY Tadíc ruling. It finds the evidence of the existence of such a rule unconvincing. It then looks to principle of SIrUS and explores the best approaches for its interpretation and application. Ultimately, it argues that the military utility, in the form of stopping power and decreased risk of collateral injury, provided by expanding bullets is of such a scale and nature that the use of such bullets could reasonably be argued to pass the assessment as required by the principle. In light of this, the essay emphasises the need for treaty-based rules in order create effective weapons prohibitions, and that armed forces are still obliged to properly assess which set of rules govern the use of force.

Mon étude vise à évaluer la propagation d’une zoonose en émergence au Québec, la maladie de Lyme, en conséquence du réchauffement climatique. Le pathogène responsable de cette infection, Borrelia burgdorferi, est transmis par l’intermédiaire d’une tique parasite, Ixodes scapularis, de plus en plus commune au Québec en raison de l’augmentation de la température moyenne du climat depuis les dernières décennies. Puisque la tique a une capacité de déplacement très restreinte, on s'attend à ce que sa dispersion soit liée à celle de son hôte primaire, soit la souris à pattes blanches (Peromyscus leucopus). Je décrirai donc d’abord les espèces impliquées, leur écologie et leur rôle dans ce système à trois niveaux (hôte/pathogène/vecteur). Puis, à l’aide de séquences d’ADN mitochondrial, je comparerai la phylogéographie des deux principales espèces de souris au Québec, la souris à pattes blanches et la souris sylvestre (P. maniculatus). Des analyses d’arbres et de réseaux d’haplotypes ont révélé des différences significatives dans la structure génétique et ainsi montré que les populations de P. leucopus seraient en expansion dans le sud du Québec. Cette étude nous a finalement permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur le patron d’établissement de la maladie de Lyme au Québec. / My study aims to assess the spread of an emerging zoonosis in Québec, Lyme disease, as a consequence of global warming. The pathogen responsible for this infection, Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted through a tick parasite, Ixodes scapularis, increasingly common in Québec due to the elevation of the average temperature of the atmosphere over the past decades. Since the tick has a very limited dispersal capacity, it is expected that its dispersion is linked to that of its primary host, the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). I first described the species involved, their ecology and role in this three-level system (host / pathogen / vector). Then, using mitochondrial DNA sequences, I compared the phylogeography of the two main mouse species in Québec, the white-footed mouse and the deer mouse (P. maniculatus). Analyses of trees and haplotype networks revealed significant differences in the genetic structure, and thus showed that populations of P. leucopus are expanding in southern Québec. This study finally allowed making assumptions on the pattern of establishment of Lyme disease in Québec.

The study examined three Japanese junior high-school English teachers’ initial years of full-time employment. It investigated the type of pedagogical puzzles these teachers experienced, how their practice developed over 18 months, and my role as a Teacher of Teachers (TOT). Drawing on linguistic ethnography, this study took an ethnographic approach to understanding the teachers’ social context and used techniques from discourse analysis to consider how they interpreted their puzzles and constructed their practice. These techniques were also used to analyze my working relationship with the teachers. The purpose of this endeavor was to contribute to the understanding of novice teacher development in an ‘expanding circle’ country. Over the course of the study, I observed the teachers’ classes and interviewed them once or twice a month. Using the coding of interview transcripts and class fieldnotes, I identified Critical Incidents that represented the teachers’ pedagogical puzzles and typical practice, as well as my role as a TOT. Using Cultural Historical Activity Theory(CHAT), I analyzed how elements of the social context brought about the teachers’ pedagogical puzzles and affected their capacity to address them. Coding of the interviews and a microanalysis of the interactions showed my role as a TOT. Overall, the CIs gave an emic portrait of each teacher’s experience and my efforts to support them. The pedagogical puzzles the teachers faced were a result of their personal histories and school conditions. These puzzles did not change, which indicates that teachers will face complex issues that cannot be resolved. Understanding them, however, can promote teacher development. Applying CHAT, I could identify the conditions that helped determine the types of pedagogy in which teachers engaged. I tried to fulfill my role as a TOT by conducting a form of reflective practice (RP). An examination of the RP I conducted with the teachers challenged the notion that it involves the sequential steps of identifying issues, attempting to resolve them, and reflecting on one’s efforts. This dissertation concludes with a discussion about the contributions it has made toward the field of English teacher development: using CHAT to understand the English teaching experiences, the development of an understanding of RP as it can be carried out in the field, an understanding of novice teachers in expanding circle countries, and the value of linguistic ethnography for researching novice teachers.

Le traitement endovasculaire des anévrismes de l’aorte (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ou EVAR) est une chirurgie mini-invasive qui consiste à faire glisser une endoprothèse par voie fémorale jusqu’au niveau de l’anévrisme afin de re-canaliser le flux sanguin. Les principales complications qui peuvent survenir sont les phénomènes de migration et d’endofuites (écoulement persistant de sang dans le sac anévrismal) de type Ia. Ces phénomènes apparaissent lorsque l’étanchéité n’est plus assurée entre l’extrémité proximale de l’endoprothèse et le vaisseau sanguin. Dans ce travail, des simulations paramétrées de déploiement complet d’un système de pose de stent ont été développées en utilisant la Méthode des Éléments Finis (FEM) afin d’étudier la stabilité du contact lors du largage d’une endoprothèse en nitinol dans un Anévrisme de l’Aorte Thoracique (AAT) réaliste. Les facteurs suivants associés à ces complications ont été étudiés : (1) la longueur de la zone de fixation proximale (PASL), (2) la valeur de surdimensionnement ou « oversizing » du stent (O %), (3) la valeur du coefficient de frottement entre le stent et l’aorte (µ) et (4) l’angulation du collet proximal. L’influence de la présence de calcifications sur le comportement biomécanique de l’endoprothèse lors de son déploiement dans les zones de fixation a également été analysée. Les résultats des simulations ont montré qu’une PASL supérieure à 18 mm est un facteur décisif pour éviter la migration de l’endoprothèse pour une angulation du collet de l’anévrisme de 60° et dans des conditions de contact glissant (µ=0,05). L’augmentation de la valeur de l’oversizing de 10 % à 20 % améliore la résistance de la fixation de la prothèse. En revanche, un oversizing supérieur à 25 % pour une angulation du collet de 60° entraine des déformations excentriques ainsi que la ruine du stent. D’autre part, aucune migration n’a été observée dans un modèle d’aorte idéalisé où l’angulation du collet était de 0°, la PASL de 18 mm et le coefficient de frottement µ de 0,05. Afin d’améliorer le contact et de prévenir l’apparition de phénomènes de migration et d’endofuite de type Ia chez des patients présentant une aorte tortueuse et calcifiée avec un anévrisme fortement angulé, un nouveau design de stent a été proposé, basé sur les résultats des simulations numériques effectuées. La principale difficulté était de trouver un compromis entre flexibilité et raideur. Les résultats des simulations réalisées avec ce nouveau stent ont montré une amélioration de la stabilité de contact, ce qui a pour effet de limiter l’apparition des phénomènes de migration et donc de réduire les complications liées à la procédure endovasculaire. / The main mechanical related problems of endovascular aneurysm repair are migration and endoleak type Ia. They occur when there is no effective seal between the proximal end of stent-graft and the vessel. In this work, we have developed parameterized-deployment simulations of a complete stenting system using finite element method (FEM) to investigate the contact stiffness of a nitinol stent in a realistic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA). Therefore, the following factors associated with these complications have evaluated: (1) Proximal Attachment Site Length (PASL), (2) stent Oversizing value (O %), (3) different contact friction situations (stent/aorta) and (4) proximal neck angulation. The calcification impact on the biomechanical behaviour of the deployment at the attachment zone has also been investigated. The simulation results showed that PASL>18mm was a crucial factor to prevent migration at a neck angle of 60⁰and smoothest contact condition (μ=0.05). The increase in (O %) ranging from 10% to 20% improved the fixation strength; however, O % ≥ 25% at 60° caused eccentric deformation and stent collapse. No migration was reported in an idealized aorta model with a neck angle of 0⁰, PASL=18mm and μ=0.05. The numerical observations are used as a guide to optimize the stent design in such neck morphology to strengthen the contact and prevent migration or endoleak type Ia. The optimized stent results showed better contact stability to resist the migration. They also showed a good compromise of stent design requirements (flexibility and stiffness). Moreover, the new design can also prevent the risk of folding or collapse of stent struts by mitigating the energy of eccentric deformation caused by high angulation and oversizing.

This thesis is meant to be a learning tool to help small businesses use free social media accounts as business marketing tools. The manual is broken down into chapters highlighting the importance of “Knowing your Audience,” “Branding,” “Constructing a Post,” “Using Visual Rhetoric,” and “Expanding your Audience.”. This thesis is inspired by scholars of English, internet linguistics, journalism, gender theory, professional writing, and rhetoric. It is also inspired by a survey of 18 small businesses in the Lafayette, Louisiana area. The survey helped to focus my research on the social media issues of small businesses in the southern region of the U.S. Little academic attention is given to the continued statistical analysis of language in social media from a critical compositional standpoint. I have written this thesis to inspire continued research in the area of internet linguistics and to help small businesses maximize profits by improving their social media impact.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Turboexpandern in der Gasleitungsbranche. Nach der Vorstellung der Bauarten werden Schaltschemen nach Stand der Technik erläutert, um nachfolgend auf die Ausnutzung des Kälteeffekts einzugehen. Hier sieht der Autor Potentiale in Hinblick auf Energieeffizienz und Umweltverträglichkeit im Bereich der Weiterleitung von Erdgas zum Endverbraucher. Das kombinierte Schema, bei dem die Erdgas-Entspannungsanlage zusätzlich zur Reduktionseinheit parallel angeschlossen wird, ist in solchen Fällen sinnvoll. Das Erhitzen des Gases erfolgt hier über die Wärmepumpe vor der Entspannungsturbine oder es findet nach der Druckreduktion statt. In diesem Fall findet die Expansion bei den niedrigeren Temperaturen (0–5 °С) statt, indem die Temperatur am Auslass der GVS durch Wärmeentnahme im Kälteblock bis zu einem zulässigen Wert erhöht wird. Die Menge der produzierten Energie vermindert sich infolge der Temperatursenkung vor der Expansionsturbine, doch besteht die Möglichkeit, dabei Kälte zu produzieren und diese danach anzuwenden. Die Berechnungsergebnisse der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften sind dargestellt. Der Wärmeenergieverbrauch für die Erwärmung des Gases (Leistung der Wärmepumpe) und für die Leistung des Kälteblocks wird in dieser Arbeit erläutert. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte der Wirtschaftlichkeit und der Betriebssicherheit von Turboexpandern beleuchtet.

A expansão territorial urbana na cidade de Francisco Beltrão-PR, aconteceu de forma bastante expressiva entre as décadas de 1980 e início dos anos 2010, quando vários novos loteamentos foram sendo incorporados à malha urbana da cidade. Dentre os fatores que impulsionaram essa expansão urbana, estão a migração campo-cidade, a oferta de serviços no município, e a oferta de crédito imobiliário facilitada em parte deste período. Em um período de tempo similar, entre os anos 1970 e 2000, as discussões a respeito da sustentabilidade vão tomando forma, e a partir do lançamento do documento Agenda 21 no ano 1992, e da Lei Federal nº 10.257, o Estatuto da Cidade, no ano 2001, se inicia a discussão sobre a sustentabilidade para os espaços urbanos, devendo as diretrizes sustentáveis estar presentes na legislação e também nas ações de planejamento urbano e urbanismo junto às cidades brasileiras. Desta forma, levando-se em consideração a visível expansão territorial de Francisco Beltrão, e a aplicação da sustentabilidade urbana a partir das diretrizes citadas, neste trabalho se propõe a análise da sustentabilidade urbana em três loteamentos que caracterizam áreas de expansão urbana recente em Francisco Beltrão: Loteamento São Cristóvão, Loteamento Lago das Torres e Loteamento Marchiori. Para realizar a análise, são elencadas categorias de sustentabilidade urbana expressas no Estatuto da Cidade: terra urbana, moradia, saneamento ambiental, infraestrutura, transportes, serviços públicos e lazer, e escolhidos indicadores de sustentabilidade que permitem uma análise da sustentabilidade urbana, através das categorias citadas. Ao mesmo tempo, procurou-se analisar de que forma os moradores destes loteamentos compreendem a avaliam a sustentabilidade urbana local. O resultado do estudo aponta que a legislação urbana possui diretrizes de sustentabilidade incorporadas, porém muitas vezes não é possível que se apliquem as ações estratégicas que respondem à sustentabilidade urbana dentro da legislação. Quanto às categorias de sustentabilidade urbana analisadas, são vários os indicadores que podem ser utilizados para a análise de cada uma, e percebeu-se que nos loteamentos analisados, algumas questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade foram suprimidas, o que pode ser corrigido com algumas medidas, dentre as quais se pode exemplificar a fiscalização mais efetiva, acompanhamento da expansão urbana, simplificação da legislação, incentivos aos empreendedores e aplicação de instrumentos urbanos ainda não formalizados na cidade. Quanto à compreensão e avaliação da sustentabilidade por parte dos moradores locais, muitos sabem da importância da mesma, mas nem sempre tomam as atitudes mais corretas para agir em prol da sustentabilidade urbana do local onde moram. / The urban territorial expansion in the city of Francisco Beltrão-PR, occurred quite expressively between the 1980s and early 2010, when several new allotment were being incorporated into the city's urban mesh. Among the factors driving this urban expansion are the rural-urban migration, the provision of services in the municipality, and the supply of real estate credit facilitated in part of this period. In a similar period of time, between the years 1970 and 2000, discussions about sustainability took shape, and since the releasing of Agenda 21 in 1992, and Federal Law number 10.257, the City Statue, in the year 2001, the discussion on sustainability for urban spaces begins, and sustainable guidelines must be present in the legislation and also in the actions of urban planning and urbanism in the Brazilian cities. Thus, taking into account the visible territorial expansion of Francisco Beltrão and the application of urban sustainability based on the guidelines cited, this paper proposes the analysis of urban sustainability in three allotment that characterize areas of recent urban expansion in Francisco Beltrão : Allotment São Cristóvão, Allotment Lago das Torres and Allotment Marchiori. In order to carry out the analysis, the categories of urban sustainability expressed in the City Statute are presented: urban land, housing, environmental sanitation, infrastructure, transportation, public services and leisure, and chosen sustainability indicators that allow an analysis of urban sustainability through the categories cited. At the same time, an attempt was made to analyze how the residents of these allotments understand the local urban sustainability. The result of the study points out that urban legislation has incorporated sustainability guidelines, but it is often not possible to apply the strategic actions that respond to urban sustainability within the legislation. Regarding the categories of urban sustainability analyzed, several indicators can be used to analyze each one, and it was noticed that in the analyzed allotment, some issues related to sustainability were suppressed, which can be corrected with some measures, which can be exemplified by more effective supervision, monitoring of urban expansion, simplification of legislation, incentives to entrepreneurs and application of urban instruments not yet formalized in the city. As for the understanding and evaluation of sustainability by local people, many know the importance of sustainability, but do not always take the right actions to promote urban sustainability where they live.

The submitted diploma thesis is focused on problematic of a radial expanding of tubes. In the first part of thesis, there is a summary of possible theoretical formulas for determining the stress-strain material parameters for biaxial bulging test of tube by liquid. Also there are showed several options for testing tools used in research abroad. The work also contains technological and control calculations for the selected test sample from the tube of steel 17 240 (1.4301). At the end of thesis, there are key points for tool design and there is also presented the proposed the test tool for a radial expanding of test sample of tube to the free space and with firmly fixed the ends of tube in the tool.

Bien qu'étudiée depuis plus de 100 ans, la détermination expérimentale de la vitesse de combustion reste compliquée. Dans ce travail de thèse, la configuration de flamme sphérique en expansion a été choisie. Cependant, il apparait plusieurs formulation pour cette vitesse de combustion. Ces dernières sont liées au référentiel de mesure qui est lié 1) au laboratoire, 2) au front de flamme et 3) au taux de réaction. Ces 3 formulations, bien que différentes par définition, doivent cependant converger vers une seule et unique valeur correspondant à la vitesse de combustion laminaire à étirement nul. Une étude comparant ces formulations pour des mélanges gazeux au nombre de Lewis bien défini a été menée. Il est montré que la formulation associée au front de flamme permet d'extraire une vitesse de combustion s'abstenant de toute hypothèse. Cette technique a été ensuite appliquée pour déterminer la vitesse de combustion de mélanges issoctane/éthanol et leur dépendance en pression (10 bars). / Laminar burning velocity is very useful for both combustion modeling and kinetic scheme validationand improvement. Accurate experimental data are needed. To achieve this, the spherical flame method was chosen. However various expression for burning velocity from the spherically expanding flame can be found. A theorical review details all the expressions and models for the burning veolcity and shows how they can be obtained experimentally. These models were comparated considering basic fuels - various Lewis numbers. As a result, it is shown that the pure kinematic measurement method is the only one thet does not introduce any assumptions. This kinematic measurement had needed the development and validation of an original post-processing tool. Following the theorical review, a parametric experimental study is presented. The new technique is extended to extract burning velocity and Markstein length relative to the fresh gas for pure ethanol, isooctane and blended fuels at high pressure.

This paper aims to explore Swedish students’ experiences of English-medium instruction (EMI) in Swedish higher education. Previous research shows that students’ experiences of EMI in higher education are closely related to attitudes towards the proficiencies of lecturers and peers, which in turn are based on students’ conceptualisations of English. Through the use of semi-structured interviews, three interrelated themes are explored: (1) how prepared students felt they were to use English in higher education (2) students’ experiences of acquiring content through English and (3) students’ underlying conceptualisations of English. Three Swedish students at different institutions and programs were interviewed. Findings show that the students had varied views of what it was to be prepared for EMI as well as how prepared they felt they were according to their own definitions. Students also had differing experiences of acquiring content through English. All three students conceptualised English as a standard, native variety. Their conceptualisations of English as a standard had implications on student-student and teacher-student interactions, which was evidenced especially in regard to international non-native speakers of English. Findings are discussed in relation to relevant previous research on EMI and the Swedish context. Finally, suggestions are made for Upper Secondary school in-class practices, for the benefit of better preparing Swedish students for higher education in Sweden by implementing an English as a lingua franca (ELF-) perspective on English spoken interaction.