Laminar burning velocity is very useful for both combustion modeling and kinetic scheme validationand improvement. Accurate experimental data are needed. To achieve this, the spherical flame method was chosen. However various expression for burning velocity from the spherically expanding flame can be found. A theorical review details all the expressions and models for the burning veolcity and shows how they can be obtained experimentally. These models were comparated considering basic fuels - various Lewis numbers. As a result, it is shown that the pure kinematic measurement method is the only one thet does not introduce any assumptions. This kinematic measurement had needed the development and validation of an original post-processing tool. Following the theorical review, a parametric experimental study is presented. The new technique is extended to extract burning velocity and Markstein length relative to the fresh gas for pure ethanol, isooctane and blended fuels at high pressure.

Le moteur downsizé à allumage commandé constitue l’une des voies principales explorées par les constructeurs automobiles pour améliorer le rendement et réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone des motorisations essence. Il s’agit de combiner une réduction de la cylindrée avec une forte suralimentation afin d’améliorer le rendement du moteur, en particulier à faibles et moyennes charges. Leur mise au point est limitée par l’augmentation des combustions anormales, dont le contrôle par forte dilution peut également entraîner l'apparition de variabilités cycliques importantes. Actuellement, la compréhension des nombreux paramètres intervenant dans l'apparition de ces phénomènes et de leurs interactions, reste encore imparfaite. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de propagation des flammes turbulentes. Cette étude est réalisée dans une enceinte de combustion sphérique haute pression haute température, équipée de ventilateurs générant une turbulence homogène et isotrope. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’étude de la combustion prémélangée laminaire isooctane/air. Dans un deuxième temps, l’aérodynamique de l’écoulement dans l’enceinte est finement caractérisée par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler et Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules. Enfin, la propagation des flammes turbulentes est étudiée en termes de vitesse à partir de visualisations par ombroscopie. Une loi unifiée, permettant de décrire la propagation des flammes turbulentes indépendamment des conditions thermodynamiques initiales, de l’intensité de la turbulence et de la nature du mélange réactif est notamment proposée. / Engine downsizing is a promising way explored for reducing carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions of spark ignition engines. Its principle is to reduce the engine size and to increase its specific power with the use of a turbocharger, especially at middle and high loads. Its development leads to the appearance of abnormal combustions, whose control by a high dilution rate can also lead to important cyclic variabilities. The understanding of the multiple parameters controlling these phenomena and their interactions, is still very limited. In this context, the present thesis addresses the issue related to the understanding of the mechanisms implied in turbulent flame propagation processes. This study is carried out in a fan-stirred high pressure high temperature spherical combustion vessel where turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic. The first part of this study concerns the study of laminar premixed flames of isooctane/air mixtures. Second, the turbulent flow in the vessel is accurately characterized using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Particle Image Velocimetry measurements. Then, turbulent flame propagation is investigated in terms of flame velocity using shadowgraph visualizations. A unified scaling law for the turbulent propagation speed is especially proposed, regardless of the thermodynamic initial conditions, the intensity of the turbulence and the nature of the air/fuel mixture.

Syftet med studien är att genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod analysera hur mindre varumärken arbetar med - och i framtiden kan och ämnar arbeta med hållbarhetsstrategier i förhållande till expansion. Denna uppsats analyserar både företag och företags hållbarhetsrapporter samtidigt som den ger forskares syn på ämnet. För studien har en abduktiv forskningsansats använts. Forskningsmetoden är kvalitativ och djupintervjuer har gjorts med 6 olika informanter. För intervjuerna har en semistrukturerad intervjumall använts. Intervjuernas resultat har tytt på att kunskapsnivån om hållbarhetsstrategier hos företag är relativt låg men att intresset för en högre kunskapsnivå finns. Huruvida ett mindre modeföretag arbetar med hållbarhet verkar bero på storlek på företaget. Hur väl en hållbarhetsstrategi kan passa på ett företag verkar också bero på storlek på företaget. / The purpose of the study is to analyze, through a qualitative research method, how smaller brands work with - and in the future can and aims to work on sustainability strategies in relation to expansion. This paper analyzes both companies and manufactures sustainability reports while providing researchers views on the topic. For the study an abductive research approach has been used. The research method is qualitative and in-depth interviews have been conducted with 6 different informants. For the interviews a semi structured interview has been used. Interview results have shown that the level of knowledge about sustainability strategies at companies is relatively low, but that interest in a higher level of knowledge exists. Whether a small fashion company works with sustainability seems to depend on the size of the company. How well a sustainability strategy can suit a business also seems to depend on the size of the company.

English is the most expansionist language in the world today. Currently, native speakers are outnumbered by non-native speakers by a ratio of 3:1, a ratio that is set to grow to 10:1 within the next ten years. One of the consequences of a language growing so rapidly is that its new users tend to ignore already accepted standards. In what linguists refer to as the outer and expanding circles of English-speakers (mainly in Africa and Asia) new varieties and standards of English are now being invented. In this study, the effects of the current expansion of English on the teaching of English in Swedish upper-secondary schools are explored. Questions raised include: Should teachers of English in Sweden reflect the changing nature of English in their teaching? Should they readily adopt the New Englishes that are emerging or should they teach with the standard they have always used? The national curriculum for the teaching of English in Sweden is discussed in some detail. The guidelines therein are evaluated in terms of their ability to capture the changing face of English as well as their ability to give solid guidance to teachers in a classroom situation. Findings derive from linguistic literature and from interviews conducted with English teachers at upper-secondary level. One of the main conclusions of the study is that whilst the national curriculum recognises the global diversity of English, its goals are overambitious in what it tries to achieve and thus it fails to provide teachers with practical guidance in their day-to-day teaching. A recommendation, therefore, is that the curriculum should be clearer in spelling out the importance of adhering to native standard varieties of English. However this does not mean that teachers should ignore the cultural diversity of the English-speaking world.

nÃo hà / A pesquisa enfoca o Programa Mais EducaÃÃo, polÃtica pÃblica de educaÃÃo integral instituÃda pelo MinistÃrio da EducaÃÃo, como uma estratÃgia para a ampliaÃÃo da jornada escolar. Tem como objetivo principal avaliar o processo do referido programa, no municÃpio de MaracanaÃ, a partir das diferentes concepÃÃes e prÃticas de educaÃÃo integral, no contexto atual das polÃticas educacionais. Reflete sobre as concepÃÃes de educaÃÃo integral presentes nas polÃticas educacionais do paÃs, bem como as que norteiam o programa, analisa o cotidiano escolar e as repercussÃes decorrentes do Programa Mais EducaÃÃo na organizaÃÃo e gestÃo da escola, e relaciona, ainda, tempo e desempenho escolar, avaliando sua efetividade em relaÃÃo à melhoria da aprendizagem dos alunos envolvidos. Parte dos pressupostos de que maior quantidade de tempo nÃo determina por si sà prÃticas escolares qualitativamente diferentes e que hà mÃltiplas e diferentes variÃveis que interagem e permeiam o contexto escolar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa avaliativa, com uma abordagem qualitativa, que buscou contemplar os diversos fatores determinantes do sucesso escolar que se fazem presentes no cotidiano escolar, alÃm de entender e interpretar os fenÃmenos do contraturno, a partir de uma anÃlise ricamente descritiva, proporcionada pelo estudo de caso. Ao confrontar dados concretos e representaÃÃes foi possÃvel compreender a natureza e a gÃnese do processo educativo do Programa Mais EducaÃÃo, alÃm de seus efeitos sobre a comunidade escolar. Possibilitou tambÃm perceber as aÃÃes da escola que consolidam ideias diferentes sobre educaÃÃo integral e sobre o prÃprio programa em questÃo.

Mathematical Biology has found recent success applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model airflow in the human lung. Detailed modeling of flow patterns in the alveoli, where the oxygen-carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs, has provided data that is useful in treating illnesses and designing drug-delivery systems. Unfortunately, many CFD software packages have high licensing fees that are out of reach for independent researchers. This thesis uses three open-source software packages, Gmsh, OpenFOAM, and ParaView, to design a mesh, create a simulation, and visualize the results of an idealized terminal alveolar sac model. This model successfully demonstrates that OpenFOAM can be used to model airflow in the acinar region of the lung under biologically relevant conditions.

The present thesis considers the topic of English as a Lingua Franca as it is perceived and experienced by three groups: the ELF research community, ELT professionals, and ELF users themselves. This thesis first presents an overview of the theoretical foundations of ELF research, identifying key topics with which the ELF research community has grappled in recent decades. In order to determine how much closer the ELT community has gotten to aligning teaching policy, practices, and goals to students' specific needs and expectations, sociolinguistic research in the form of seven semi-structured interviews was conducted with L2 English speakers who use ELF to live, work, and study in their daily lives, and the ELT professionals tasked with developing their English skills in the classroom. The content of these interviews is then analyzed with regard to the specific needs and expectations of ELF users and the concerns of ELT professionals, followed by a discussion of the key issues uncovered in these interviews in light of the theoretical background of ELF research. The author provides suggestions for further research aimed at improving the ELT community's role in developing ELF proficiency in the expanding circle. Keywords: English as a Lingua Franca, English Language Teaching, Expanding Circle, ELF...

The purpose of this master thesis is to define a market entry strategy into Denmark for a SME from Czech republic. The thesis includes a complex analysis of the danish entrepreneurial environment and defining a strategy how to enter the market. The thesis intends to be a useful guide for Czech SME's how to expand on this market.

The master's thesis deals with the design of a press, which will be part of a robotic workplace. This workplace is designed for a company operating as a subcontractor for the automotive industry, for which automation is one of the most important processes of development and increasing labor productivity. The robotized cell is part of a line for heat treatment of plastic tube semi-finished products. The cell itself is used to press the conical extension of the pipe ends using a steel mandrel. In order to manipulate the parts, the corresponding end effectors of robots are designed in the work, which safely load and remove parts from the automated press. Design and control calculations are supplemented by finite element strength analysis in Solidworks. A drawing documentation is also made in this program. The work is performed with regard to the requirements of technologists and the quality department.

La dynamique des flammes de prémélange est étudiée par deux approches numériques différentes. La première résout les équations compressibles de Navier-Stokes avec une chimie simplifiée (DNS). Afin de réduire les coûts de calcul, nous analysons et développons un schéma numérique à grille décalée. Le traitement des ondes acoustiques aux sorties est connu pour rendre les flammes cylindriques légèrement carrées. Ces déformations non-physiques sont expliquées en mettant en évidence la modélisation insuffisamment précise de l'accélération du fluide lorsque l'écoulement est oblique à la sortie. Une étude paramétrique et statistique de flammes turbulentes est menée en 2D et une simulation parallèle 3D est réalisée dans un domaine de (3cm)3. En considérant la flamme infiniment mince, l'approche EEM diminue considérablement les coûts de calcul. Les mêmes simulations sont réalisées et comparées aux résultats de DNS pour tester la capacité du modèle EEM à fournir des résultats quantitatifs. / We study premixed flame dynamics using DNS and EEM approaches. DNS solves compressible Navier-Stokes equations with simplified chemistry. To reduce computational costs and increase efifciency, we analyse and develop a modified staggered scheme. Treatment of acoustic waves at boundaries is known to slightly square cylindrical flames. We try to explain these unphysical distortions by highlighting the poor modeling of fluid acceleration when mainstrean is transverse to outow. A parametric and statistical study of expanding flames is carried out in 2D and also for an expanding (3cm)3 flame. The EEM approach models the flame as an infinitely thin interface. This perturbative strategy dramatically decreases cpu costs. Simulations are carried out and compared to DNS results to check the ability of EEM modeling to give quantitative results.