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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Omezení účinku patentu / Restricting the effects of a patent

Kronusová, Marie January 2018 (has links)
Restricting the effects of a patent These theses are focused on issues of the legal options on the exceptions and limitations to patent rights. At first there is clarified fundamental terminology, especially relation between terms patent and innovation, patentable solution and also effects of the patent. Next chapters relate to the limitation on the patent effects that is the experimental use exception and also so- called Bolar exception; using the invention for non-commercial purposes; institute of compulsory licences; limitation to extemporaneous preparation of medicines in pharmacy, use of patent law articles on foreign vessels, aircrafts, land vehicles not permanently accessing from foreign countries and institute of prior user rights. The author discusses non-commercial use of the invention, which is closely related to the experimental use exception in some countries or the legal institute of compulsory licenses, contemplating negative and positive impacts and moral aspects of that decision. Regarding the scope of the experimental use exception, the author argues that the exception in need is rather narrow rather than broader. In case of compulsory licences, the author is emphasising on fair balance between the interest of patent owner rights and the concerns of nation and also comes with...
2

生技醫藥產業研究工具專利之實驗免責的探討

陳淑君, Chen, Shu-chun Unknown Date (has links)
制定專利法的本意,不僅是給予發明人在一定期限內擁有一定限度的獨占權,以鼓勵發明人揭露新穎發明,亦在於提升科技發展、提高經濟成長,使社會大眾可從既有發明中再進行卓越科技研發,以節省社會研發成本。專利法賦予專利權人禁止任何未經授權之他人製造、使用、販賣、為販賣之要約,以及為上述目的進口該專利權技術之排他權利。但為達促進產業進步的目的,各國專利法並增列研究、實驗的免責條款(experimental use exception)來平衡專利權人及社會大眾的利益。研究實驗免責的前提必須對專利權人權益造成微量或是最低限度的干擾(de minimums),即是希望對專利權人的權益造成最小傷害,同時又可以達到促進產業發展及鼓勵更多研發工作進行的目的。 我們將實驗免責條款分為二類,一種是純為好奇心,僅針對專利技術內容作實驗,研究如何改善該發明,此為狹義的實驗免責;第二種則是應用於醫藥產業,此類實驗並非改善發明內容,而是重覆實施其發明,再進行其他研究及實驗,可視為廣義的實驗免責,此即美國在1984年修正Hatch-Waxman法案之醫藥產業的實驗免責條款,只要是為提交FDA之相關實驗資料時,則可主張實驗免責,目的為使已享受二十年專利期之發明儘快成為公共財,以供大眾利用。 研究工具專利的實施方法即作為研究及實驗目的,醫藥產業上可以是生物材料,亦可以是篩選新藥方法。由於具有研究及實驗的特性,若在研究實驗免責條款下,非專利權人企圖以研究實驗免責方式來規避其侵權行為時,專利權人行使權利時,則可能遭遇不少困難。若研究工具專利又被主張為提交FDA相關資料之實驗免責時,此行為對於專利權人權益並非造成微量或是最低限度的損失,發明人未因該專利而獲益,又無法實施專利權,則會降低申請專利的意願。 專利權的效力,應給予專利權人較大權利使發明人願意揭露技術、促進社會科技進步,抑或是應給予較大實驗免責範圍,使研發機構不會受到專利權限制而阻礙社會科技發展的動力,此二種考量方向,如同位於天平的兩端,呈現兩難局面。目前法院實務案例則以執行研究工具專利會落入藥物開發之實驗免責規範為主要認定,但筆者認為應就實施研究工具專利的行為、內容、目的作一探討及了解,並顧及公平性,才是評估研究工具專利是否適用實驗免責條款之依據。 因此,專利權人應如何管理或應用其研究工具專利,並可真正執行專利權而不至落入實驗免責條款? 可由數個方向進行:一、產品形式保護研究工具專利:將研究工具的執行方式以產品形式包覆,以銷售產品的方式跳脫實驗免責之框架,未必需要經由專利授權的方式來取得利益;二、進行全球化佈局:於申請研究工具專利之前,分析其發明深度及可能競爭對手,並在可能進行製造、使用、行銷、及進口相關於此發明技術之國家申請專利,以未來如何執行及如何獲利作為考量全球佈局之策略;三、成立契約研發中心(contrast research organization,CRO):當研究工具專利在執行專利權有困難,不易跳脫實驗免責範圍,則可使用營業秘密 (Trade Secret) 方式保護其發明,不以公開技術方式,而是應用研究工具成為新藥篩選中心,提供研發服務;四、授權國家單位:即是採用類似NIH之OTT模式,將研究工具專利權直接授權給政府,由政府支出其授權金並可擴展至更多研發機構。 至於非專利權人,如一般之研發機構,應如何利用研究工具專利,且不落入專利侵權的疑慮? 除了取得專利授權外,亦可採用:一、從已授權國家單位取得技術:即如同NIH之OTT模式,由已取得研究工具專利授權之政府單位進行非專屬授權,該發明具較合理之授權金,並可被更多研發機構善加利用;二、落入實驗免責範疇:針對研究工具專利之實質發明內容進行改良及應用,再利用其方式以進行其新藥研發實驗,則可適用於實驗免責的規定;三、交互授權(Cross-license):使用研究工具專利之研發機構與原本專利權人合作,經由交互授權方式成為合作伙伴,則可達到雙贏;四、成立開放社群,共同分享技術:如多數國家成立之GenBank,或BIOS (Biological Innovation for Open Society)社群之概念,收集對人類具有重大意義之研究工具,如基因序列等,以開放原始碼(Open source)之社群相互分享,使後續研發工作更加快速及順暢。 除了上述方法外,專利法可仿照著作權法,增定合理使用(fair use)之相關規定,亦即除了試驗例外、第三人繼續使用權、私人領域內之非營利性使用外,賦予第三人一般而全面性的專利權合理使用範圍,或以自願性參與集體授權機制(voluntary collective rights licensing)以支付合理權利金,促進社會公益。實驗免責條款可使得發明人願意持續公開其發明,同時使新穎發明公諸於世,兼顧社會公益,促使社會經濟及產業的進步,使國家社會整體因研發創新而真正獲益。 / The original purpose of the patent law not only offers the exclusivity to the inventors in a limited periods and in a limited rights in order to inspire the inventors to disclose more novel inventions, but also encourages the development of the technology and increases the growth rate of economics to the publics. The more new inventions the inventors provide, the more cost of R&D will be saved in whole society. The right of the exclusivity for the patentee is when someone without authority from the patentee, he can’t makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented inventions, within the countries, or imports into the countries. But in order to enliven the industrial growth, the experimental use is added as a legal exception in many countries to balance the benefits of the patentee and the public interests. We should minimize interference to the patentee’ rights when the experimental use exception of the patents is claimed. We can divide the experimental use exception into two classes. One is the narrowly-defined experimental use exception only for the curiosity, for testing the content of the patents. The use aims to find out how to improve the inventions. The broadly-defined experimental use exception that is applied in the medical industry. This kind of use does not improve the technology of the invention, but repeat the invention again without changing any content. Such kind of broadly-defined experimental use exception is created after Hatch and Waxman Act in 1984. The experimental use exception in the medical industry is described that if the result of the experience is for submitting the drug information for the FDA examination, it is claimed non-infringement of the patent and protected by “safe harbor” of 35 USC 271 (e)(1). The purpose is to practice the inventions of the patents earlier and save the cost of R&D through public use. Research tool patent are used for the purpose of research and experiment and improves the speed of the experiment. In the medical industry, the research tool patent may be the biological material or the method of screening the new drug. Because of the experimental characteristics, the non-patentee may claim the experimental use exception and cause persecutions to the patentee. This kind of experimental use exception is not fair to the patentee and damage patentee’s benefit, especially in the research tool patentee. The patentee will not be able to receive the royalty from the non-patentee who claims the experimental use exception. As a result, it would reduce the will of filing such kind of patents. Should the effect of the patent right grant the patentee a broader right to patentees to encourage the inventors to release new technology which benefits the social and scientific progress? Or it should offer a large range of the experimental use exempt for the research institutes to encourage the using in the experimental use exception? It is difficult to judge which direction is better than the other one. The court are taking the side of the range of experimental use exception, allowing the research tool patents in the pre-clinical tests or experiment for submitting to FDA. This thesis proposes that there should be more criteria other than FDA, such as the purpose and the practical condition of use. Only when the whole situation and justice are taken into consideration will there be a suitable explanation of the experimental use exception. This thesis offers some suggestions concerning the management and application of research patent tools for the patentee and the non-patentee. It also assert that regulations about the fair use, such as experimental use exception, non-profit private use, voluntary collective rights licensing with rational royalty, can be added to the patent law to urge the patents to be put into practice. The reasonable experimental use exception can encourage the inventors to release his invention and the R&D departments to improve the technology more aggressively, realizing social and industrial advancement through the patent applications.
3

專利法及藥事法上實驗例外之研究─以製藥產業為中心 / The Research of Experimental Use Exception on Patent Law and Pharmaceutical Affairs Act -Especially in Pharmaceutical Industry

孫小萍, Sun, Hsiao-ping Unknown Date (has links)
專利權具有獨占性,對一國產業發展具有重要影響,為了平衡該權利,各國專利法在給予發明人專利權的同時也加諸某些限制,以我國為例,於專利法第五十七條第一項列舉專利權效力所不及之情形有:(一)為研究、教學或試驗,實施其發明,而無營利行為者。此即所謂之「實驗例外」 (experimental use exception)條款。 實驗例外條款在各國司法實務運作上,最常被引起爭論者向來集中在處方藥市場中專利藥廠與學名藥廠間之競爭議題。因為學名藥廠為了能夠盡早進入市場,不免須在專利期間屆滿前實施原廠專利進行必要之研究、試驗,以符合各國對於藥物上市管理法令之要求。 雖然我國專利法與其他國家一樣也有試驗例外條款,但其中要件嚴格限定為「非營利行為」,從比較法之方式分析,該規定係受美國普通法之影響。美國普通法關於試驗例外係採取嚴格路線,必須行為人之試驗係出於非營利目的,單純追求真相、探求知識理論,或為滿足好奇心,才可主張普通法上之實驗例外,即始係不具營利色彩之公家機關、學術單位從事之試驗,只要背後具有實質的商業目的亦不得主張試驗例外。如此造成要成功適用試驗例外是愈來愈不可能。 國際間對於試驗例外之立法,除美國外,尚存在許多形式值得我國借鏡,以歐洲共同體專利規則草案(Proposal for a Council Regulation on a Community Patent)為例,其區分「私人且非商業性目的之行為」,以及「為試驗目的之行為」,後者要求必須係針對系爭專利技術本身所進行之試驗始非專利權效力所及,若係將該專利技術作為研究工具之用,仍非法之所許。這種區分方法不僅層次分明、無觀念上混淆之虞,判斷上也較具有可預測性。 美國於1984年通過Hatch-Waxman 法案鼓勵學名藥之發展,對於為滿足主管機關關於醫藥品上市要求之試驗,在專利法271(e)(1)明文規定排除在專利權效力之外,即所謂之「Bolar例外」。我國於九十四年二月五日亦增訂藥事法第四十條之二第五項:「新藥專利權不及於藥商申請查驗登記前所進行之研究、教學或試驗」關於Bolar例外之規定。惟或因立法匆促,致法條要件不符合實際狀況,例如限定「申請查驗登記前」之行為,實際上藥廠於提出查驗登記之申請後,往往在主管機關之要求下須進行其他試驗,這些行為均在立法者原欲保護之範圍內,僅因立法用語之不當,造成實務運用之困擾。 筆者最後從法律及商業管理觀點著眼,對國內立法提出下列修法建議,作為本研究之最終成果: 壹、對於專利法第五十七條第一項第一款修法之建議 一、刪除「教學」之行為態樣 二、刪除「而無營利行為」之要件 三、增列關於研究工具之專利則無本條之適用 四、放寬適用範圍為符合主管機關法規要求而實施他人專利亦有實驗例外之適用。 贰、對於藥事法修法之建議 一、刪除「申請查驗登記前」之要件,改以行為目的來限定範圍,即「為通過藥品查驗登記所進行之研究或試驗」,始有本款之適用。 二、明定「物品專利」及「方法專利」均有本條之適用

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