The purpose of this research is through building a System Dynamics model to show hospital operating structure as a whole and to find out the interactions between variables. And through the Management Flight Simulator to simulate three policy¡X¡§retrenchment personnel policy¡¨, ¡§retrenchment personnel policy and ¡§raising salary¡¨, ¡§abundant personnel policy¡¨¡X to find out the best manage policy. The case in this research is a Regional Teaching Hospital in southern Taiwan. The model is built according to the information which got by many times interview. The model has four sub-systems; they are ¡§market sub-system¡¨, ¡§human resource sub-system¡¨, ¡§equipment sub-system¡¨ and ¡§finance sub-system¡¨. After the simulation and the evaluation, we find that ¡§abundant personnel policy¡¨ can save more cost than ¡§retrenchment personnel policy¡¨. That is because ¡§abundant personnel policy¡¨ not only can save the physical cost like recruiting cost and training cost, but also can save the invisible cost like the experience of employee can¡¦t be accumulated. Besides, raising salary although can slacken off the decreasing employee satisfaction due to the overloading, but it is cure the symptoms, not the disease. In long-term, it will lead to the increasing cost, decreasing the competitiveness.

In recent years the entire environment, the government policy's change, caused the human resources management domain to start to receive takes seriously, was not exceptional in Taiwan's medical industry, for these years they realized the human resources management slowly important, and started some transformations, therefore we might see some successes transformed human resources department, but also had many not clear own role localization. Because past medical service industry this aspect studied the subject not to be many related, therefore this time adopted the nature interview way, hoped that might take advantage of this obtains the multiplex information, and helped Taiwan medicine human resources department to be clearer locates their role, might become the strong character which finally the hospital could not lack. But this will study us to discuss 13 hospitals from the past the reason which, the change bottleneck and they will change to the future human resources roll play tendency. The findings discovered that in the past the hospital human resources department nearly simultaneously was playing ¡§the performer role¡¨, was engaged in the work content by ¡§the personnel management¡¨ primarily, after five year about change, they simultaneously was acting at present three to seven kinds of polytropic role, they also will have in the future very high hoping to themselves, they hoped that made great strides forward toward the strategic human resources management, displayed the human resources positively truly, initiative, characteristics and so on innovation, reform, played ¡§the innovation role¡¨. At present urges the human resources department fast transformation the factor is ¡§the human resources manager, the leader/higher order is in charge of the idea, the government new policy system¡¨ the influence, but simultaneously ¡§the human resources manager or the personnel specialized insufficiency, the human resources understaffed¡¨ also limits them to transform, therefore present stage human resources personnel specialized ability's enhancement becomes with the information ability's promotion very important.

Medical manufacturing leaders struggle to maintain their competitive position due to inefficient business strategies. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that in vitro diagnostics (IVD) medical manufacturing's leaders have used to gain and maintain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace. Porter's competitive advantage theory was used to understand how IVD medical business leaders maintain their competitive edge. Data were gathered through interviews with a purposive sample of 3 IVD medical device leaders from companies in California, Connecticut, and New York who had run IVD medical businesses for at least 10 years and who attended a 2014 medical exhibition in Dusseldorf, Germany. To reduce the risk of bias in measurement, triangulation methods included a literature review and intensive analyses of the interview responses, participant observation notes, company websites, and organizational records. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to find essences of the participants' perceptions. The themes were derived from coding and the number of references coded during the data analysis. Eight themes emerged representing strategies for improving competitive advantage: customer support; marketing, e-marketing, and branding; competitive collaboration; quality; cost structure; regulation; innovation; and information technology. The 8 general themes have been divided into 3 categories: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies base on Porter's competitive advantage theory. Results can help U.S. IVD organizational leaders develop strategies to thrive and secure market advantages, which could provide the resources for creating new products and increasing employment opportunities.

We use autonomous line-following robots in various industrial environments, surveillance applications, and construction and mining industries for object transportation tasks where rail, conveyer, and gantry solutions are unavailable. They help us reduce the work process and improve efficiency. In this report, we will illustrate how a 2WD robot can move on a predefined path and detect obstacles along the way. In this project, we have used a proximity sensor to detect the obstacle in the path and turn the robot from the obstacle. Also, we used an IR sensor so that robot could follow along the predefined path. The used in the project sensors were connected to Arduino UNO, which was programmed to control the robot's movements and decisions. By employing these two techniques, we can efficiently use such robots in various scenarios. For example, in the current Covid scenario, physical contact has become minimal, so if we use this line-following robot to deliver medicines to the patient, the physical contact between people can be reduced. The obstacle avoidance robot technique can be used in cars to improve safety. If an obstacle is detected in the path of the car and the driver does not apply the brakes, this type of technique can be used to bring the car to a stop by applying breaks. Using the proposed robotic techniques we can save time and work efficiently with minimal physical touch. Overall, the project achieved its primary goal of moving the robot on a predefined path and detecting obstacles on the path

Blockchain is described as a trustworthy distributed service for parties that do not fully trust each other. It enables business transactions to be handled without a third party or central governance. For this distributed and concurrent communication to work, a consensus mechanism needs to be implemented into the blockchain protocol. This mechanism will dictate how and when new blocks can be added and in some cases, by whom. The medical industry suffers from many informational inefficiencies. Data is scattered across many different databases and the lack of coordination often results in mishandling of the data. This is especially clear when a natural disaster hits and time is of the essence. The purpose of this thesis is to assess how much a blockchain solution and its consensus mechanism can resist unusual behavior before they behave erratically. This involves analyzing design parameters and translating parameters from a disaster into a simulation to run tests. Overall, this thesis will explore if blockchain is a compatible solution to the difficulties in natural disaster response. This was obtained by conducting a qualitative study and developing a prototype and simulating disaster parameters in the prototype blockchain network. A set of test cases was created. The results show that the resilience differs significantly depending on consensus mechanism. Key parameters include consensus finality, scalability, byzantine tolerance, performance and blockchain type. Blockchain is well suited to handle typical challenges in natural disaster response: it results in faster allocation of medical care and more accurate information collection, as well as in a system which allows seamlessly for the integration of external organizations in the blockchain network.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a printing technology which can produce 3-dimensional solid object by adding layers of material from 3D model data. AM has numerous benefits and can bring a new industrial revolution. To have a smooth transition in the technology, organizations must consider involved stakeholders’ interests. However, different stakeholders have different interests and influences. As more affected stakeholders resist adopting new technology as it will affect the firm directly or indirectly. These diverse interests cause barriers to the adoption of technology. This research aims to find out the primary and secondary stakeholders and how they influence each other in the adoption of AM, and what are the barriers caused due to these influences. The two sources of primary data are gathered from the research participants and analyzed thematically. Our findings reveal that the primary stakeholders are material suppliers, regulators bodies, and medical device/pharmaceutical companies and have a high influence on the adoption of AM as these stakeholders are hard to replace and need constant collaboration with each other. The secondary stakeholders are AM designers, insurance companies, educational and training organizations, funding organizations, NGOs. AM designer and insurance companies have less power and influence, while academic and training organizations and NGOs have a high influence since they are knowledge and training providers. Barriers faced in the adoption of AM technology are immature technology, less raw material availability, changes in the regulation, knowledge gap. This study implies that there is immense scope to explore the technology to gain maximum benefits. This study stands to give an understanding of stakeholder involvement, their influence, and their barriers in the adoption of AM technology.

制定專利法的本意，不僅是給予發明人在一定期限內擁有一定限度的獨占權，以鼓勵發明人揭露新穎發明，亦在於提升科技發展、提高經濟成長，使社會大眾可從既有發明中再進行卓越科技研發，以節省社會研發成本。專利法賦予專利權人禁止任何未經授權之他人製造、使用、販賣、為販賣之要約，以及為上述目的進口該專利權技術之排他權利。但為達促進產業進步的目的，各國專利法並增列研究、實驗的免責條款(experimental use exception)來平衡專利權人及社會大眾的利益。研究實驗免責的前提必須對專利權人權益造成微量或是最低限度的干擾(de minimums)，即是希望對專利權人的權益造成最小傷害，同時又可以達到促進產業發展及鼓勵更多研發工作進行的目的。 我們將實驗免責條款分為二類，一種是純為好奇心，僅針對專利技術內容作實驗，研究如何改善該發明，此為狹義的實驗免責；第二種則是應用於醫藥產業，此類實驗並非改善發明內容，而是重覆實施其發明，再進行其他研究及實驗，可視為廣義的實驗免責，此即美國在1984年修正Hatch-Waxman法案之醫藥產業的實驗免責條款，只要是為提交FDA之相關實驗資料時，則可主張實驗免責，目的為使已享受二十年專利期之發明儘快成為公共財，以供大眾利用。 研究工具專利的實施方法即作為研究及實驗目的，醫藥產業上可以是生物材料，亦可以是篩選新藥方法。由於具有研究及實驗的特性，若在研究實驗免責條款下，非專利權人企圖以研究實驗免責方式來規避其侵權行為時，專利權人行使權利時，則可能遭遇不少困難。若研究工具專利又被主張為提交FDA相關資料之實驗免責時，此行為對於專利權人權益並非造成微量或是最低限度的損失，發明人未因該專利而獲益，又無法實施專利權，則會降低申請專利的意願。 專利權的效力，應給予專利權人較大權利使發明人願意揭露技術、促進社會科技進步，抑或是應給予較大實驗免責範圍，使研發機構不會受到專利權限制而阻礙社會科技發展的動力，此二種考量方向，如同位於天平的兩端，呈現兩難局面。目前法院實務案例則以執行研究工具專利會落入藥物開發之實驗免責規範為主要認定，但筆者認為應就實施研究工具專利的行為、內容、目的作一探討及了解，並顧及公平性，才是評估研究工具專利是否適用實驗免責條款之依據。 因此，專利權人應如何管理或應用其研究工具專利，並可真正執行專利權而不至落入實驗免責條款? 可由數個方向進行：一、產品形式保護研究工具專利：將研究工具的執行方式以產品形式包覆，以銷售產品的方式跳脫實驗免責之框架，未必需要經由專利授權的方式來取得利益；二、進行全球化佈局：於申請研究工具專利之前，分析其發明深度及可能競爭對手，並在可能進行製造、使用、行銷、及進口相關於此發明技術之國家申請專利，以未來如何執行及如何獲利作為考量全球佈局之策略；三、成立契約研發中心(contrast research organization，CRO)：當研究工具專利在執行專利權有困難，不易跳脫實驗免責範圍，則可使用營業秘密 (Trade Secret) 方式保護其發明，不以公開技術方式，而是應用研究工具成為新藥篩選中心，提供研發服務；四、授權國家單位：即是採用類似NIH之OTT模式，將研究工具專利權直接授權給政府，由政府支出其授權金並可擴展至更多研發機構。 至於非專利權人，如一般之研發機構，應如何利用研究工具專利，且不落入專利侵權的疑慮? 除了取得專利授權外，亦可採用：一、從已授權國家單位取得技術：即如同NIH之OTT模式，由已取得研究工具專利授權之政府單位進行非專屬授權，該發明具較合理之授權金，並可被更多研發機構善加利用；二、落入實驗免責範疇：針對研究工具專利之實質發明內容進行改良及應用，再利用其方式以進行其新藥研發實驗，則可適用於實驗免責的規定；三、交互授權(Cross-license)：使用研究工具專利之研發機構與原本專利權人合作，經由交互授權方式成為合作伙伴，則可達到雙贏；四、成立開放社群，共同分享技術：如多數國家成立之GenBank，或BIOS (Biological Innovation for Open Society)社群之概念，收集對人類具有重大意義之研究工具，如基因序列等，以開放原始碼(Open source)之社群相互分享，使後續研發工作更加快速及順暢。 除了上述方法外，專利法可仿照著作權法，增定合理使用（fair use）之相關規定，亦即除了試驗例外、第三人繼續使用權、私人領域內之非營利性使用外，賦予第三人一般而全面性的專利權合理使用範圍，或以自願性參與集體授權機制（voluntary collective rights licensing）以支付合理權利金，促進社會公益。實驗免責條款可使得發明人願意持續公開其發明，同時使新穎發明公諸於世，兼顧社會公益，促使社會經濟及產業的進步，使國家社會整體因研發創新而真正獲益。 / The original purpose of the patent law not only offers the exclusivity to the inventors in a limited periods and in a limited rights in order to inspire the inventors to disclose more novel inventions, but also encourages the development of the technology and increases the growth rate of economics to the publics. The more new inventions the inventors provide, the more cost of R&D will be saved in whole society. The right of the exclusivity for the patentee is when someone without authority from the patentee, he can’t makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented inventions, within the countries, or imports into the countries. But in order to enliven the industrial growth, the experimental use is added as a legal exception in many countries to balance the benefits of the patentee and the public interests. We should minimize interference to the patentee’ rights when the experimental use exception of the patents is claimed. We can divide the experimental use exception into two classes. One is the narrowly-defined experimental use exception only for the curiosity, for testing the content of the patents. The use aims to find out how to improve the inventions. The broadly-defined experimental use exception that is applied in the medical industry. This kind of use does not improve the technology of the invention, but repeat the invention again without changing any content. Such kind of broadly-defined experimental use exception is created after Hatch and Waxman Act in 1984. The experimental use exception in the medical industry is described that if the result of the experience is for submitting the drug information for the FDA examination, it is claimed non-infringement of the patent and protected by “safe harbor” of 35 USC 271 (e)(1). The purpose is to practice the inventions of the patents earlier and save the cost of R&D through public use. Research tool patent are used for the purpose of research and experiment and improves the speed of the experiment. In the medical industry, the research tool patent may be the biological material or the method of screening the new drug. Because of the experimental characteristics, the non-patentee may claim the experimental use exception and cause persecutions to the patentee. This kind of experimental use exception is not fair to the patentee and damage patentee’s benefit, especially in the research tool patentee. The patentee will not be able to receive the royalty from the non-patentee who claims the experimental use exception. As a result, it would reduce the will of filing such kind of patents. Should the effect of the patent right grant the patentee a broader right to patentees to encourage the inventors to release new technology which benefits the social and scientific progress? Or it should offer a large range of the experimental use exempt for the research institutes to encourage the using in the experimental use exception? It is difficult to judge which direction is better than the other one. The court are taking the side of the range of experimental use exception, allowing the research tool patents in the pre-clinical tests or experiment for submitting to FDA. This thesis proposes that there should be more criteria other than FDA, such as the purpose and the practical condition of use. Only when the whole situation and justice are taken into consideration will there be a suitable explanation of the experimental use exception. This thesis offers some suggestions concerning the management and application of research patent tools for the patentee and the non-patentee. It also assert that regulations about the fair use, such as experimental use exception, non-profit private use, voluntary collective rights licensing with rational royalty, can be added to the patent law to urge the patents to be put into practice. The reasonable experimental use exception can encourage the inventors to release his invention and the R&D departments to improve the technology more aggressively, realizing social and industrial advancement through the patent applications.

No description available.