A teoria semiótica de linha francesa, em seu início, tinha como preocupação maior as questões do inteligível, quando Greimas propôs um percurso gerativo do sentido capaz de dar conta dos diversos sistemas de significação. Entretanto, com o passar do tempo, as questões da ordem do sensível e do afeto se colocaram como um desafio para os analistas e pediram espaço na teoria trazendo textos em que a narrativa não era central. Claude Zilberberg, em especial, é um dos autores que caminha na direção de propor a primazia do sensível em relação ao inteligível com os recursos do que veio a se chamar semiótica tensiva. Acompanhando o movimento feito tanto pela teoria quanto pela literatura, nossa dissertação tem como objeto um romance experimental, Catatau, de Paulo Leminski, que se apresenta como uma obra de difícil acesso devido à sua pouca linearidade narrativa. Nosso intuito é abordar a obra pelo viés da teoria tensiva tentando apontar caminhos possíveis de leitura a partir de estratégias e procedimentos recorrentes no texto. Assim como Zilberberg encontra no modelo saussuriano da silabação um sistema rítmico passível de ser expandido a todos os domínios semióticos, podemos encontrar em um romance como o Catatau células ou elementos que se repetem em determinados intervalos criando uma lei, uma orientação, enfim, um ritmo. É curioso notar, no entanto, que no caso da obra analisada, tal ritmo se mostra mais como um desorganizador da linguagem que como um organizador. Queremos com isso dizer que é a alternância da célula rítmica que provoca no leitor o efeito ininteligibilidade. Evidentemente que há diversos outros recursos, principalmente de nível discursivo, que também reforçam esse efeito, como mostramos ao longo do trabalho. Enxergamos então o romance de Leminski menos como uma narrativa diluída que como o produto de uma vivência, sendo que tal vivência só é possível por meio de um sujeito sensível, afetado pelo que está à sua volta. É nessa linha de abordagem que encontramos os meios para explicitar a construção do sentido do texto, objetivo por excelência da teoria semiótica / In its beginnings, the French semiotic theory had as its major concern the issues of the intelligible, when Greimas proposed a generative path of meaning capable to comprise many systems of meaning. In the course of time, though, the analysts were defied by issues related to sensibility and affection, which claimed for a place in theory, through texts in which narrative was not central. Claude Zilberberg, in particular, is one of the authors who defends the primacy of the sensibility over intelligibility through the features of which came to be called tensive semiotics. Following this movement both through theory and literature, this dissertation chooses as its subject an experimental novel, Paulo Leminskis Catatau, almost considered an unintelligible work due to its non-linear narrative patterns. We aim to approach this novel through the tensive semiotics theory, proposing some ways for its reading based on the texts iterant strategies and procedures. As Zilberberg finds in Saussures syllabic model a rhythmic system which can be expanded to all semiotic domains, we can find in a novel like Catatau cells or elements which repeat in certain intervals, creating a rule, an orientation, a rhythm at least. In Catatau, this rhythm seems much more to disorganize than to organize the language. It means that its the rhythmic cell interchange that leads the reader to that effect of unintelligibility. Of course that there are more features that reinforce this effect within the novel, as we show along our work. That means that we see Leminskis novel less as a diluted narrative and more as the offspring of some experience only made possible if built upon some persons sensibility, affected by his/her surroundings. On this specific approach we find our means to make explicit the building of the text meaning, which is considered the semiotic theory main goal.

A teoria semiótica de linha francesa, em seu início, tinha como preocupação maior as questões do inteligível, quando Greimas propôs um percurso gerativo do sentido capaz de dar conta dos diversos sistemas de significação. Entretanto, com o passar do tempo, as questões da ordem do sensível e do afeto se colocaram como um desafio para os analistas e pediram espaço na teoria trazendo textos em que a narrativa não era central. Claude Zilberberg, em especial, é um dos autores que caminha na direção de propor a primazia do sensível em relação ao inteligível com os recursos do que veio a se chamar semiótica tensiva. Acompanhando o movimento feito tanto pela teoria quanto pela literatura, nossa dissertação tem como objeto um romance experimental, Catatau, de Paulo Leminski, que se apresenta como uma obra de difícil acesso devido à sua pouca linearidade narrativa. Nosso intuito é abordar a obra pelo viés da teoria tensiva tentando apontar caminhos possíveis de leitura a partir de estratégias e procedimentos recorrentes no texto. Assim como Zilberberg encontra no modelo saussuriano da silabação um sistema rítmico passível de ser expandido a todos os domínios semióticos, podemos encontrar em um romance como o Catatau células ou elementos que se repetem em determinados intervalos criando uma lei, uma orientação, enfim, um ritmo. É curioso notar, no entanto, que no caso da obra analisada, tal ritmo se mostra mais como um desorganizador da linguagem que como um organizador. Queremos com isso dizer que é a alternância da célula rítmica que provoca no leitor o efeito ininteligibilidade. Evidentemente que há diversos outros recursos, principalmente de nível discursivo, que também reforçam esse efeito, como mostramos ao longo do trabalho. Enxergamos então o romance de Leminski menos como uma narrativa diluída que como o produto de uma vivência, sendo que tal vivência só é possível por meio de um sujeito sensível, afetado pelo que está à sua volta. É nessa linha de abordagem que encontramos os meios para explicitar a construção do sentido do texto, objetivo por excelência da teoria semiótica / In its beginnings, the French semiotic theory had as its major concern the issues of the intelligible, when Greimas proposed a generative path of meaning capable to comprise many systems of meaning. In the course of time, though, the analysts were defied by issues related to sensibility and affection, which claimed for a place in theory, through texts in which narrative was not central. Claude Zilberberg, in particular, is one of the authors who defends the primacy of the sensibility over intelligibility through the features of which came to be called tensive semiotics. Following this movement both through theory and literature, this dissertation chooses as its subject an experimental novel, Paulo Leminskis Catatau, almost considered an unintelligible work due to its non-linear narrative patterns. We aim to approach this novel through the tensive semiotics theory, proposing some ways for its reading based on the texts iterant strategies and procedures. As Zilberberg finds in Saussures syllabic model a rhythmic system which can be expanded to all semiotic domains, we can find in a novel like Catatau cells or elements which repeat in certain intervals, creating a rule, an orientation, a rhythm at least. In Catatau, this rhythm seems much more to disorganize than to organize the language. It means that its the rhythmic cell interchange that leads the reader to that effect of unintelligibility. Of course that there are more features that reinforce this effect within the novel, as we show along our work. That means that we see Leminskis novel less as a diluted narrative and more as the offspring of some experience only made possible if built upon some persons sensibility, affected by his/her surroundings. On this specific approach we find our means to make explicit the building of the text meaning, which is considered the semiotic theory main goal.

This thesis is concerned with the experimental prose by Aldo Palazzeschi: Allegoria di Novembre (1908 as Riflessi, 1926), Il Codice di Perelá (1911) and La Piramide (1914). At the beginning of the thesis the author gives an insight into the writers biography, then outlines the difficult situation of the individuality of modern man at the beginning of twentieth century. The thesis is mainly devoted to the analysis of specific Palazzeschi's works. Author has been looking for specific language and stylistic features. Author also observes evolution of the writer's creative process. In the center of her interest there are also the protagonists of the works and the evolution of their characters. In the final chapter the main features of analysed works are summarised.

This thesis examines the novels of Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt in order to question the extent to which contemporary British novelists are free to innovate with the forms of literary realism, forms that have a long and valued tradition in British literary production. Both authors, I argue, have reassessed the limits of the realist novel over the course of their careers, and the specific ways in which they engage with, or depart from, their literary inheritance are discussed. The introduction contextualises the literary climate out of which the two writers emerge. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was a commonplace of literary criticism to declare the “death of the English novel.” In the years following modernist experimentation, British novelists made a conscious return to the mimetic realism of the nineteenth century. Rather than the intellectual sterility that is often assumed to have dominated this period, I observe that there were in fact many writers who were continuing the innovations of the preceding generations, Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt amongst them. To view realism to be in need of renewal is first of all to view literary production in terms of an ontological-historical distinction of texts as types of objects. It may be also to neglect the ways in which literary history is always already in dialogue with the present. Both authors have made concerted efforts to refresh literary realism; however, they have proceeded in very different ways. Brooke-Rose has experimented with the content and the form of the novel in order to renew conventions she insists are fatigued or overworked. The novels she has published since 1964 depart radically from what would ordinarily be recognised as realist fictions as they make no attempt to disguise their own textuality. Byatt, on the other hand, has reassessed realism through the forms of realism itself. Through an engagement with literary history, she revisits realism to pursue what has always been of value within it. In so doing, she creates a developmental model of literary production in which literary debts are made visible in the work of the contemporary writer. Chapter One examines Thru, the literary experiment for which Brooke-Rose is most celebrated. My starting point is her claim, following Roland Barthes’s S/Z, that she is the author of writerly as opposed to readerly texts. I argue that to establish any such easy opposition is to neglect Barthes’s departure from the polemicism that had marked his earlier work. Rather than interrogating how well her texts are supported by her claim to be writerly, I turn the opposition around in order to examine precisely how Barthes’s readerly operates within Thru. Through a close reading both of the novel and of Barthes, I illustrate that many characteristics of literary realism that Brooke-Rose argues are exhausted, in particular characterisation and narration, are still operating in Thru. Chapter Two develops Brooke-Rose’s opposition of readerly and writerly in order to examine its consequence for her own experimental writing. Here I return to Thru to demonstrate the ways in which Barthes’s readerly and writerly operate as interdependent processes rather than as opposing terms. I then reconsider her earliest work, a period she has since disavowed. I argue that rather than a separation, there is a continuum between her earliest works and her later, more experimental, writing that has not been recognised by the author or her critics. In Chapter Three I turn my attention to Byatt’s insistence on a developmental model of literary production. Here I identify the role that evolutionary narratives play in her texts. Two of her works, Possession and “Morpho Eugenia” are set largely in 1859, a year in which a specific epistemological emergence was to reconsider genealogical relations. In this chapter I examine the writings she invents for her characters and argue that she takes metaphors from natural history in order, not only to show the close relationship between literature and natural history, but to provide her reader with a framework of literary-generational descent. Chapter Four examines more closely the ways in which Byatt converses with her literary predecessors. She offers a version of realism that has always been concerned with perception, and with the impossibility of translating that perception into verisimilar fiction. In this chapter I identify the role that art works play within two of Byatt’s earlier novels, The Virgin in the Garden and Still Life, as she finds in them the same metaphorical ambiguities that bind the language of the novelist to imprecision. I then examine the ways in which metaphor works in these novels to elude precise signification of meaning. Chapter Five returns to Byatt’s neo-Victorian texts, Possession and Angels and Insects, and examines the author’s ventriloquism of her Victorian characters, which includes Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam. Ventriloquism, I argue, is concerned with a remembrance of the literary dead within the present work and is thus an expression of mourning. However, to avoid melancholia the new text must also emphasise its difference from that which is being ventriloquised. I then discuss Byatt’s focus on nineteenth-century spiritualism, as it is through the trope of the séance that she reconsiders the afterlife of literary history itself. The final chapter examines the role of the critic. The mourning of Byatt’s fictionalised Tennyson is singular and overpowering. Chapter Six begins with a consideration of two of Possession’s critics, Mortimer Cropper and Leonora Stern, whose readings, I argue, are similar to Tennyson’s mourning in their inhospitality to other readings, other mournings of the literary text. I compare Cropper and Stern to Possession’s other critics, Roland Michell and Maud Bailey, whom Byatt places in the role of literary heir. Not only do Roland and Maud display an essential respect for the texts that they study, but also their reading is open to revision. The literary text, as Barthes argues, must always keep in reserve some essential meaning. Only through interpretive revision, Byatt implies, is the promise of this hopeful-yet-impossible revelation made to the reader.

This thesis examines the novels of Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt in order to question the extent to which contemporary British novelists are free to innovate with the forms of literary realism, forms that have a long and valued tradition in British literary production. Both authors, I argue, have reassessed the limits of the realist novel over the course of their careers, and the specific ways in which they engage with, or depart from, their literary inheritance are discussed. The introduction contextualises the literary climate out of which the two writers emerge. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was a commonplace of literary criticism to declare the “death of the English novel.” In the years following modernist experimentation, British novelists made a conscious return to the mimetic realism of the nineteenth century. Rather than the intellectual sterility that is often assumed to have dominated this period, I observe that there were in fact many writers who were continuing the innovations of the preceding generations, Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt amongst them. To view realism to be in need of renewal is first of all to view literary production in terms of an ontological-historical distinction of texts as types of objects. It may be also to neglect the ways in which literary history is always already in dialogue with the present. Both authors have made concerted efforts to refresh literary realism; however, they have proceeded in very different ways. Brooke-Rose has experimented with the content and the form of the novel in order to renew conventions she insists are fatigued or overworked. The novels she has published since 1964 depart radically from what would ordinarily be recognised as realist fictions as they make no attempt to disguise their own textuality. Byatt, on the other hand, has reassessed realism through the forms of realism itself. Through an engagement with literary history, she revisits realism to pursue what has always been of value within it. In so doing, she creates a developmental model of literary production in which literary debts are made visible in the work of the contemporary writer. Chapter One examines Thru, the literary experiment for which Brooke-Rose is most celebrated. My starting point is her claim, following Roland Barthes’s S/Z, that she is the author of writerly as opposed to readerly texts. I argue that to establish any such easy opposition is to neglect Barthes’s departure from the polemicism that had marked his earlier work. Rather than interrogating how well her texts are supported by her claim to be writerly, I turn the opposition around in order to examine precisely how Barthes’s readerly operates within Thru. Through a close reading both of the novel and of Barthes, I illustrate that many characteristics of literary realism that Brooke-Rose argues are exhausted, in particular characterisation and narration, are still operating in Thru. Chapter Two develops Brooke-Rose’s opposition of readerly and writerly in order to examine its consequence for her own experimental writing. Here I return to Thru to demonstrate the ways in which Barthes’s readerly and writerly operate as interdependent processes rather than as opposing terms. I then reconsider her earliest work, a period she has since disavowed. I argue that rather than a separation, there is a continuum between her earliest works and her later, more experimental, writing that has not been recognised by the author or her critics. In Chapter Three I turn my attention to Byatt’s insistence on a developmental model of literary production. Here I identify the role that evolutionary narratives play in her texts. Two of her works, Possession and “Morpho Eugenia” are set largely in 1859, a year in which a specific epistemological emergence was to reconsider genealogical relations. In this chapter I examine the writings she invents for her characters and argue that she takes metaphors from natural history in order, not only to show the close relationship between literature and natural history, but to provide her reader with a framework of literary-generational descent. Chapter Four examines more closely the ways in which Byatt converses with her literary predecessors. She offers a version of realism that has always been concerned with perception, and with the impossibility of translating that perception into verisimilar fiction. In this chapter I identify the role that art works play within two of Byatt’s earlier novels, The Virgin in the Garden and Still Life, as she finds in them the same metaphorical ambiguities that bind the language of the novelist to imprecision. I then examine the ways in which metaphor works in these novels to elude precise signification of meaning. Chapter Five returns to Byatt’s neo-Victorian texts, Possession and Angels and Insects, and examines the author’s ventriloquism of her Victorian characters, which includes Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam. Ventriloquism, I argue, is concerned with a remembrance of the literary dead within the present work and is thus an expression of mourning. However, to avoid melancholia the new text must also emphasise its difference from that which is being ventriloquised. I then discuss Byatt’s focus on nineteenth-century spiritualism, as it is through the trope of the séance that she reconsiders the afterlife of literary history itself. The final chapter examines the role of the critic. The mourning of Byatt’s fictionalised Tennyson is singular and overpowering. Chapter Six begins with a consideration of two of Possession’s critics, Mortimer Cropper and Leonora Stern, whose readings, I argue, are similar to Tennyson’s mourning in their inhospitality to other readings, other mournings of the literary text. I compare Cropper and Stern to Possession’s other critics, Roland Michell and Maud Bailey, whom Byatt places in the role of literary heir. Not only do Roland and Maud display an essential respect for the texts that they study, but also their reading is open to revision. The literary text, as Barthes argues, must always keep in reserve some essential meaning. Only through interpretive revision, Byatt implies, is the promise of this hopeful-yet-impossible revelation made to the reader.

Este trabalho procura ler o Naturalismo brasileiro como parte importante de um movimento internacional e analisa algumas das adequações estéticas, temáticas e de método pelo qual passou. Considera que, a partir do modelo de romance experimental proposto por Émile Zola, autores como Aluísio Azevedo, Júlio Ribeiro e Adolfo Caminha, entre outros, escreveram romances que transformaram em matéria literária o processo de modernização econômica conservadora do Brasil no final do século 19, construindo personagens e tramas que deixaram marcas mais profundas na literatura brasileira do que tradicionalmente é reconhecido. Romances como O cortiço, A carne e Bom-Crioulo tocaram em questões traumáticas para o país, como a escravidão e o controle da sexualidade dos indivíduos, numa sociedade que se aburguesava em vários sentidos, e significaram uma modernização nas letras e nas mentalidades do país. / This work attempts to read the Brazilian Naturalism as an important fact of this international movement and examines some of aesthetic, thematic and methodological adjustments it has been passed in Brazil. It considers that the model proposed by Emile Zola was adapted in Brazil by authors such as Aluisio Azevedo, Julio Ribeiro and Adolfo Caminha, among others. The novels written by these authors expressed the conservative economic modernization of Brazil in the late 19th century, building characters and plots that have left marks in the Brazilian literature that are deeper than is used to recognize. Novels like O cortiço, A carne e Bom-Crioulo touched on traumatic issues, such as slavery and sexuality of individuals, in a progressively bourgeois society, and meant an expressive modernization in Brazilian letters and mentalities.

Este trabalho procura ler o Naturalismo brasileiro como parte importante de um movimento internacional e analisa algumas das adequações estéticas, temáticas e de método pelo qual passou. Considera que, a partir do modelo de romance experimental proposto por Émile Zola, autores como Aluísio Azevedo, Júlio Ribeiro e Adolfo Caminha, entre outros, escreveram romances que transformaram em matéria literária o processo de modernização econômica conservadora do Brasil no final do século 19, construindo personagens e tramas que deixaram marcas mais profundas na literatura brasileira do que tradicionalmente é reconhecido. Romances como O cortiço, A carne e Bom-Crioulo tocaram em questões traumáticas para o país, como a escravidão e o controle da sexualidade dos indivíduos, numa sociedade que se aburguesava em vários sentidos, e significaram uma modernização nas letras e nas mentalidades do país. / This work attempts to read the Brazilian Naturalism as an important fact of this international movement and examines some of aesthetic, thematic and methodological adjustments it has been passed in Brazil. It considers that the model proposed by Emile Zola was adapted in Brazil by authors such as Aluisio Azevedo, Julio Ribeiro and Adolfo Caminha, among others. The novels written by these authors expressed the conservative economic modernization of Brazil in the late 19th century, building characters and plots that have left marks in the Brazilian literature that are deeper than is used to recognize. Novels like O cortiço, A carne e Bom-Crioulo touched on traumatic issues, such as slavery and sexuality of individuals, in a progressively bourgeois society, and meant an expressive modernization in Brazilian letters and mentalities.

«Expériences aberrantes» : Une lecture de la société dans les romans expérimentaux de la Grande-Bretagne et de la France entre 1945 et 1975, conteste l’idée d’un rôle secondaire du roman expérimental dans le contexte socio-culturel d'après-guerre. Ma thèse resitue le roman expérimental britannique et français de cette période dans un espace de correspondances critiques ce qui permet de remettre en cause un certain nombre d’affirmations qui perdurent à son sujet et de proposer une nouvelle approche critique de ce corpus.Je soutiens qu’un regard aveugle, ou appropriatif, tourné vers ces textes, les a dépouillés de leur reflet du social ; c’est ce qui m’a poussé à tenter de les restituer dans leur contexte d'origine. C’est dans ce but que, à quelques exceptions près, je relie le roman expérimental à ses principes originels, tel qu’ils furent exposés par Émile Zola dans Le Roman expérimental (1880), à savoir une « cellule blanche » au sein du « circulus social », qui recèle le potentiel de « guérir » la société de ses délires. C’est à cette fin que cette thèse vient imiter les procédés de la médecine expérimentale ; avec trois étapes, chacune constituant un stade du traitement expérimental d’une maladie sociale. De ce fait, la première partie aborde la perception de la maladie, où j’observe le reflet des relations sociales et de la présence culturelle dans le roman expérimental. Je présente aussi les symptômes de cette maladie, décrits comme des problématiques d'histoire, de la culture dominante, et de l’exercice même de la critique. La deuxième partie conduit cette étude à sa phase de diagnostic de la maladie qui est dressé à travers l’étude du contenu des romans expérimentaux. La troisième partie, enfin, tente d’étudier les outils expérimentaux employés afin de déconstruire ces délires ; donc de manifestement essayer de ‘guérir la société’ de la maladie décrite dans les parties précédentes. / “Aberrant experiments”: reading society in the novel experiments of Britain and France 1945-1975 contests the reduced position of the experimental novel in the post-war socio-cultural sphere. My thesis situates the experimental novel of the period in Britain and France in a space of critical connectivity that both challenges a number of prevailing critical orthodoxies, and potentially offers new avenues of critical attention within the subject. I also argue that the blind, or appropriative, eye turned to these texts has acted to disjoint them from their potential social reflections, and here try to reposition them within their native atmosphere; thus refind this ground. To such an end, I, with some exceptions, return the experimental novel to its original tenets as set out in 1880 by Émile Zola in Le Roman expérimental as a ‘white cell’ within the ‘social circulus’ that harbours the potential to ‘cure’ society of its ‘delusions’, and develop this schema further. As such, this thesis mimics the processes of experimental medicine; in which its three partitions deal each with a different stage of the experimental treatment of a social illness. In such, the first partition approaches the perception of sickness; where I observe depictions of social relation and cultural presence in the experimental novel, and the symptoms of illness there-in described as issues of history, dominant culture; and indeed the field of critique itself. Following this, the second partition brings the study into the phase of diagnosis of sickness; where the illness itself is diagnosed through a content study of the experimental novel. This then follows to the third and final partition, which attempts to view the experimental techniques employed in order to ‘break down’ these delusions; in essence attempt to indeed ‘cure society’ of the sickness described in the preceding partitions.