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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 106 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-106). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed February 28, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006.

The Coalition Structure Generation (CSG) problem requires finding an optimal partition of a set of n agents. An optimal partition means one that maximizes global welfare. Computing an optimal coalition structure is computationally hard especially when there are externalities, i.e., when the worth of a coalition is dependent on the organisation of agents outside the coalition. A number of algorithms were previously proposed to solve the CSG problem but most of these methods were designed for systems without externalities. Very little attention has been paid to finding optimal coalition structures in the presence of externalities, although externalities are a key feature of many real world multiagent systems. Moreover, the existing methods, being non-heuristic, have exponential time complexity which means that they are infeasible for any but systems comprised of a small number of agents. The aim of this research is to develop effective heuristic methods for finding optimal coalition structures in systems with externalities, where time taken to find a solution is more important than the quality of the solution. To this end, four different heuristics methods namely tabu search, simulated annealing, ant colony search and particle swarm optimisation are explored. In particular, neighbourhood operators were devised for the effective exploration of the search space and a compact representation method was formulated for storing details about the multiagent system. Using these, the heuristic methods were devised and their performance was evaluated extensively for a wide range of input data.

Après avoir rappelé les fondements théoriques de la notion de la tarification, et présenté les différentes méthodes d'évaluation des coûts externes, nous passons à l'apport original de cette thèse qui se décompose en trois parties. Dans un premier temps, on a procédé à l'évaluation physique et monétaire des différents coûts externes. Ces étapes constituent un préalable à une politique de tarification visant à internaliser les coûts externes. On a estimé les coûts marginaux externes de congestion, de pollution atmosphérique, de bruit et des accidents. On s'est intéressé à un cas particulier qu'est le transport des personnes en Ile-de-France. On suppose trois modes de transport (voiture, bus et rail) et deux périodes de déplacement (heures de pointe et heures creuses). Notre analyse se base sur l'évaluation monétaire des coûts marginaux de congestion, de pollution atmosphérique, de nuisance sonore et des accidents. Dans un deuxième temps, on a estimé un modèle logit multinomial pour déterminer le choix entre les différents modes de transport. Une fois le modèle estimé, on a étudié l'effet de la tarification au coût marginal sur le comportement des franciliens. On suppose deux scénarios: un scénario sans tarification et un scénario avec tarification. On calcule ainsi le partage modal des usagers et le bien-être qui en découle. Enfin, on a déterminé un lien de causalité entre le choix de mode et le choix de l'heure de déplacement. Pour se faire on a utilisé un sous-échantillon regroupant les déplacements en voiture particulière et en transport en commun pour les motifs non-professionnels. On a distingué entre deux catégories d'usagers les travailleurs et les non-travailleurs. On a estimé un modèle probit bivarié et on a pu déduire la structure de causalité la plus appropriée pour chaque catégories d'usagers. On a montré que les travailleurs choisissent en première étape l'heure ensuite ils choisissent le mode. En revanche, les non-travailleurs sont plus flexibles dans les choix horaires donc ils déterminent en première étape le mode ensuite ils choisissent l'heure de déplacement. / Externalies transport pricing

Ainda que a invenção do automóvel tenha gerado diversos benefícios para a sociedade, atualmente, podem ser identificadas várias externalidades negativas associadas ao seu consumo, como congestionamentos, poluição sonora, visual e atmosférica, e, geração de resíduos sólidos. No que se refere às emissões de gases poluentes, foco deste estudo, as repercussões são visivelmente imediatas na saúde da população, principalmente no aumento de problemas respiratórios. Assim, dado o crescente aumento da frota de veículos e o fato de, em 2014, 33,40% da frota nacional de autoveículos (automóveis, comerciais leves, caminhões e ônibus) e 21,44% das motocicletas estarem concentradas no estado de São Paulo, a presente pesquisa objetiva mensurar as emissões de gases poluentes de escapamento, por veículos automotores rodoviários nos 645 municípios paulistas, para o período de 2006 a 2015. A metodologia adotada neste estudo é a mesma utilizada pela CETESB e consiste numa abordagem do tipo bottom-up. Nessa abordagem, além da quantidade consumida de combustíveis, também no cálculo das estimativas empregam-se o fator de emissão segundo o tipo de veículo, de poluente e de combustível utilizado, a intensidade de uso ou quilometragem média percorrida anualmente por tipo de veículo e a quantidade da frota circulante, segundo sua idade e categoria de veículo. Os gases poluentes estimados foram os seguintes: monóxido de carbono (CO), hidrocarbonetos (HC), hidrocarbonetos não-metano (NMHC), metano (CH4), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOX), aldeídos totais - acetaldeído + formaldeído (RCHO), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e material particulado (MP). A análise destas estimativas foi do tipo descritiva, incluindo também a construção de mapas para melhor identificação das cidades mais emissoras. Na sequência, busca-se relacionar estas emissões com a saúde da população, via análise do número de internações hospitalares devido a problemas respiratórios. Ainda que as emissões estejam concentradas na região conhecida como macrometrópole paulista, três municípios não pertencentes a ela apresentaram altas emissões, dependendo do tipo de gás considerado, a saber, São José do Rio Preto, Bauru e Franca. Tanto na cidade de São Paulo, maior emissora de gases poluentes do estado, como nas demais, ainda se observa uma contribuição expressiva dos veículos com mais de 20 anos para as emissões veiculares totais de monóxido de carbono. Assim, pode-se concluir que uma política de renovação da frota pode reduzir substancialmente tais emissões. Na cidade de São Paulo, em 2015, estes veículos foram responsáveis por 41,5% das emissões de CO, mesmo representando tão somente 6,96% do total da frota de veículos. A partir da vasta e detalhada fonte de dados gerada nesta pesquisa outros estudos podem ser realizados ensejando a implementação de políticas referentes à mobilidade urbana. No que se refere à relação destas emissões com a saúde da população, observando os dados de internações hospitalares por problemas respiratórios nos municípios paulistas, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação direta. O uso de outros métodos para aprofundar o exame dessa questão é particularmente recomendável tendo em vista que diversos outros fatores podem influenciar essas internações, tais como emissões de outras fontes que não as veiculares, clima, assistência médica preventiva, entre outros. / Although the invention of the automobile has generated several benefits for society, several negative externalities associated with its consumption, such as congestion, noise, visual and atmospheric pollution, and solid waste generation can be identified. Regarding the emission of pollutant gases, which consists on the focus of this study, its consequences are immediately noticeable in the health of the population, mainly the increase of respiratory problems. Thus, given the growing fleet of vehicles, and that 33.40% of the national fleet of motor vehicles (automobiles, light commercial vehicles, trucks and buses) and 21.44% of the motorcycles were concentrated in São Paulo state, in 2014, this research aims to measure emissions of pollutant gases by road vehicles, for the 645 municipalities of this state, between 2006 and 2015. The methodology applied is the same used by CETESB and consists of a bottom-up approach. In addition to the volume of fuel consumed, we also consider the emission factor according to the vehicle category, the pollutant emitted and the type of fuel consumed, the intensity of use or average mileage traveled by each vehicle category and the total active fleet, categorized by its age and type of vehicle. The gaseous pollutants estimated were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOX), total aldehydes - acetaldehyde + formaldehyde (RCHO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM). We conducted a descriptive analysis of these estimates, also including the construction of maps for better identification of the major emitting cities. The aim is to relate these emissions to the population´s health, by analyzing the number of hospital admissions due to respiratory problems. Although emissions are concentrated in the region known as São Paulo metropolitan area, three outside municipalities also presented high emissions for some of the examined gases, namely São José do Rio Preto, Bauru and Franca. In São Paulo city, the largest emitter in the state, as in those cities just listed, an expressive contribution of vehicles older than 20 years was found in the total vehicular emissions of carbon monoxide. Therefore we conclude that a policy of fleet´s renewal can substantially reduce such emissions. In the city of São Paulo, in 2015, these vehicles accounted for 41.5% of CO emissions, although they represent only 6.96% of the total fleet of vehicles. In addition, the vast and detailed data source generated by this research allows carrying out other studies focusing on the implementation of policies related to urban mobility. Regarding the relation between emissions and the population health, we could not establish a direct causality only by examining the data of hospitalizations due to respiratory problems in the São Paulo´s municipalities. The use of other methods to deepen the analysis is particularly advisable for this issue in view of the fact that several other factors can influence hospitalizations for respiratory problems, such as emissions from other sources than vehicles, weather, and preventive medical care, among others.