Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur skollagen och Skolverkets allmänna råd för dokumentation av extra anpassningar skulle kunna vara en utmaning för grundskollärare. För studien användes intervju som metod med både brett valda och styrt valda deltagande lärare i Uppsala län och i Stockholms län. I intervjuerna var fokus att ta reda på lärarens tolkning, vilket specialpedagogiskt perspektiv läraren använde sig av och vilka omkringliggande faktorer som påverkade informantens arbete. I analysen av studien upptäcktes det att också inkludering var av vikt för vår studie eftersom det visade sig vara centralt i lärarens dagliga arbete. Analysen av intervjuerna visade att samtliga lärare såg skollagen och Skolverkets allmänna råd för dokumentation av extra anpassning som en utmaning. Det som skiljer är att några av lärarna såg det som en negativ utmaning medan andra såg det som en positiv. Synsätten har efter analys visat sig kunna kopplas samman med lärarens tolkning, egna inställning, erfarenheter samt organisatoriska faktorer.

Sociólogo / Conocer en qué medida los puntajes obtenidos por los docentes en la evaluación que realizan los estudiantes en la Universidad de Chile se encuentran asociados al género del alumno y del profesor y determinar en qué medida estos sesgos varían a lo largo de los distintos niveles de estudio.En resumen, a los hombres se les evalúa mejor en los ítems más disciplinarios, mientras que las mujeres son mejor evaluadas en los ítems referentes a responsabilidad, pero también en aquellos que tienen que ver con disposición a enseñar y empatía

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6988_1.pdf: 860415 bytes, checksum: 66b55f23b26388d1ac3fc7bac593fa0b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / As regras atuais do setor elétrico nacional, que prima pela prestação de serviços com qualidade, tem levado as empresas desse tipo de atividade a buscarem alternativas para se adequar a nova realidade. Caso contrário, às agências reguladoras tem imposto severas multas, no caso de falhas em equipamentos. A manutenção sempre teve como objetivo alcançar a melhoria no fornecimento de energia, porém com a visão de preservar os equipamentos e sistemas, garantindo assim a continuidade na prestação dos serviços. A Companhia Hidro Elétrica do São Francisco – CHESF, responsável pela geração e transmissão de energia elétrica no Nordeste do Brasil, possui uma estrutura sedimentada de engenharia de manutenção para equipamentos, com uma preocupação constante quanto a sua otimização, visando sempre a confiabilidade e a extensão da vida útil destes. No modelo atual praticado pelas equipes de manutenção, as atividades são normalmente desenvolvidas de forma sistêmica, em função do tempo ou forma de uso, e sempre há a necessidade de indispor os equipamentos para atender aos programas que via de regras são extensos, indo de encontro, antagônico, com o que se deseja em termos de aumentar a disponibilidade. Portanto, faz-se necessário a otimização das políticas de manutenção, incorporando níveis de atividades em função da condição do equipamento, baseado no seu estado de operação, e reduzindo níveis de atividades por tempo de uso. Para atender esta nova filosofia de manutenção, podemos fazer uso do desenvolvimento da informática, e adaptando os equipamentos com a instalação de sensores, de forma que através de algoritmos e a reprodução inicial da assinatura operacional de cada sistema, possibilite formar diagnósticos, que auxiliem ao homem no momento da tomada de decisões. Para tal, foi realizado levantamento nos disjuntores da CHESF, por grupos similares e níveis de tensão, identificando e estratificando os modos de falhas por sistemas, dando condições de propor com segurança os parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, visando a identificação das falhas incipientes, possibilitando intervir apenas quando for necessário e nos componentes que realmente for preciso, subsidiando a otimização das políticas de engenharia de manutenção da empresa. Assim sendo, estamos escrevendo esta dissertação de mestrado sobre o uso de monitoramento e diagnóstico de estado de disjuntores de alta e extra alta tensão como técnica de manutenção preditiva, que esperamos contribuir com o grupo de manutenção da empresa na definição de novas políticas de manutenção

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika typer av extra anpassningar som erfarna högstadielärare använder för elever i matematiksvårigheter. Studiens frågeställningar är: Vilken uppfattning har högstadielärare i matematik om extra anpassningar? Vilka extra anpassningar använder högstadielärare i matematikundervisningen? Hur stödjer de valda extra anpassningarna eleverna i matematiksvårigheter? Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats, som omfattas av en semistrukturerad och personlig intervju med två matematiklärare, samt lektionsobservationer. Lärarna i studien har arbetat i minst tjugo år som matematiklärare och har samarbetat de senaste sjutton åren, på samma skola. Resultat: Resultatet har visat att begreppet extra anpassningar inte har tolkas enligt Skolverkets rekommendationer och även att en del arbete, som anses vara särskilt stöd, används och dokumenteras på samma sätt som extra anpassningar. Trots missuppfattningarna kring begreppet, har resultatet visat att lärarna gör många extra anpassningar  som har  positiva effekter för elevers utveckling och lärande. Slutsatser: Arbetet med extra anpassningar upplevs inte som tidsbesparing för lärare, som det var tänkt när det introducerades år 2014. Lärarna upplever tidsbrist och på grund av det, hinner de inte att bland annat hålla sig uppdaterade vid förändringar och nyheter. Oftast är lärarna tvungna att blint följa lokala regler, som kan vara felaktiga och  missgynna både lärare och elever. Studiens huvudslutsats är att lärarnas kompetens och intresse för den enskilda elevens utveckling är skolans viktigaste framgångsfaktor.

Neighborhood social disorganization has been found to be related to crime and deviance. In explaining this relationship, most have focused on specific factors of informal social control and collective efficacy. Using data from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (n = 12,800), the relationship between social disorganization and delinquent outcomes was examined by looking at extra-curricular activities as intervening mechanisms with logistic regression in SPSS. While the effect of social disorganization on delinquency remained significant, results indicated some evidence of mediation when accounting for extra-curricular activity measures predicting binge drinking. Specifically, the coefficient for social disorganization was reduced and significant at a lower threshold once extra-curricular activity measures were added in the models. Also, findings indicated different patterns of relationships found among the various extra-curricular activity categories concerning delinquent outcomes. Unlike other types of extracurricular activities, increased involvement in athletic activities was related to increased participation in delinquency.

<p>It is an intriguing possibility that our world may consist of more than three spatial dimensions, compactified on such a small scale that they so far have escaped detection. In this thesis, a particular realization of this idea -- the scenario of so-called 'universal extra dimensions' (UED) -- is studied in some detail, with a focus on cosmological consequences and appplications.</p><p>The first part investigates whether the size of homogeneous extra dimensions can be stabilized on cosmological time scales. This is necessary in order not to violate the stringent observational bounds on a possible variation of the fundamental constants of nature.</p><p>An important aspect of the UED model is that it can provide a natural explanation for the mysterious dark matter, which contributes nearly thirty times as much as luminous matter like stars, galaxies etc. to the total energy content of the universe. In the second part of this thesis, the observational prospects for such a dark matter candidate are examined. In particular, it is shown how dark matter annihilations taking place in the Milky Way could give rise to exotic contributions to the cosmic ray spectrum in photons and antiprotons, leading to distinct experimental signatures to look for.</p><p>This includes a comparison with similar effects from other dark matter candidates, most notably the neutralino, which appears in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model of particle physics.</p>

No description available.

In this thesis we present work done in an analysis of models of brane induced gravity. These are higher dimensional generalizations of Einstein's General relativity where our universe is considered as a brane in a higher dimensional bulk and where the gravitational dynamics on the brane is enhanced. This provides a modification of gravity on the brane as compared to ordinary general relativity, primarily at very large distances. These models are therefore very interesting for adressing the cosmological constant problem. Even though the basic setup is natural to consider from the perspective of effective field theory and also follow from certain string theoretical considerations, the models have been plagued by inconsistencies in the form of unstable modes. In particular, a ghostlike and tachyonic scalar mode appears already at the linear level in a perturbative treatment. In order to gain a deeper insight into the nature of these consistency problems we have revisited the models, performing a more extensive analysis of the generic models than has previously been done. We have worked entirely in a gauge invariant formalism in order not to be obscured by gauge issues. We have also incorporated an effective thickness of the brane in our analysis and performed an explicit analysis of the effect of contributions from the extrinsic geometry. Although our analysis has been carried out at the linear level in a perturbative treatment we are able to get a deeper understanding of the unstable mode and illuminate some of the difficulties of these models that would likely persist even in a full nonlinear analysis.

It is an intriguing possibility that our world may consist of more than three spatial dimensions, compactified on such a small scale that they so far have escaped detection. In this thesis, a particular realization of this idea -- the scenario of so-called 'universal extra dimensions' (UED) -- is studied in some detail, with a focus on cosmological consequences and appplications. The first part investigates whether the size of homogeneous extra dimensions can be stabilized on cosmological time scales. This is necessary in order not to violate the stringent observational bounds on a possible variation of the fundamental constants of nature. An important aspect of the UED model is that it can provide a natural explanation for the mysterious dark matter, which contributes nearly thirty times as much as luminous matter like stars, galaxies etc. to the total energy content of the universe. In the second part of this thesis, the observational prospects for such a dark matter candidate are examined. In particular, it is shown how dark matter annihilations taking place in the Milky Way could give rise to exotic contributions to the cosmic ray spectrum in photons and antiprotons, leading to distinct experimental signatures to look for. This includes a comparison with similar effects from other dark matter candidates, most notably the neutralino, which appears in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model of particle physics.

1 augusti 2011 upphävdes Arbetsmiljöverkets dispens för uttag av extra mertid och extra övertid. Istället är det nu upp till arbetsgivaren att bedöma ifall det finns särskilda skäl för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid samt att bedöma att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt. Skyddsombuden får nu som ett led i regleringen möjlighet att göra framställningar till arbetsgivaren om det behövs för att säkerställa att arbetstidslagen följs. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på vilka omständigheter och situationer, som krävs för att en arbetsgivare ska kunna ta ut extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen beskriver den gällande rätten för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Syftet har också varit att redogöra för hur skyddsombudens befogenheter har påverkats av de nya reglerna kring uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen har baserats på en rättsdogmatisk metod, vilket innebär att den har haft sin utgångspunkt utifrån olika befintliga rättskällor. Uppsatsen har varit avgränsad till att endast beröra den ändring som skett i arbetstidslagen och berör inte nödfallsövertid, studerande skyddsombud eller elevskyddsombud. Slutsatser som har dragits är att särskilda skäl för att göra uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid, kan vara tillfälliga arbetsanhopningar som varit omöjliga att förutse, oförutsedda sjukdomsfall eller förlust av spetskompetens som inte gått att ersätta omedelbart. Bedömningen att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt, ska göras i varje enskilt fall. Arbetsgivaren ska se över möjligheter som att rekrytera personal, hyra in personal eller utföra organisatoriska åtgärder för att lösa situationen. Skyddsombuden har sedan tidigare möjlighet att kontrollera arbetstidsfrågor, men endast rätt att agera, då det innebär en risk ur ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv. Nu har det rätt att agera vid minsta övertramp av extra övertid och extra mertid samt möjlighet att begära att arbetsgivaren ska vidta åtgärder.  Ändringen i arbetstidslagen ger skyddsombuden en begränsad rätt att agera, eftersom regeln kan avtalas bort genom kollektivavtal. Den nya regleringen i arbetstidslagen innebär en mindre ökning av skyddsombudens befogenheter. / On August 1, 2011 the Swedish Work Environment Authority repealed their exemption for the take out of extra overtime and extra additional time. It is now up to the employer to determine if there are special reasons for the employee to take out extra overtime and extra additional time and to decide whether the situation has not been able to be solved in any other reasonable way. Currently the safety representatives of the company get the possibility to make suggestions to the employer if needed, to ensure that the Act regulating the working time is enforced. The main purpose of this paper was to determine the circumstances and situations that require an employer to be able to charge extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper describes the established law for the collection of extra overtime and extra additional time. The purpose has also been to explain how the safety representatives’ authority has been affected by the new regulations around the extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper is based on the law of dogmatic approach, which means that it is based on various existing sources of law. The paper has been limited to only concern the change that has occurred in the Act regulating the working time and shall not affect emergency overtime and student safety representatives. The conclusions that has been drawn, is that the special reasons for taking out extra overtime and extra additional time, may be temporary situations of higher workload that were impossible to predict, unforeseen illness or loss of front edge competence that is not possible to replace immediately. In each specific case, an assessment shall been made, to determine that the situation hasn’t been able to be resolved in any other reasonable way. The employer shall review the possibility of recruiting new employees, hire employees from a temporary work agency or implementing organizational arrangements to resolve the situation. The safety representatives already have the authority to control issues regarding working time, but only the authority to act when the working time has developed in to a working environment problem. Now they have the right to act at the slightest infractions of extra overtime and extra additional overtime and the possibility to ask the employer to take action. The amendment to the Act, regulating the working time, provides the safety representatives with a limited right to act, because the rules can be negotiated through collective labor agreements. The new regulations in the Act, regulating the working time, results in a small increase of the safety representatives’ authority.