No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Working time is a constantly discussed topic. In Sweden working time is largely controlled by collective agreements. About 90% of all workers are covered by a collective agreement. For those who are parts of a collective agreement, it is important to consider the regulations in both the Swedish Arbetstidslagen (ATL) and the Working Time Directive (the Directive) when making a collective agreement. The purpose of this thesis is to examine various aspects of working time regulation in the form of directives, law and collective agreements. The thesis intends to contribute to knowledge of how the regulations regarding working hours in Sweden meet the requirements of the Directive by the EU. Further, the purpose is to examine how deviations from ATL can be regulated by collective agreements. The legal dogmatic method has been used in combination with an EU legal method. Directive, law, preparatory acts, case law, doctrine and literature were studied to investigate the legal situation. Collective agreements have been used as a source of law as well as empirical material. When studying implementation of the Directive to Swedish law, certain contradictions can be identified. The Swedish model collides with the Directive and the Swedish legislators as well as the Labour court choose to safeguard the Swedish model. Another contradiction is the purpose of the directive, protection of worker's health and safety, it is important and the Court of Justice of EU returns to it in many cases. A counterpart is lacking in ATL, instead, a connection is made to AML. Furthermore, the definition of working time is an issue where differences can be noticed between the Directive and Swedish law. Interpretations of the Court of Justice of EU and ATL defines different interpretations of call time and a new case may affect the travel time. The Court of Justice of EU calls the member countries to have equivalent definitions of working time and it should originate from the Directive. Regarding deviations through collective agreements the study shows that there are difficulties to interpret 3 § ATL, which is giving contradictory instructions regarding deviations. The paragraph and the EU-lock puts a great responsibility on the parties of the labour market to be familiar with both the Swedish law and the Directive. Some regulations are better for workers in ATL than the Directive at first glance, but this can be settled by collective agreements. Practice shows that there may be errors in the preparation of collective agreements.

1 augusti 2011 upphävdes Arbetsmiljöverkets dispens för uttag av extra mertid och extra övertid. Istället är det nu upp till arbetsgivaren att bedöma ifall det finns särskilda skäl för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid samt att bedöma att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt. Skyddsombuden får nu som ett led i regleringen möjlighet att göra framställningar till arbetsgivaren om det behövs för att säkerställa att arbetstidslagen följs. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på vilka omständigheter och situationer, som krävs för att en arbetsgivare ska kunna ta ut extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen beskriver den gällande rätten för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Syftet har också varit att redogöra för hur skyddsombudens befogenheter har påverkats av de nya reglerna kring uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen har baserats på en rättsdogmatisk metod, vilket innebär att den har haft sin utgångspunkt utifrån olika befintliga rättskällor. Uppsatsen har varit avgränsad till att endast beröra den ändring som skett i arbetstidslagen och berör inte nödfallsövertid, studerande skyddsombud eller elevskyddsombud. Slutsatser som har dragits är att särskilda skäl för att göra uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid, kan vara tillfälliga arbetsanhopningar som varit omöjliga att förutse, oförutsedda sjukdomsfall eller förlust av spetskompetens som inte gått att ersätta omedelbart. Bedömningen att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt, ska göras i varje enskilt fall. Arbetsgivaren ska se över möjligheter som att rekrytera personal, hyra in personal eller utföra organisatoriska åtgärder för att lösa situationen. Skyddsombuden har sedan tidigare möjlighet att kontrollera arbetstidsfrågor, men endast rätt att agera, då det innebär en risk ur ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv. Nu har det rätt att agera vid minsta övertramp av extra övertid och extra mertid samt möjlighet att begära att arbetsgivaren ska vidta åtgärder.  Ändringen i arbetstidslagen ger skyddsombuden en begränsad rätt att agera, eftersom regeln kan avtalas bort genom kollektivavtal. Den nya regleringen i arbetstidslagen innebär en mindre ökning av skyddsombudens befogenheter. / On August 1, 2011 the Swedish Work Environment Authority repealed their exemption for the take out of extra overtime and extra additional time. It is now up to the employer to determine if there are special reasons for the employee to take out extra overtime and extra additional time and to decide whether the situation has not been able to be solved in any other reasonable way. Currently the safety representatives of the company get the possibility to make suggestions to the employer if needed, to ensure that the Act regulating the working time is enforced. The main purpose of this paper was to determine the circumstances and situations that require an employer to be able to charge extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper describes the established law for the collection of extra overtime and extra additional time. The purpose has also been to explain how the safety representatives’ authority has been affected by the new regulations around the extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper is based on the law of dogmatic approach, which means that it is based on various existing sources of law. The paper has been limited to only concern the change that has occurred in the Act regulating the working time and shall not affect emergency overtime and student safety representatives. The conclusions that has been drawn, is that the special reasons for taking out extra overtime and extra additional time, may be temporary situations of higher workload that were impossible to predict, unforeseen illness or loss of front edge competence that is not possible to replace immediately. In each specific case, an assessment shall been made, to determine that the situation hasn’t been able to be resolved in any other reasonable way. The employer shall review the possibility of recruiting new employees, hire employees from a temporary work agency or implementing organizational arrangements to resolve the situation. The safety representatives already have the authority to control issues regarding working time, but only the authority to act when the working time has developed in to a working environment problem. Now they have the right to act at the slightest infractions of extra overtime and extra additional overtime and the possibility to ask the employer to take action. The amendment to the Act, regulating the working time, provides the safety representatives with a limited right to act, because the rules can be negotiated through collective labor agreements. The new regulations in the Act, regulating the working time, results in a small increase of the safety representatives’ authority.

Bakgrund: I takt med att tiden på arbetsplatsen tycks fortsätta öka, blir det allt mindre tid över för familj och fritid. Den primära anledningen till att en person upplever obalans är att en sfär är för dominerande, vilket ger för lite tid till den andra sfären. Work-life balance är ett återkommande fenomen i dagens samhälle med tanke på att fler individer väljer att satsa på både karriärlivet och familjelivet. Fenomenet är värt att uppmärksamma eftersom de syftar till individens möjlighet att balansera de olika delarna.  Syfte: Studien syftar till att förstå hur kvinnliga tjänstemän inom den offentliga sektorn definierar balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv men även hur de upplever balansen. Det är även av sin vikt att förstå och förklara hur och varför de kvinnliga tjänstemännens upplevelser av balans eller obalans påverkas av ett gränslöst arbete.   Metod: Genom en kvalitativ forskning i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer kan studien analysera faktorer som är avgörande för att kvinnliga tjänstemän ska känna en balans mellan sitt arbetsliv och privatliv.  Resultat och slutsats: Upplevelsen av att ha en balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv beror till stor del på de individuella förutsättningarna. Majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattar en bra balans som flexibla arbetsvillkor, förmåga att planera sin tid och bestämma var de arbetar. Andra anser att rollkonflikter mellan sfärerna är avgörande för att uppnå balans mellan arbete och privatliv. Nyckelord: Work-life balance, kvinnliga tjänstemän, stress, krav, kontroll, stöd, flexibilitet, tillgänglighet, tjänstemannens roll, arbetstidslagen, gränslöst arbete. / Background: As time at the workplace seems to continue to increase, there is less and less time left for family and leisure time. The primary reason a person experiences imbalance is that one sphere is too dominant, leaving too little time for the other sphere. Work-life balance is a recurring phenomenon in today's society given that more individuals choose to focus on both career life and family life. The phenomenon is worth paying attention to because it aims at the individual's ability to balance the various parts. Purpose: The study aims to understand how female civil servants in the public sector define balance between work and private life, but also how they experience the balance. It is also important to understand and explain how and why the female civil servants' experiences of balance or imbalance are affected by limitless work. Method: Through qualitative research in the form of semi-structured interviews, the study can analyze factors that are crucial for female civil servants to feel a balance between their work life and private life. Results and conclusion: The experience of having a balance between work and private life largely depends on the individual circumstances. The majority of respondents perceive a good balance as flexible working conditions, ability to plan their time and decide where they work. Others believe that role conflicts between the spheres are crucial to achieving work-life balance. Keywords: Work-life balance, female civil servants, stress, demands, control, support, flexibility, availability, the role of the civil servant, working hours law, borderless work.