Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ranks extremely low in terms of development indicators even by regional standards. Poverty in the country is exacerbated by the DRC's long-embedded culture of political rent-seeking and corruption, which has historically shaped the government's involvement in the mining sector. By the 1990s, the government's mismanagement of the industrial mining sector led to its decreased productivity and near decline. At the same time, the artisanal mining sector has expanded, and now employs a large amount of the country’s poor. However, many issues remain related to the legal structure governing the artisanal mining sector and opportunities for artisanal miners to sell their products. This thesis explores the potential for transforming mining practices and market structures in the DRC to better promote development and poverty alleviation.

Hydrochloric acid leaching of saprolite nickel ores has been proposed as an effective means of recovering nickel and cobalt. However, the leach produces a concentrated brine of magnesium chloride which must be hydrolyzed to recover the HCl lixiviant. The processing of carnallite similarly produces a concentrated MgCl2 brine; converting this brine into HCl and MgO provides an attractive way of adding value while effectively disposing of this waste product. Direct pyrohydrolysis of magnesium chloride brines by the reaction, MgCl2,a + H2Oa  MgOs + 2HClg is energy-intensive as large volumes of water must be evaporated. The energy cost is high, and the HCl stream produced is limited to approximately 20 wt% HCl. This thesis explores alternative methods of obtaining HCl from aqueous magnesium chloride solutions. Two methods are considered: the hydrolysis, under autogenous pressure, of concentrated MgCl2 molten salt hydrates; and the precipitation of magnesium hydroxychloride compounds such as 2MgO·MgCl2·6H2O and 3MgO·MgCl2·11H2O, which are subsequently decomposed at high temperature. Considerable experimental difficulties were encountered in studying pressure hydrolysis of molten salt hydrates, despite extensive equipment modifications. Ultimately, the work moved on to precipitation and decomposition of hydroxychlorides. This was found to bear promise, and conceptual flowsheets based on these reactions are presented. A phase stability diagram giving the areas of predominance of the different hydroxychloride phases is presented, and fundamental thermochemical data are derived. The results of a kinetic study on magnesium hydroxychloride thermal decomposition are also presented. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mining Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-03-11 10:14:53.455

A software Bug report contains information about the bug in the form of problem description and comments using natural language texts. Managing reported bugs is a significant challenge for a project manager when the number of bugs for a software project is large. Prior to the assignment of a newly reported bug to an appropriate developer, the triager (e.g., manager) attempts to categorize it into existing categories and looks for duplicate bugs. The goal is to reuse existing knowledge to fix or resolve the new bug, and she often spends a lot of time in reading a number of bug reports. When fixing or resolving a bug, a developer also consults with a series of relevant bug reports from the repository in order to maximize the knowledge required for the fixation. It is also preferable that developers new to a project first familiarize themselves with the project along with the reported bugs before actually working on the project. Because of the sheer numbers and size of the bug reports, manually analyzing a collection of bug reports is time-consuming and ineffective. One of the ways to mitigate the problem is to analyze summaries of the bug reports instead of analyzing full bug reports, and there have been a number of summarization techniques proposed in the literature. Most of these techniques generate extractive summaries of bug reports. However, it is not clear how useful those generated extractive summaries are, in particular when the developers do not have prior knowledge of the bug reports. In order to better understand the usefulness of the bug report summaries, in this thesis, we first reimplement a state of the art unsupervised summarization technique and evaluate it with a user study with nine participants. Although in our study, 70% of the time participants marked our developed summaries as a reliable means of comprehending the software bugs, the study also reports a practical problem with extractive summaries. An extractive summary is often created by choosing a certain number of statements from the bug report. The statements are extracted out of their contexts, and thus often lose their consistency, which makes it hard for a manager or a developer to comprehend the reported bug from the extractive summary. Based on the findings from the user study and in order to further assist the managers as well as the developers, we thus propose an interactive visualization for the bug reports that visualizes not only the extractive summaries but also the topic evolution of the bug reports. Topic evolution refers to the evolution of technical topics discussed in the bug reports of a software system over a certain time period. Our visualization technique interactively visualizes such information which can help in different project management activities. Our proposed visualization also highlights the summary statements within their contexts in the original report for easier comprehension of the reported bug. In order to validate the applicability of our proposed visualization technique, we implement the technique as a standalone tool, and conduct both a case study with 3914 bug reports and a user study with six participants. The experiments in the case study show that our topic analysis can reveal useful keywords or other insightful information about the bug reports for aiding the managers or triagers in different management activities. The findings from the user study also show that our proposed visualization technique is highly promising for easier comprehension of the bug reports.

Chapter 1: Intrafamily Bargaining and Love Popular culture and common wisdom testify that the way partners in a relationship feel for one another very much depends on how they treat each other. This paper posits the hypothesis that altruism or love in a relationship is endogenous to the actions of the partners and studies how this influences allocations and efficiency in a bargaining model of household decision-making. The main results are that agents treat their partner in a kinder way than without endogenously evolving love, this leads to more equitable allocations in household decision making and greater intertemporal efficiency. There are two mechanisms at work: agents treat their partner nicely to avoid retribution by a less loving partner in the future; and they treat the partner nicely so that the kind reciprocal behavior raises their own love towards the partner, which lets them enjoy higher utility. As to love, two interpretations emerge: love is a commitment device by which couples can implement Pareto superior allocations; and love is an investment good in the sense that costly nice behavior towards the partner today may ensure higher levels of trust and efficiency in the future. Chapter 2: Perception of Technology and Technological Progress under Extractive Institutions This paper explores the impact of different perceptions of the nature of technology - whether it may grow in an arithmetic or geometric fashion - on the choices of an elite that lives on extracting resources from the productive populace. We show that slow potential growth destroys the credibility of inclusive institutions that the elite may consider in order to foster growth whereas these can and will be implemented if populace and elite believe in fast growth. Belief in the potential of technological growth leads to growth-friendly policies under both extractive and inclusive institutions and, as history progresses, the true nature of technology reveals itself and this belief spreads. Chapter 3: A critical literature review of the Property Rights Theory of the Firm and the communication of Unprotected Information Assets This paper reviews the literature centred on the question of what kind of settings facilitate the transmission of unverifiable pieces of information that re- side with an agent whose incentives are not well aligned with an agent for whom this piece of information is useful. The question is framed within the Property Rights Theory of the Firm and its answers make extensive use of the modelling device of Cheap Talk. The main findings are that communication leads to costly distortions and the efforts to decrease bias and information loss may trigger major revisions to the structure of incentive systems and the allocation of decision-rights. The paper argues that the literature has so far failed to properly examine the question of property rights of information and is therefore focused on niche applications.

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Ela deve vir após a folha de rosto. on 2018-02-15T10:02:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by Yume Kikuda Silveira null (yu_silveira@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-15T11:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação YUME KIKUDA SILVEIRA.pdf: 13924824 bytes, checksum: 2cd93ae31eae86cda2d2995e594fddc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-02-15T12:22:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_yk_me_rcla.pdf: 13890142 bytes, checksum: b306db19ebb0ea7fd338c0bec7d84b6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T12:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_yk_me_rcla.pdf: 13890142 bytes, checksum: b306db19ebb0ea7fd338c0bec7d84b6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a comunidade quilombola Mandira, que se localiza no Vale do Ribeira, na zona rural do município de Cananéia, litoral sul de São Paulo. Com o intuito de conhecer, compreender e interpretar as transformações e mudanças que estão em processo na comunidade, decorrentes do reconhecimento oficial da Terra de Quilombo e da criação da Reserva Extrativista, ambas no ano de 2002, a partir das experiências e percepções dos moradores de Mandira. Essa pesquisa visa colaborar com o debate sobre populações quilombolas e a sua relação com o território. Além de contextualizar a formação e a transformação dos quilombos brasileiros, e contribuir para a valorização da identidade cultural quilombola dessa importante comunidade. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram necessários levantamentos bibliográficos para aprofundamento na temática, levantamento de dados secundários no IBGE, ISA, ITESP entre outros. A realização dos trabalhos de campo foi fundamental para a efetivação da pesquisa, o primeiro trabalho de campo realizado em 2014, foi possível conhecer a comunidade e ver que seria possível a realização desta pesquisa. Já o segundo trabalho de campo, realizado em 2015, foram realizadas seis entrevistas e no terceiro, e último trabalho de campo, realizado em 2017, foram realizadas mais 3 entrevistas, por meio de um roteiro semiestruturado, com lideranças e moradores do Mandira. Como resultados, a transformação que salta aos olhos, é referente as construções físicas, desde 2014, o primeiro contato com a comunidade, até 2017, várias construções e mudanças estruturais surgiram e que mudaram a configuração da comunidade. Como a construção do Restaubar Ostra Cataia, dos banheiros de uso público, a reforma e construção da extensão do galpão do centro cultural, muito utilizado em festas e eventos, a piscina, entre outras. Essas novas construções e reformas estão sendo motivadas especialmente pelo turismo de base comunitária que tem se fortalecido em toda a comunidade Mandira. Também foi possível perceber, uma transformação da comunidade no quesito ambiental, no manejo e cuidado do mangue e da extração das ostras, houve uma tomada de consciência no quesito do mangue, pois a extração de ostras estava desenfreada, afetando a capacidade de produção do manguezal. Depois da criação da Cooperostra, seguem um plano de manejo da reserva extrativista, para mitigar o impacto no mangue, que foi causado no passado e hoje já foi revertido. Outra transformação essencial para a comunidade Mandira, foi relacionada a sua identidade cultural, durante muitos anos os moradores sentiam vergonha de serem reconhecidos como mandiranos, pois sofriam racismo e preconceitos, por serem negros, da zona rural e extratores de ostras no manguezal. O quilombo de Mandira deve ser valorizado tanto por sua história, quanto por sua identidade quilombola, como também pelas práticas de conservação da natureza, da Mata Atlântica e do Manguezal. / The present work had as objective to carry out a study on the quilombola community Mandira, that is located in the Ribeira Valley, in the rural zone of the municipality of Cananéia, south coast of São Paulo. With the purpose of knowing, understanding and interpreting the transformations and changes that are in process in the community, due to the official recognition of Quilombo Land and the creation of the Extractive Reserve, both in the year 2002, based on the experiences and perceptions of the inhabitants of Mandira. This research aims to collaborate with the debate about quilombola populations and their relation with the territory. In addition to contextualizing the formation and transformation of Brazilian quilombos, and contributing to the appreciation of the cultural identity of this important community. For the accomplishment of this research it was necessary bibliographical surveys for deepening in the thematic, survey of secondary data in the IBGE, ISA, ITESP among others. The accomplishment of the fieldwork was fundamental for the accomplishment of the research, the first fieldwork conducted in 2014 was possible to know the community and see that it would be possible to carry out this research. The second fieldwork, conducted in 2015, was conducted six interviews and in the third, and last field work, held in 2017, three more interviews were conducted, through a semi-structured script, with leadership and residents of Mandira. As a result, the transformation that jumps to the eye, refers to the physical constructions, since 2014, the first contact with the community, until 2017, there were various constructions and structural changes that changed the configuration of the community. Like the construction of the Restaurate Ostra Cataia, of the bathrooms of public use, the reform and construction of the extension of the shed of the cultural center, much used in parties and events, the swimming pool, among others. These new constructions and reforms are being especially motivated by community-based tourism that has been strengthened throughout the Mandira community. It was also possible to perceive a transformation of the community in the environmental issue, in the management and care of the mangrove and the extraction of the oysters, there was an awareness of the mangrove as the extraction of oysters was unrestrained, affecting the mangrove production capacity. After the creation of Cooperostra, they follow a plan of management of the extractive reserve, to mitigate the impact in the mangrove, that was caused in the past and today has already been mitigated. Another essential transformation for the Mandira community was related to their cultural identity, for many years the residents were ashamed to be recognized as mandiranos, because they suffered racism and prejudice, because they were black, from the countryside and extractors of oysters in the mangrove. The Mandira quilombo should be valued both for its history, as well as for its quilombola identity, as well as for the conservation practices of nature, Atlantic Forest and Mangue.

Orientador: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Coorientador: Luciana Duque Silva / Coorientador: Antonio Rioyei Higa / Banca: Maria Aparecida Anselmo Tarsitano / Banca: Maria Jose Brito Zakia / Resumo: A sustentabilidade é um tema de bastante repercussão dentre a comunidade científica, governantes, meios de comunicação e sociedade atualmente, pois surge como um novo modelo de desenvolvimento que garante condições de sobrevivência para as próximas gerações devido aos alarmantes níveis de degradação que meio ambiente vem apresentando principalmente com maior conscientização dos problemas desde a década de 1970. Portanto a necessidade de desenvolver meios para aferir a sustentabilidade representa um desafio para os pesquisadores da área. Neste trabalho foram analisados o desempenho econômico e ambiental de dois sistemas produtivos: produção de eucalipto e três espécies frutíferas do Cerrado em Reserva Legal no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul: o pequi, mangaba e araticum com horizonte de sete anos para os dois sistemas e em seguida foi realizada uma análise conjunta da produção de eucalipto integrada com a reserva legal manejada denominada de "fazenda florestal" para avaliação da sustentabilidade em nível de paisagem. Para analise econômica avaliou-se a TIR (taxa interna de retorno), o VPL (valor presente futuro), a RB/C (razão benefício custo) e o IL (índice de lucratividade), para as espécies do cerrado foram avaliados o VPL e RB/C e os índices de lucratividade. O desempenho ambiental foi realizado através da análise emergética: os dois sistemas foram avaliados por meio dos seguintes índices: Tr (Transformidade), EYR (Taxa de rendimento emergético), EIR (taxa de investimento emergético), ELR (taxa de carga ambiental), %R (renovabilidade), EER (taxa de intercâmbio ) e ESI (índice de sustentabilidade emergética). A produção de eucalipto apresentou o VPL de R$1.927,37 ha -1, com 13% de TIR, RB/C de 1,61 unidades e IL foi de 61,43%. O projeto mostrou-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sustainability is a topic of strong repercussion among the scientific community, governments, media and society currently, it appears as a new development model that ensures survival conditions for future generations due to the alarming levels of environmental degradation that has shown mainly to more awareness of the problems since the 1970s. Therefore the need to develop means to measure sustainability represents a challenge for researchers. The present study analyzes the economic and environmental performance of two production systems: eucalyptus production and three fruit species in the Cerrado Legal Reserve in Mato Grosso do Sul: pequi, mangaba and araticum horizon of seven years for the two systems and was then carried out a joint analysis of eucalyptus production integrated with the legal reserve managed called "farm forestry" to assessment of sustainability at a landscape level. For the economic analysis evaluated the IRR (internal rate of return), NPV (present value of future), RB / C (benefit-cost ratio) and IL (profitability index), while for the species of the cerrado were evaluated NPV, RB / C and profitability index. Environmental performance was achieved through the emergy, the two systems studied were evaluated for the following indexes: Tr (processed), EYR (emergy yield rate), EIR (emergy investment rate), ELR (environmental loading rate), % R (renewability), EER (exchange rate) and ESI (emergy sustainability index). The production of eucalyptus presents the NPV of R$ 1.927,37 ha -1, with 13% IRR, RB/ C of 1, 61 units and IL was 61, 43%. The project proved to be economically viable and profitable. Due to the mining activity carried out in the Legal Reserve not involve deployment and maintenance costs, this activity was more profitable and viable (NPV of R$ 20.144,83 ha -1... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dourado_cl_me_ilha.pdf: 1521551 bytes, checksum: b9a941412aef825cc64cdfe39e6fcdc9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A sustentabilidade é um tema de bastante repercussão dentre a comunidade científica, governantes, meios de comunicação e sociedade atualmente, pois surge como um novo modelo de desenvolvimento que garante condições de sobrevivência para as próximas gerações devido aos alarmantes níveis de degradação que meio ambiente vem apresentando principalmente com maior conscientização dos problemas desde a década de 1970. Portanto a necessidade de desenvolver meios para aferir a sustentabilidade representa um desafio para os pesquisadores da área. Neste trabalho foram analisados o desempenho econômico e ambiental de dois sistemas produtivos: produção de eucalipto e três espécies frutíferas do Cerrado em Reserva Legal no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul: o pequi, mangaba e araticum com horizonte de sete anos para os dois sistemas e em seguida foi realizada uma análise conjunta da produção de eucalipto integrada com a reserva legal manejada denominada de “fazenda florestal” para avaliação da sustentabilidade em nível de paisagem. Para analise econômica avaliou-se a TIR (taxa interna de retorno), o VPL (valor presente futuro), a RB/C (razão benefício custo) e o IL (índice de lucratividade), para as espécies do cerrado foram avaliados o VPL e RB/C e os índices de lucratividade. O desempenho ambiental foi realizado através da análise emergética: os dois sistemas foram avaliados por meio dos seguintes índices: Tr (Transformidade), EYR (Taxa de rendimento emergético), EIR (taxa de investimento emergético), ELR (taxa de carga ambiental), %R (renovabilidade), EER (taxa de intercâmbio ) e ESI (índice de sustentabilidade emergética). A produção de eucalipto apresentou o VPL de R$1.927,37 ha -1, com 13% de TIR, RB/C de 1,61 unidades e IL foi de 61,43%. O projeto mostrou-se... / Sustainability is a topic of strong repercussion among the scientific community, governments, media and society currently, it appears as a new development model that ensures survival conditions for future generations due to the alarming levels of environmental degradation that has shown mainly to more awareness of the problems since the 1970s. Therefore the need to develop means to measure sustainability represents a challenge for researchers. The present study analyzes the economic and environmental performance of two production systems: eucalyptus production and three fruit species in the Cerrado Legal Reserve in Mato Grosso do Sul: pequi, mangaba and araticum horizon of seven years for the two systems and was then carried out a joint analysis of eucalyptus production integrated with the legal reserve managed called farm forestry to assessment of sustainability at a landscape level. For the economic analysis evaluated the IRR (internal rate of return), NPV (present value of future), RB / C (benefit-cost ratio) and IL (profitability index), while for the species of the cerrado were evaluated NPV, RB / C and profitability index. Environmental performance was achieved through the emergy, the two systems studied were evaluated for the following indexes: Tr (processed), EYR (emergy yield rate), EIR (emergy investment rate), ELR (environmental loading rate), % R (renewability), EER (exchange rate) and ESI (emergy sustainability index). The production of eucalyptus presents the NPV of R$ 1.927,37 ha -1, with 13% IRR, RB/ C of 1, 61 units and IL was 61, 43%. The project proved to be economically viable and profitable. Due to the mining activity carried out in the Legal Reserve not involve deployment and maintenance costs, this activity was more profitable and viable (NPV of R$ 20.144,83 ha -1... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Since time immemorial extractive industries have been shrouded in secrecy worldwide. This stemmed countries with high levels of corruption and weak administrative systems and vulnerable regulatory frameworks to seldom develop or economically grow from extractive industries revenues. This has led to the identification of transparency as being the evasive factor worldwide to help attract more investments, avoid the resource curse and curb corruption. Malawi is no exception to this trend and has one of the lowly performing and very obscure mining sectors. That though Transparency is a fundamental principle of the Constitution of Malawi; it is not reflected in the Mining laws of Malawi which were enacted before the Constitution. The secrecy that hovers over the activities of the mining sector has provoked various stakeholders to demand their inclusion in the processes of concluding contracts due to lack of visible benefits from existing investments. To avoid difficult forums of stakeholders gathering to make a decision on intended investments to be made, there has been a call to make the mining industry more transparent. This entails the introduction of public scrutiny post-contract making which remains the discretion of the Minister. Attempts to introduce transparency have led to the introduction of Transparency initiatives whose main objective is to ensure transparency is evident in extractive industries such as mining. Malawi is currently deciding whether to adopt one such initiative called the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. It is a strong advocate for transparency in extractive sector which is voluntary in nature and mandates the disclosure of revenues collected by government and the companies to report the amounts paid to government. Adoption of EITI is pegged to immensely improve the mining sector through increased FDI inflow. This dissertation argued for Malawi to adopt EITI because it found that the Malawian mining sector is governed by ancient laws which are silent on transparency principles. This thesis found that EITI though is a stepping stone for Malawi, it lacks several crucial factors in its scope and the thesis highlights several shortfalls of the initiative. EITI implores revenue transparency over other forms of transparency. And this research found that Malawi needs contract transparency more than revenue transparency because Malawi’s mining sector is contract-based rather than legislative-based thereby recommending Malawi include contract transparency to the standard EITI scope. It was further concluded that Malawi emulates Liberia by extending their scope to include other extractive sectors like agriculture besides the classified Oil, Gas and Mining. This thesis spurred a debate as to enforcement and compliance of EITI. It was discovered that Malawi is already a member to various international instruments that advocate the transparent means of administering the extractive sector but sadly these are not fully implemented in the mining sector. This is attributable to the fact that Malawi’s laws stipulate that newly adopted international laws or standards do not have binding force until converted into domestic legislation. Consequently, since EITI is termed ‘soft law’ because it lacks enforcement, this study concluded that Malawi needs to enact a domestic law to ensure enforcement. This was drawn from the comparable analysis of Nigeria and Liberia who have enacted EITI legislation to ensure effective implementation. It was drawn from this analysis the need to enact legislation codifying EITI in order to ensure compliance and as a form of enforcement. With the idea of introducing a new EITI law, this thesis found that EITI if adopted will be aligned to Malawi’s international obligations but its principles contrary to domestic laws. This study, nevertheless, concluded these inconsistencies can be ironed by explicitly stating in the EITI code that it is an exception to the general laws such as tax laws which prohibit disclosure of taxes paid to third parties. Based on these findings, this dissertation recommends the improvement of transparency in the mining sector through the adoption of EITI. That Malawi should codify it into domestic legislation to convert its voluntary element into mandatory. That this new law should expressly state EITI as an exception to existing laws which it is inconsistent with. It further recommends Malawi includes agriculture to the standard EITI scope as the administration of which could also help boost the economy of which it heavily contributes to. It also recommends the amendment of the mining laws to reflect transparency principles stipulated in the superior law of the land the constitution, international instruments and core principle of EITI. It points out the importance of government to involve existing extractive companies as the adoption of EITI directly impacts them and therefore consultation is vital. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-28T14:37:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PATRÍCIA NERI (PPGCF) - VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 2349213 bytes, checksum: 73f2d950a1240688c94ba3d7578fe8e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T14:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PATRÍCIA NERI (PPGCF) - VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 2349213 bytes, checksum: 73f2d950a1240688c94ba3d7578fe8e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPQ / Os compostos fenólicos são um grupo de substâncias facilmente encontradas na natureza, presentes em várias espécies vegetais. A forma de retirada e obtenção destes compostos presentes nas matrizes das células vegetais é através dos métodos extrativos. A extração é a primeira etapa dos estudos com plantas e pode sofrer interferência de vários fatores como temperatura, tempo de extração, solvente e parte da planta utilizada e tem se tornado um dos principais alvos nos estudos com planejamento fatorial. Maytenus rigida Mart., espécie considerada nativa do nordeste brasileiro, é rica em compostos fenólicos e apresenta atividades farmacológicas conhecidas, entre elas a atividade antimicrobiana. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as condições extrativas de compostos fenólicos de cascas e folhas desta espécie através de ensaios fitoquímicos e microbiológicos. As amostras foram submetidas à extração hidroetanólica (70%) através de cinco métodos extrativos: maceração, decocção sob refluxo, turbólise, ultrassom e micro-ondas, dos quais um foi escolhido para realização do planejamento fatorial. Esta escolha baseou-se nos doseamentos de fenóis totais, taninos, flavonoides e cumarinas; e nos ensaios antimicrobianos por testes de difusão em disco. Após determinação do método a ser utilizado, foi feito um planejamento fatorial 23, para analisar a interferência do teor alcóolico, do tempo de extração e da proporção massa/solvente nos teores dos metabólitos analisados. O método por decocção sob refluxo foi o escolhido por ter se mostrado mais vantajoso na extração de compostos fenólicos, não havendo diferença significativa entre os métodos para a atividade antimicrobiana. No planejamento fatorial, as variáveis analisadas não exerceram influência sobre os teores de fenóis totais e taninos, já para flavonoides e cumarinas observou-se que o aumento da proporção de etanol aumentou a extração destes metabólitos. Para atividade antimicrobiana, as variáveis exerceram influência significativa frente a M. luteus. Os extratos também foram testados frente a cepas de S. aureus isolados clínicos, apresentando halos entre 12-15 mm, sendo considerados ativos. / Phenolic compounds are a group of substances easily found in nature, present in several plant species. The form of withdrawal and obtaining these compounds in matrices of plant cells is through extractive methods. Extraction is the first stage of studies with plants and can be interfered with by many factors such as temperature, extraction time, solvent and part of the plant used and has become a major target in studies with factorial design. Maytenus rigida Mart., considered native to northeastern Brazil, is rich in phenolic compounds and has known pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity. Thus, this study aims to analyze the conditions extraction of phenolic compounds from barks and leaves of this specie through phytochemical and microbiological tests. The samples were submitted to extraction hydroethanol (70%) through five extractive methods: maceration, decoction under reflux, turbo-extraction, ultrasound and microwave, one of which was chosen to perform the factorial design. This choice was based on measurements of total phenols, tannins, flavonoids and coumarins; and antimicrobial tests for disk diffusion test. After determining the method to be used a factorial design 23 was done to analyze the interference of the alcoholic contents, the extraction time and the ratio mass/ solvent in the levels metabolites analyzed. The method by decoction under reflux was chosen for having been more advantageous in extracting of phenolic compounds, with no significant difference between methods for antimicrobial activity. In the factorial design, the analyzed variables did not influence on the contents of total phenols and tannins, flavonoids and coumarins have to be observed that the increase in the proportion of ethanol increased the extraction of these metabolites. To antimicrobial activity, the variables exercised significant influence against M. luteus. The extracts were also tested strains of S. aureus clinical isolates, showing halos between 12-15 mm, and are considered assets.

This research report analyses Uganda’s legal requirements on local content, particularly its impact on the rights of women to participate and obtain benefit from extractive industry activities. Regard is had to the fact that much of Africa’s non-renewable natural resources have not been applied to the benefit of its peoples. Resultantly, governments have developed legislation and other requirements to among others, attract foreign direct investment without unnecessarily disadvantaging the nationals. The discussion considers the situation in other common law countries – specifically Tanzania and South Africa – as well as the implications of obligations imposed on member countries by international treaties, agreements and frameworks. The research is anchored on the need to improve on the livelihood of women in extractive industries and thereby examines the implications of the law on their rights. The study then delves into a critical review of the effectiveness of the local content legal framework in Uganda and also draws lessons from Tanzania and South Africa for purposes of comparison. The study narrows the discussion to the problem of law and policy making which end up excluding and disadvantaging women. Recommendations made are intended to contribute to the body of knowledge in the extractives sector generally and on the local content stipulations and their impact on the rights of women specifically. Recommendations include; embracing gender inclusiveness and taking into account women’s views in policy and law making, balancing political rhetoric and agenda with the need to secure women’s participation, as well as setting specific quotas to be complied with by extractives companies are paramount. Further, encouragement of women to participate in extractive industry activities, development of more cohesive and gender inclusive policies as well as adoption of a strategy approach in extractive industry policy making. Also, eradication of archaic practices which exclude women from participating in and taking direct benefits in extractives activities. Much as the local content requirements in Uganda are designed to engender equality and equity, more still needs to be done to enhance women’s rights in the extractive industry. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted