This research report analyses Uganda’s legal requirements on local content, particularly its impact on the rights of women to participate and obtain benefit from extractive industry activities. Regard is had to the fact that much of Africa’s non-renewable natural resources have not been applied to the benefit of its peoples. Resultantly, governments have developed legislation and other requirements to among others, attract foreign direct investment without unnecessarily disadvantaging the nationals. The discussion considers the situation in other common law countries – specifically Tanzania and South Africa – as well as the implications of obligations imposed on member countries by international treaties, agreements and frameworks. The research is anchored on the need to improve on the livelihood of women in extractive industries and thereby examines the implications of the law on their rights. The study then delves into a critical review of the effectiveness of the local content legal framework in Uganda and also draws lessons from Tanzania and South Africa for purposes of comparison. The study narrows the discussion to the problem of law and policy making which end up excluding and disadvantaging women. Recommendations made are intended to contribute to the body of knowledge in the extractives sector generally and on the local content stipulations and their impact on the rights of women specifically. Recommendations include; embracing gender inclusiveness and taking into account women’s views in policy and law making, balancing political rhetoric and agenda with the need to secure women’s participation, as well as setting specific quotas to be complied with by extractives companies are paramount. Further, encouragement of women to participate in extractive industry activities, development of more cohesive and gender inclusive policies as well as adoption of a strategy approach in extractive industry policy making. Also, eradication of archaic practices which exclude women from participating in and taking direct benefits in extractives activities. Much as the local content requirements in Uganda are designed to engender equality and equity, more still needs to be done to enhance women’s rights in the extractive industry. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

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Yes / Extractive economies can use the natural resource dividend for infrastructure and sustainable development. However, the reality of achieving this is far more complex than one might expect. This paper aims to present some fresh analysis of data of extractive economies to answer three main questions: a. how are extractive economies performing with regard to providing basic services such as health, education, water and sanitation; b. are there patterns of success; and c. what are the implications for policy and action especially in the context of the proposed sustainable development goals. The first issue of course is to define the category extractive economy. Using a new methodology, this paper focuses on the top 40 oil economies, top 41 gas economies and 56 mineral economies. Because some countries do have all three or two of these three natural resources, the overall dataset is of 91 countries covering both developed and developing economies and in all continents. Data pertaining to years 2002 to 2012 is analysed here. While some results are perhaps as may be expected, there are several disturbing findings as well. Extractive economies are among some of the poorly performing countries on indicators highly relevant to prosed SDGs on poverty, health, water and sanitation, and energy. This highlights the need for a strategic focus and developing appropriate mechanisms to use the natural resource dividend to make lasting transformation of social and economic well-being.

This study critically analyzes the mandatory financial disclosure requirements imposed on extractive companies operating in Liberia under the Liberia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (LEITI) and examines their implications on transparency, accountability, and sustainability in the extractive sector. Firstly, the study utilizes a qualitative approach and conducts interviews with stakeholders involved in or affected by the extractive sector in Liberia. The study reveals that mandatory financial disclosure under the LEITI has contributed to increased transparency, trust, compliance, and revenue generation in the extractive sector. However, the implementation of these requirements has encountered challenges in reducing corruption, addressing environmental and social issues, and ensuring participation and enforcement. Despite these challenges, the LEITI has proven to be more effective, efficient, and sustainable compared to other transparency initiatives in the extractive sector, such as the Publish What You Pay (PWYP) Coalition Liberia. Through the LEITI implementation, the study identifies best practices and lessons learned, including the importance of mandatory financial disclosure, multi-stakeholder engagement , a broad scope of reporting, and regional and global cooperation. Nevertheless, the study concludes that mandatory financial disclosure alone is insufficient to improve the performance and accountability of extractive companies in Liberia. Transparency initiatives like the LEITI should address both technical and political aspects of natural resource governance, while also considering the social and environmental impacts of extractive activities. In light of these findings, the study recommends that stakeholders in the extractive sector enhance the institutional and operational aspects of the LEITI. These recommendations encompass strengthening the legal and regulatory framework, empowering and involving civil society, addressing structural inequalities and power imbalances, and establishing effective oversight and enforcement mechanisms.

Yes / Catalysts play a vital role in petroleum and chemical reactions. Intensified concerns for cleaner air with strict environmental regulations on sulfur content in addition to meet economic requirements have generated significant interests for the development of more efficient and innovative oxidative catalysts recently. In this study, a novel homemade nano catalyst (manganese oxide (MnO2) over tin (IV) oxide (SnO2)) was used for the first time as an effective catalyst in removing dibenzothiophene (DBT) from kerosene fuel using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant in catalytic oxidative-extractive desulfurization process (OEDS). The catalyst was prepared by impregnation method with various amount of MnO2 loaded on SnO2. The oxidation step was carried out at different operating parameters such as reaction temperature and reaction time in batch reactor. The extractive desulfurization step was performed by using acetonitrile as solvent under several operating conditions (agitation speed and mixing time). The activity of MnO2/SnO2 catalyst in removing various sulfur compounds from kerosene fuel at the best operating conditions was investigated in this work. The results of the catalyst characterization proved that a high dispersion of MnO2 over the SnO2 was obtained. The experiments showed that the highest DBT and various sulfur compounds removal efficiency from kerosene fuel under the best operating conditions (oxidation: 5% MnO2/SnO2, reaction temperature of 75 0C, and reaction time of 100 min, extraction: acetonitrile, agitation speed of 900 rpm, and mixing time of 30 min) via the catalytic oxidative-extractive desulfurization process was 92.4% and 91.2%, respectively. Also, the MnO2/SnO2 catalyst activity was studied after six consecutive oxidation cycles at the best operating conditions, and the catalyst prove satisfactory stability in terms of sulfur compounds removal. After that, the spent catalyst were regenerated by utilizing different solvents (methanol, ethanol and iso-octane), and the experimental data explained that iso-octane achieved highest regeneration efficiency. / This study was supported by College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Iraq and Ministry of Oil, Iraq.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T17:03:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER BRANDÃO RAMOS - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 17733872 bytes, checksum: 5e6f59ac00a4f15f43c3f335dc3b2075 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T17:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER BRANDÃO RAMOS - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 17733872 bytes, checksum: 5e6f59ac00a4f15f43c3f335dc3b2075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / Capes / A destilação extrativa é um método bastante utilizado em indústrias alcooleiras para se obter etanol anidro, cujo processo é composto por duas colunas de destilação, onde a primeira coluna (coluna de destilação extrativa) tem como função desidratar o etanol e a segunda coluna (coluna de recuperação) recuperar o solvente utilizado no processo. Colunas de destilação são responsáveis por um consumo bastante elevado de energia em uma planta e, por isso, diversos métodos de otimização têm sido publicados na literatura, cujos resultados propõem mudanças nas condições operacionais e design do sistema. Além da necessidade de que este sistema opere em condições ótimas, também é necessário se obter um sistema de controle eficiente e que seja capaz de manter o etanol anidro produzido dentro da especificação desejada, mesmo diante distúrbios que ocorrem normalmente neste processo. Sendo assim, o tema deste trabalho surgiu da união destes dois pontos importantes, otimização e controle, no qual o objetivo é estudar o comportamento dinâmico e o controle do processo de destilação extrativa para obtenção de etanol anidro, utilizando etileno glicol como solvente e com integração térmica entre correntes do processo. Sob este escopo, traçou-se objetivos específicos inexistentes na literatura consultada, que são as influências da integração térmica, do teor de solvente e do grau de pureza de etanol anidro que se deseja obter sobre o controle de sistemas de destilação extrativa. Os resultados mostram que o teor de solvente e a presença da integração térmica causam desvios na composição do produto de interesse (etanol anidro), em comparação com o processo sem integração térmica, quando ocorrem distúrbios na alimentação para o mesmo sistema de controle. O grau de pureza de etanol anidro que se deseja obter também causa influência no controle da pureza. De maneira geral, estes efeitos se apresentaram de forma mais acentuada nos casos em que o sistema opera com alto teor de solvente (condição que representa menor consumo energético). Sendo assim, foram propostas modificações no esquema de controle, proporcionando melhores resultados para estes casos. / Extractive distillation is a method widely used in the alcohol industry to obtain anhydrous ethanol, which process consists of two distillation columns where the first column (extractive distillation column) has the function to dehydrate ethanol and the second column (recovery column) recovers the solvent used in the process. Distillation columns are responsible for a very high energy consumption in a plant and thus various methods of optimization, which results suggest changes in operating conditions and system design, have been published in the literature. In addition to the need for this system to operate in optimum conditions, it is also necessary to provide an efficient control system that is able to maintain anhydrous ethanol produced within the desired specification even after the disturbances that normally occur in this process. Thus, the theme of this work arose from the union of these two important points, optimization and control, in which the goal is to study the dynamic behavior and the control of the extractive distillation process for obtaining anhydrous ethanol, using ethylene glycol as a solvent and thermal integration between process streams. Under this scope, specific objectives nonexistent in the literature were drawn, which are the influences of thermal integration, solvent content and the degree of purity of anhydrous ethanol to be obtained on the control of extractive distillation systems. The results show that the solvent content and the presence of thermal integration causes deviations in the product composition of interest (anhydrous ethanol) compared to the process without heat integration, when disturbances occur in the feed for the same control system. The degree of purity of anhydrous ethanol to be obtained also causes influence over controllability. Generally, these effects are exhibited more markedly when the system operates with high solvent content (optimum operating point). So changes were proposed for the control scheme, providing better results for these cases.

La distillation est le procédé de séparation le plus répandu dans l'industrie chimique. Pour la séparation des mélanges azéotropiques, une méthode spéciale de distillation doit être appliquée. Le but de mon travail était d'améliorer la séparation des mélanges azéotropiques par distillation discontinue (DD). Un nouvel algorithme a été présenté pour la détermination de la séquence des produits de DD pour des mélanges multicomposants azéotropiques. Contrairement aux méthodes publiées précédemment, cet algorithme n'a pas besoin des paramètres d'équilibre. Configurations non-conventionnelles de DD ont été étudiées par simulation rigoureuse avec un accent sur l'opération fermée. Nombreux modes d'opération fermés étaient proposés, lesquelles diffèrent en l'opération de réservoir supérieur. Les effets du recyclage des fractions sur un procédé de séparation existant de 6 lots d'un mélange déchet azéotropique ont été étudiés. Les études ont été étendues pour un procédé de distillation extractive discontinue (DED). Un volume minimal de pré-fraction doit être incinéré. Le cas optimal de DED a donné un profit plus grand que celui de DD. DED a été étudié pour la séparation des deux mélanges azéotropiques. La séparation a été infaisable ou le rendement a été bas par DD, mais DED et le procédé hybride ont donné des rendements élevés. Une nouvelle politique de DED a été aussi proposée. Un modèle généralisé de la distillation hétéroazéotropique discontinue avec une rétention variable de décanteur a été développé. Dans une analyse de faisabilité, toutes les politiques opérationnelles possibles ont été identifiées. Ce modèle a été étendu pour la distillation extractive hétérogène discontinue. / Distillation is the most widespread method for separating liquid mixtures. The separation of azeotropic mixtures requires a special distillation method. My aim was to improve the batch distillation separation of azeotropic mixtures. A new algorithm was presented for the determination of product sequences of batch distillation of multicomponent azeotropic mixtures. Non-conventional configurations were studied by simulation with emphasis on closed operation. The effects of off-cut recycle on a six-batch separation process of a waste solvent mixture were also investigated. Batch extractive distillation was studied for the separation of two azeotropic mixtures. A new extractive policy was also proposed. A generalised model of batch heteroazeotropic distillation with variable decanter hold-up was developed. This model was extended for batch heterogeneous extractive distillation.

Nous étudions la distillation extractive continue de mélanges azéotropiques à temperature de bulle minimale avec un entraineur lourd (classe 1.0-1a) avec comme exemples les mélanges acétone-méthanol avec l’eau et DIPE-IPA avec le 2-méthoxyethanol. Le procédé inclut les colonnes de distillation extractive et de régénération de l’entraineur en boucle ouverte et en boucle fermée. Une première stratégie d’optimisation consiste à minimiser la fonction objectif OF en cherchant les valeurs optimales du débit d’entraineur FE, les positions des alimentations en entraineur et en mélange NFE, NFAB, NFReg, les taux de reflux R1, R2 et les débits de distillat de chaque colonne D1, D2. OF décrit la demande en énergie par quantité de distillat et tient compte des différences de prix entre les utilités chaudes et froides et entre les deux produits. La deuxième stratégie est une optimisation multiobjectif qui minimise OF, le coût total annualisé (TAC) et maximise deux nouveaux indicateurs thermodynamiques d’efficacité de séparation extractive totale Eext et par plateau eext. Ils décrivent la capacité de la section extractive à séparer le produit entre le haut et le bas de la section extractive. L’analyse thermodynamique des réseaux de courbes de résidu ternaires RCM et des courbes d’isovolatilité montre l’intérêt de réduire la pression opératoire dans la colonne extractive pour les séparations de mélanges 1.0-1a. Une pression réduite diminue la quantité minimale d’entraineur et accroît la volatilité relative du mélange binaire azéotropique dans la région d’opération de la colonne extractive. Cela permet d’utiliser un taux de reflux plus faible et diminue la demande énergétique. La première stratégie d’optimisation est conduite avec des contraintes sur la pureté des produits avec les algorithmes SQP dans les simulateurs Aspen Plus ou Prosim Plus en boucle ouverte. Les variables continues optimisées sont : R1, R2 et FE (étape 1). Une étude de sensibilité permet de trouver les valeurs de D1, D2 (étape 2) et NFE, NFAB, NFReg (étape 3), tandis l’étape 1 est faite pour chaque jeu de variables discrètes. Enfin le procédé est resimulé en boucle fermée et TAC, Eext et eext sont calculés (étape 4). Les bilans matières expliquent l’interdépendance des débits de distillats et des puretés des produits. Cette optimisation permet de concevoir des procédés avec des gains proches de 20% en énergie et en coût. Les nouveaux procédés montrent une amélioration des indicateurs Eext et eext. Afin d’évaluer l’influence de Eext et eext sur la solution optimale, la seconde optimisation multiobjectif est conduite. L’algorithme génétique est peu sensible à l’initialisation, permet d’optimiser les variables discrètes N1, N2 et utilise directement le shéma de procédé en boucle fermée. L’analyse du front de Pareto des solutions met en évidence l’effet de FE/F et R1 sur TAC et Eext. Il existe un Eext maximum (resp. R1 minimum) pour un R1 donné (resp. Eext). Il existe aussi un indicateur optimal Eext,opt pour le procédé optimal avec le plus faible TAC. Eext,opt ne peut pas être utilisé comme seule fonction objectif d’optimisation mais en complément des autres fonctions OF et TAC. L’analyse des réseaux de profils de composition extractive explique la frontière du front de Pareto et pourquoi Eext augmente lorsque FE diminue et R1 augmente, le tout en lien avec le nombre d’étage. Visant à réduire encore TAC et la demande énergétique nous étudions des procédés avec intégration énergétique double effet (TEHI) ou avec des pompes à chaleur (MHP). En TEHI, un nouveau schéma avec une intégration énergétique partielle PHI réduit le plus la demande énergétique. En MHP, la recompression partielle des vapeurs VRC et bottom flash partiel BF améliorent les performances de 60% et 40% respectivement. Au final, le procédé PHI est le moins coûteux tandis que la recompression totale des vapeurs est la moins énergivore. / We study the continuous extractive distillation of minimum boiling azeotropic mixtures with a heavy entrainer (class 1.0-1a) for the acetone-methanol with water and DIPE-IPA with 2-methoxyethanol systems. The process includes both the extractive and the regeneration columns in open loop flowsheet and closed loop flowsheet where the solvent is recycled to the first column. The first optimization strategy minimizes OF and seeks suitable values of the entrainer flowrate FE, entrainer and azeotrope feed locations NFE, NFAB, NFReg, reflux ratios R1, R2 and both distillates D1, D2. OF describes the energy demand at the reboiler and condenser in both columns per product flow rate. It accounts for the price differences in heating and cooling energy and in product sales. The second strategy relies upon the use of a multi-objective genetic algorithm that minimizes OF, total annualized cost (TAC) and maximizes two novel extractive thermodynamic efficiency indicators: total Eext and per tray eext. They describe the ability of the extractive section to discriminate the product between the top and to bottom of the extractive section. Thermodynamic insight from the analysis of the ternary RCM and isovolatility curves shows the benefit of lowering the operating pressure of the extractive column for 1.0-1a class separations. A lower pressure reduces the minimal amount of entrainer and increases the relative volatility of original azeotropic mixture for the composition in the distillation region where the extractive column operates, leading to the decrease of the minimal reflux ratio and energy consumption. The first optimization strategy is conducted in four steps under distillation purity specifications: Aspen Plus or Prosim Plus simulator built-in SQP method is used for the optimization of the continuous variables: R1, R2 and FE by minimizing OF in open loop flowsheet (step 1). Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed to find optimal values of D1, D2 (step 2) and NFE, NFAB, NFReg (step 3), while step 1 is done for each set of discrete variables. Finally the design is simulated in closed loop flowsheet, and we calculate TAC and Eext and eext (step 4). We also derive from mass balance the non-linear relationships between the two distillates and how they relate product purities and recoveries. The results show that double digit savings can be achieved over designs published in the literature thanks to the improving of Eext and eext. Then, we study the influence of the Eext and eext on the optimal solution, and we run the second multiobjective optimization strategy. The genetic algorithm is usually not sensitive to initialization. It allows finding optimal total tray numbers N1, N2 values and is directly used with the closed loop flow sheet. Within Pareto front, the effects of main variables FE/F and R1 on TAC and Eext are shown. There is a maximum Eext (resp. minimum R1) for a given R1 (resp. Eext). There exists an optimal efficiency indicator Eext,opt which corresponds to the optimal design with the lowest TAC. Eext,opt can be used as a complementary criterion for the evaluation of different designs. Through the analysis of extractive profile map, we explain why Eext increases following the decrease of FE and the increase of R1 and we relate them to the tray numbers. With the sake of further savings of TAC and increase of the environmental performance, double-effect heat integration (TEHI) and mechanical heat pump (MHP) techniques are studied. In TEHI, we propose a novel optimal partial HI process aiming at the most energy saving. In MHP, we propose the partial VRC and partial BF heat pump processes for which the coefficients of performance increase by 60% and 40%. Overall, optimal partial HI process is preferred from the economical view while full VRC is the choice from the environmental perspective.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemical Engineering / Peter H. Pfromm / The expanded Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), established under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, mandates the production of 136.3 GL/year of renewable fuels in the U.S. in 2022: 56.8 GL/year of corn-ethanol, 60.6 GL/year of second generation biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol, and 18.9 GL/year of advanced biofuels such as biomass-based diesel. One of the several challenges when a biochemical conversion technique is used to produce bioethanol from corn and cellulosic feedstock is the high energy demand for recovering and purifying ethanol, which is mainly due to the low concentration of ethanol in the fermentation broth and the challenging water-ethanol vapor liquid equilibrium. Dilute ethanol from the fermentation broth can be separated and concentrated aided by salt extractive distillation to directly produce fuel ethanol leading to significant energy savings. Techniques other than highly energy intensive evaporative salt concentration/crystallization and solids drying for recovering salt, which is used to facilitate distillation, have rarely been considered. In this study, a novel combination of electrodialysis and spray drying was investigated to recover the salt. Salt extractive distillation – with salt recovery enabled by electrodialysis – was conceptually integrated in the fermentation broth-ethanol separation trains of corn and cellulosic ethanol facilities and investigated through process simulation with Aspen Plus® 2006.5 to reduce the recovery and purification energy demand of bioethanol. Experiments for the electrodialytic concentration of calcium chloride from high diluate concentrations, prevalent in the salt recovery process when calcium chloride is used as the salt separating agent in the salt extractive distillation of bioethanol, were carried out to determine the fundamental transport properties of an ion exchange membrane pair comprising commercially available membranes for implementation in the conceptual process designs. The maximum calcium chloride concentration achievable through electrodialytic concentration is 34.6 wt%, which is mainly limited by the water transport number. In case of corn-ethanol, retrofitted salt extractive distillation resulted in an energy demand reduction of about 20% and total annual cost savings on the order of MM$0.5 per year when compared with the state-of-the-art rectification/adsorption process for producing fuel ethanol from the beer column distillate. In case of cellulosic ethanol, salt extractive distillation with direct vapor recompression provided the highest energy savings of about 22% and total annual cost savings on the order of MM$2.4 per year when compared with the base case comprising conventional distillation and adsorption for recovering and purifying ethanol from the fermentation broth. Based on the conceptual process design studies, an overall maximum energy savings potential of 1.5*10[superscript]17 J or about 0.14 Quad (as natural gas higher heating value) per year could be estimated for the targeted 56.8 GL of corn-ethanol and 60.6 GL of cellulosic ethanol to be produced in the U.S in 2022 when salt extractive distillation enabled by electrodialysis is implemented in the fermentation broth-ethanol separation trains of the corn and cellulosic ethanol facilities.