The search for information about entities, such as people or movies, plays an increasingly important role on the Web. This information is still scattered across many Web pages, making it more time consuming for a user to find all relevant information about an entity. This thesis describes techniques to extract entities and information about these entities from the Web, such as facts, opinions, questions and answers, interactive multimedia objects, and events. The findings of this thesis are that it is possible to create a large knowledge base automatically using a manually-crafted ontology. The precision of the extracted information was found to be between 75–90 % (facts and entities respectively) after using assessment algorithms. The algorithms from this thesis can be used to create such a knowledge base, which can be used in various research fields, such as question answering, named entity recognition, and information retrieval.

Con frecuencia, los daños que sufren las víctimas de accidentes pueden ser puestos a cargo de varias personas. Sin embargo, el ordenamiento jurídico español no dispone de un régimen que regule las relaciones de los corresponsables entre sí y las de éstos con la víctima. En el derecho español de daños, un numeroso grupo de leyes especiales y una jurisprudencia ya consolidada han optado por imponer el régimen jurídico de la solidaridad de deudores a los casos de corresponsabilidad por un daño. La importación de la solidaridad a los supuestos de cocausación de un daño ha significado, sin embargo, la aplicación de ese régimen jurídico a supuestos de hecho diferentes a los previstos en la parca regulación del Código civil. El trabajo analiza los efectos de la solución en la prevención de accidentes futuros y en el aseguramiento de las actividades sometidas a un régimen de responsabilidad solidaria. / Amb freqüència, els danys que sofreixen les víctimes dels accidents poden posar-se a càrrec de vàries persones. L'ordenament jurídic espanyol no disposa, però, d'un règim que reguli les relacions dels corresponsables entre sí i les d'aquests amb la víctima comú. En el dret espanyol de danys, un nombrós grup de lleis especials i una jurisprudència ja consolidada han optat per imposar el règim de la solidaritat de deutors als supòsits de corresponsabilitat per un dany. La importació de la solidaritat als casos de cocausació d'un danys ha significat l'ampliació d'aquell règim jurídic a situacions no previstes a la minsa regulació del Codi civil. El treball analitza els efectes de la solució a la prevenció d'accidents futurs i a l'assegurament de les activitats sotmeses a un règim de responsabilitat solidària. / Joint and several liability is almost the default rule in cases with multiple tortfeasors in the Spanish law of torts. The traditional justification of the rule thinks on the victims and the advantage of one rule that permits to the victims to attack a variety of debtors. Anyway, the joint and several liability rule has an effect on the deterrence and in the insurance market. The work proposes an analysis of the joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors from the tortfeasor perspective.

Scientific evidence is increasingly relied on in litigation. Discussions and debates aimed at enabling courts to make the best use scientific evidence are therefore critical. This thesis adds the perspective of procedural legitimacy to the science and law dialogue. Procedural Legitimacy is the concept that consistent adherence to legal procedure maintains the overall legitimacy of the legal system, and the validity of its outcomes. I argue that to maintain legitimate legal outcomes, procedural rules must be applied consistently and vigilantly to scientific evidence. This means that admissibility rules must be applied properly to scientific evidence, and that admitted scientific evidence must be duly scrutinized and weighed against the legal standard of proof. This ensures that the legal outcome will be based on valid legal facts. When the law is applied to those legal facts, litigants are legitimately bound by the judicial decision, despite the risk of factual inaccuracy. / The bulk of this thesis develops the notion of procedural legitimacy, and argues that its role in the adjudicative process is vital. The argument is founded on the conditions of uncertainty in which legal decisions are made. I show that both liability determinations and damages determinations in personal injury actions are made in conditions of uncertainty, and are dependent on consistency in procedure to maintain legitimacy. Ultimately, I apply the procedural legitimacy argument to admissibility and use of scientific evidence, and endorse the recommendations of the Goudge Inquiry in that respect.

FACT est une protéine clé, qui joue de multiples rôles, y compris dans la transcription et la réparation de l'ADN endommagé. Néanmoins, comment FACT participe à la réparation et à la transcription de la chromatine n'est pas élucidé. Dans ce travail nous avons tout d'abord étudié le rôle de FACT dans le processus de réparation par excision de base (BER). Nous avons utilisé des nucléosomes reconstitués avec de l'ADN à uracile incorporé au hasard. Nous avons trouvé que l'enzyme UDG est capable d'enlever les uraciles localisés du côté de la solution et pas les uraciles se trouvant en face de l'octamère d'histone. La présence simultanée de FACT et de RSC (facteur de remodelage de la chromatine, impliqué dans la réparation) permet un enlèvement efficace des uraciles localisés du côté de l'octamère d'histone par l'UDG. De plus, l'action concertée de FACT et RSC contribue à l'enlèvement de la lésion oxidative 8-oxoG, autrement inaccessible, de la matrice nucléosomale par l'enzyme OGG1. Ce résultat est obtenu grâce à une activité " co-remodelatrice " de la protéine FACT. Dans ce travail nous décrivons pour la première fois cette nouvelle propriété de FACT et nous montrons par une série d'expériences biochimiques que FACT est capable de stimuler l'activité de remodelage du RSC. Nos expériences montrent que la présence de FACT augmente l'efficacité de RSC à transformer l'énergie libérée par l'hydrolyse de l'ATP en travail " mécanique ". Les données obtenues suggèrent une nature stochastique du BER in vivo, FACT étant un facteur clé dans le processus de réparation. Nous avons également investigué l'implication de l'activité co-remodelatrice de FACT dans la fixation de NF-kB aux matrices nucléosomales. La production de nucléosomes remodelés, mais non - mobilisés (remosomes) n'est pas suffisante pour promouvoir la fixation de NF-kB. Pourtant, la mobilisation des nucléosomes par l'intermédiaire de RSC permet une interaction efficace entre NF-kB et l'ADN nucléosomal. Toutes ces données sont essentielles pour le décryptage du mécanisme moléculaire par lequel FACT agit dans le BER et dans la transcription médiée par NF-kB.

La recherche porte sur une étude théorique des réseaux sociaux numériques dans l'état actuel des connaissances. La problématique est discutée en s’appuyant sur un large panel d’auteurs et de pensées allant des années soixante-dix jusqu’à nos jours. En effet, les réseaux sociaux qui sont passés de startup à multinationales au cours des années deux-mille ont radicalement changé le paysage des médias et de la communication entre les individus. À partir de ce constat, nous pouvons nous demander si l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux influence directement les constructions identitaires et sociales des adolescents ? En outre, cette étude démontre comment les identités fabriquées en ligne constituent par la suite, un facteur prépondérant dans la représentation sociale et identitaire des jeunes. L’élève adapte ses identités et ses datas au sein de ses espaces numériques par la réception faite, puis acquise des innovations techniques. Les données recueillies auprès des élèves et les hypothèses formulées dégagent des perspectives futures. En effet, les connaissances numériques du fait religieux circulant sur internet constituent un élément important dans la construction identitaire des élèves. C’est dans les espaces numériques que les élèves développent les datas identités. Premièrement de manière active par l’usage des réseaux sociaux numériques, puis de manière passive à travers les cookies et les recommandations par algorithme. Le rôle grandissant d’Internet dans le processus identitaire, avec l’usage massif des réseaux sociaux et des applications numériques de mieux en mieux maitrisées par les élèves, soulève un certain nombre d’enjeux éducatifs et pédagogiques. Autrement dit les enjeux et défis pour l’Éducation Nationale s’articulent autour de l’usage in situ et ex situ des espaces numériques. / Through a theoritical study of social and digital media, this reseacrh work introduces first, the knowledge produced so far, on it. This work is based on a wide range of authors and thoughts from the seventies till today’s ones, in order to discuss the main issue. Indeed, the social media that turned from startup to multinational companies throughout the years 2000’s, have dramatically changed the landscape of media and communication among individuals. Starting from this observation, one has to ask the question of whether social media, has a direct influence on teenagers’ identity and social construction. This study demonstrates in fact, how Online identities are made thereafter, a key factor of youths’ social and identity representation. The student adapts his identity and his data within his digital spaces according to the reception produced and then acquired of the devices innovations. By framing the collected data from students within the assumed assumptions frame, future prospects are made out. As a matter of a fact, digital knowledge of the religious fact circulating on Internet, is an important element in the identity construction of students. It is in digital spaces that students develop the data identities. First they do it actively through the use of social and digital media, then passively through cookies and recommendations made by algorithm. The growing role of Internet in the identity process, with the massive use of social and digital media applications better mastered by students, raises a number of educational and pedagogical issues. In other words, the challenges and what is at stake for the French National Education, revolves about the use in situ and ex situ of the digital spaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_mva_me_bauru.pdf: 17255577 bytes, checksum: 61a089d3f19c67866b9c95f1b3ac0e75 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar criticamente a transposição de um relato de um fato real - o assalto ao trem pagador, ocorrido em 1960, no Rio de Janeiro e publicado pelo jornal O Globo - para o meio audiovisual, por meio da reprodução desse mesmo fato no discurso filmico do filme O assalto ao trem pagador, de 1962, obra cinematográfica que apresenta um releitura do factual com o objetivo de atingir o expectador do meio audiovisual. Tal objetivo foi estabelecido, porque percebemos que o discurso filmico tomou como fonte de informação o discurso jornalístico e constituiu outra versão do factual, que ora se aproxima e ora se afasta desse discurso. Tal versão foi adaptada às suas linguagens como meio audiovisual. Por meio da investigação das ocorrências das similaridades e das disparidades entre os discursos midiáticos e da produção de sentido no público-alvo de cada um desses meios, analisamos as estratégias discursivas que foram utilizadas pelos meios midiáticos para recriar um contexto verossímil com o fato real. Como acreditamos que o discurso jornalístico serviu como fonte de informação para a elaboração do discurso filmico, escolhemos um método que nos possibilitasse definir as semelhanças e diferenças entre esses discursos, portanto, optamos pelo método de análise comparativa. Concluímos, com essa análise, que cada meio utiliza a melhor estratégia discursiva na produção do conteúdo de seus produtos midiáticos, visando conquistar o interesse do seu público-alvo / The aim of this work was to examine the implementation of a report about a fact critically: the robbery to a great payer train, which occurred in Rio de Janeiro (BR) in 1960 and whole news was published by O Globo, a Brazilian newspaper. We research how the factual was narrated buy audiovisual media, through the reproduction of that fact itself into a film discourse. We have found out that O assalto ao Trem Pagador presents a new reading of the facts in order to reach the expectator's audiovisual medium. Our goal was set as soon as it has been realized that the film discourse took the media discourse as a source of information to change the real facts into another version of the events, which now approaches and departs from media discourse. Such version had its newspaper language adapted to the audivisual media. Through the investigation of occurrences, similarities and differences between both media discourse and the meaning generation to the target audience of each means, newspaper and cinema, we have analyzed the discursive strategies that were used by the media means to recreate a believable context with the resemblance to the real fact. As we believe the journalistic discourse has served as a source of information for elaborating the film discourse, we chose a method allow us to define the similarities and differences between these discourses, thus we have opted for a comparative analytical methodology. We have concluded from this analysis that each medium tries to use the best communicative strategy, or strategies, in the production of a discursive content for their media products so that the product can capture the interest of their target audience

O tema dos recursos excepcionais, direcionados às Cortes Supremas, é de enorme importância no processo civil contemporâneo. Esse trabalho busca definir, à luz da Teoria do Direito e do Direito Comparado, quais funções devem ser assinaladas ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça para, a partir disso, poder realizar uma reconstrução dogmática do procedimento do recurso especial. Não há dúvida de que, à luz dos princípios do Estado de Direito, aos Tribunais Superiores deve ser hoje asinalada uma função precipuamente prospectiva, voltada para a orientação dos juízes e jurisdicionados por meio do estabelecimento de precedentes, e não para os litigantes, de forma retrospectiva. A experiência comparada e a análise detida do funcionamento dos Tribunais Superiores demonstra que bons resultados só podem ser cumpridos mediante mecanismos que permitam selecionar os recursos com base na sua importância. Defende-se, por isso, a criação de um filtro para o recurso especial, à semelhança do que já conhece o recurso extraordinário brasileiro por meio da exigência de repercussão geral da questão constitucional debatida. Em face da função prospectiva do Superior Tribunal de Justiça devem ser interpretados todos os demais problemas que gravitam em torno do recurso especial e do acesso à Corte (distinção entre fato e direito, pré-questionamento etc.) / Appeals to Supreme Courts are an enormously important theme in modern civil procedure. This essay intends to define tge function that should govern the practise of Brazils Superior Tribunal de Justiça, with support from legal theory and comparative law studies, so that the characteristics of the appeal (recurso especial) directed to the Court may be rethought on solid grounds. There should be no doubt that, in light of the rule of law principles, Supreme Courts should be assigned a prospective, facing forward function of establishing solid precedents for the guidance of judges and citizens, instead of facing towards the single parties involved in litigation and the past. Comparative studies show that this may only be done if the Court has control over its docket. The essay proposes the adoption of such a mechanism for the recurso especial, as has already been done for the recurso extraordinario through the requirement of general importance of the constitutional issue raised in the appeal. All other aspects regarding access of the parties to the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (such as the distinction between law and fact, the prior decisison of the legal issue raised etc.) should be interpreted in light of the prospective function of the Court.

A doutrina costuma apontar como efeitos dos fatos jurídicos a criação, a modificação ou a extinção de relações jurídicas. Os textos doutrinários normalmente desenvolvem o estudo dos fatos jurídicos que criam relações jurídicas; o presente trabalho, porém, se dedica aos fatos jurídicos tendentes a modificar relações jurídicas anteriormente criadas, restringindo-se ao campo das obrigações. Primeiramente, deve-se buscar um critério: modificação do direito isolado ou da relação jurídica? Como nas relações jurídicas complexas há diversos direitos e deveres recíprocos, a extinção de um direito pode levar apenas à modificação da relação jurídica integralmente considerada. Se Savigny já entendia que um juízo acerca do direito só pode ser verdadeiro quando fundado na compreensão completa da relação jurídica, hoje há renovadas razões para que se adote um critério relacional: a relação obrigacional tem sido vista como um processo, o que leva a um reforço de sua identidade com a inclusão de um elemento finalístico. As ideias de modificação e identidade estão vinculadas, pois, se a \"modificação\" leva à perda da identidade, a relação jurídica na verdade foi extinta. Quanto ao tema das modificações, a maior parte da doutrina parece tratar apenas da \"transmissão das obrigações\". Outros, ao lado dessas modificações subjetivas, tratam de modificações objetivas, normalmente restringindo-se às efetuadas por negócio jurídico. A classificação de Pontes de Miranda, porém, parece servir de referencial para o presente trabalho: quanto às modificações \"sem quebra da identidade da relação jurídica\", o autor aponta modificações negociais, alterações por dolo e culpa, por força maior e caso fortuito, por impossibilidade de adimplemento e, por fim, por mora do devedor e do credor. / Current legal theory generally considers the effects of legal facts (those resulting from the correlation between facts and norms) on the creation, modification or termination of legal relationships. While most authors addresses how legal facts create these relationships, the present study is devoted to legal facts tending to modify the legal relationship, particularly in the field of the Law of Obligations (duty to perform). At first, a criterion must be determined: modification of the isolated right or modification of the Obligation? In \"complex\" obligational relationships, there are many mutual rights and duties, such that the extinction of a right can result only in the modification of the relationship fully considered. Long ago, Savigny asserted that a reasonable analysis of a right must be based on a thorough understanding of the legal relationship at issue. There are now renewed reasons to adopt these relational criteria when analyzing legal relationships. The obligational relationship may be seen as a process, which leads to the reinforcement of its identity with the inclusion of a finalistic element. The ideas of modification and identity are linked, because if a \"change\" leads to the loss of identity, the legal relationship may, in fact, have been terminated. Most of the authors on the subject of modifications addresses the \"transfer of obligations\". Some other studies, beside these subjective modifications, addresses objective modifications, usually restricted to those made by agreement. The \"Pontes de Miranda\" classification, may serve as a useful reference when analyzing the issue of modifications. The author points to modifications by agreement, changes by dolus and culpa (fault, tort law and breach of contract), by force majeure or unforeseeable circumstances, impossibility of performance, and, ultimately, by the mora debitoris and mora creditoris/accipiendi (default, delay of performance) as modifications \"without breaking the identity of the legal relationship\".

Na tese é averiguado o estatuto do fato artístico em exposições na atualidade, mediante a investigação de sua recepção em exibições nacionais e internacionais de arte brasileira. Fundamenta-se em textos relativos às mostras, observados à luz do multiculturalismo, de vertentes da filosofia contemporânea e das demandas por reconhecimento nas sociedades atuais. Está dividida em quatro partes, onde são examinadas as tendências da arte nacional de vanguarda nas mostras dos anos 1960, a fim de entender, por intermédio do conceito de performação, como procedimentos transferem-se do objeto artístico às exposições; averigua-se então como as tendências performam nas narrativas expositivas nos anos 1980; na seguinte são identificadas mostras dirigidas à proposição discursiva, conceituadas pela pesquisa como exposições proposicionais defrontadas a outros projetos expositivos; por fim dialoga com a produção universitária concernente ao assunto abordado. / This thesis examines the status of the artistic fact in contemporary exhibitions, through the investigation of its reception in national and international Brazilian art exhibitions. It is founded on texts concerning expositions in light of multiculturalism, some aspects of contemporary philosophy and demands of recognition in contemporary societies. It is divided into four parts: where the tendencies of national avant-garde art exhibitions of the 1960s are examined, in order to understand how procedures were transferred from the artistic object to the exhibitions, through the concept of performação; it is then ascertained how tendencies perform in the expository narratives in the 1980s; then exhibitions towards the discursive proposition are identified and conceptualized by the research as propositional expositions in face of other expositive projects; finally, it dialogues with university production concerning the subject matter.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T15:39:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:24:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / Este projeto objetiva propor diretrizes para formatação de um sistema integrado de gestão de normas educacionais para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, de forma a melhorar a qualidade do atendimento da Coordenação da Inspeção Escolar (CDIN), da Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC/RJ). A despeito da abundância de recursos informatizados dedicados a subsidiar adequadamente o processo de gerenciamento e tomada de decisões, a CDIN, órgão responsável pela execução das atividades ligadas à inspeção escolar, não dispõe de um sistema que gerencie as normas educacionais, que são a principal ferramenta de trabalho de seus inspetores. Esta ausência provoca reflexos negativos e diretos no tempo consumido para acessar a norma pesquisada e, sem a efetiva garantia de que, quando encontrada, é ela a norma que se encontra em vigor. Isto concorre fortemente para elevar a probabilidade de tomada de decisões temerárias em relação ao fato educacional sob análise. Em decorrência é comum o inspetor valerse de consultas aos colegas, o que acaba por inibir pesquisas, estudos e reflexões sobre questões relevantes. Este processo restritivo certamente concorre para um tipo de unidade capaz de fomentar o chamado isomorfismo. Assim, pretende-se promover a discussão dos resultados das pesquisas, identificando as demandas dos profissionais da inspeção escolar, conjugá-las com a Teoria Institucional e com as recomendações encontradas na literatura sobre a área da Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), notadamente as proposições oferecidas por Sommerville (2004), em particular a rastreabilidade bidirecional, preconizada pela Engenharia de Requisitos. A partir daí foi elaborado um conjunto de diretrizes, com vistas à formatação de um sistema capaz de atender integralmente as necessidades dos inspetores, surgidas quando da apreciação de determinado fato educacional e a consequente tomada de decisão. Além das diretrizes, recomenda-se que a SEEDUC considere a possibilidade e a oportunidade da criação de uma Câmara Técnica de Aplicação das Normas Educacionais, com a atribuição de examinar e pacificar entendimentos divergentes no âmbito da CDIN/EAAs. / This project aims to propose guidelines for formatting an integrated management of educational legislation for the state of Rio de Janeiro, in order to improve the quality of care for Coordination of School Inspection (CDIN), of the State Department of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC / RJ). Despite the abundance of computerized resources devoted to adequately subsidize process management and decision making, the CDIN, the body responsible for carrying out activities related to school inspection, lacks a system to manage the educational laws, which are the main tool work of its inspectors. This absence causes direct and negative effects in the time taken to access the law who is being searched, and without the effective guarantee that, when found, it is the law that is in force. This contributes strongly to increase the probability of making rash decisions about the fact educational under review. Because of this is common the inspector resort draw on consultations with colleagues, which ultimately inhibit research, studies and reflections on relevant issues. This restrictive process certainly contributes to a certain type of unit that can foster called isomorphism. Thus, promoted up the discussion of research findings, identifying the demands of school inspection professionals, combining them with the Institutional Theory and the recommendations found in the literature on the area of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the propositions offered by Sommerville (2004), in particular bidirectional traceability, advocated by Requirements Engineering. Thereafter was elaborate a set of guidelines, with a view to formatting a system capable of meeting fully the needs of inspectors, which arising when assessing determined educational fact and the consequent decisionmaking. Additionally to the directives, it is recommended to SEEDUC consider the possibility and desirability of establishing a Technical Board of Educational Application of Norms, with attribution to examine and pacify divergent understandings in the scope CDIN/EAAs.