Debts are common in every companies live. This dissertation is about debt and its adjustments. These adjustmensts are represented by practical examples with accounting solution.

Varje kreditaffär innebär en risk för företag. Denna rapport grundar sig på hur företagen kan värdera och hantera sina kundfordringar för att kundförluster skall minimeras. Kundfordringar kan värderas på tre olika sätt. Huvudregeln är att en individuell bedömning i första hand skall tillämpas. I undantagsfall kan en kollektiv bedömning av kundfordringarna vara bruklig. Den tredje värderingsmetoden kallas schablontrappan och är en kombination av de två tidigare. Rapporten är skriven som en kvalitativ rapport med en induktiv metod. Syftet var att få reda på huruvida kundförluster är ett problem bland företagen ute i näringslivet. Som hjälp till detta har intervjuer genomförts med fyra olika företag. Slutsatsen blev att kundförluster inte är ett stort problem idag bland företagen. Bidragande orsaker är att företagen har en väl fungerande hantering av sina kundfordringar, såsom kreditbedömning och uppföljningar av kunden. Värderingen av kundfordringar avgörs bland annat av antal kunder, kreditens storlek och kännedomen om kunden.

In China Steel Corporation(CSC) of Taiwan, cash and local L/C were the only two methods for shipping payment for the past 30 years. This didn¡¦t change until year 2001 when a financial crisis in Taiwan resulted in inadquatecy of credit line within Taiwanese domestic steel companies. Many companies were faced with the credit problems for procuring materials. Thus, CSC decided to develop an e-factoring system with the state-of-art e-commerce technologies to help its customers overcoming the problems. In this research, a study was conducted to investiage this e-factoring system. The results indicated that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system not only created a new operating model but also became a successful strategic information system. IT was an innovation that was fully integrated with CSC¡¦s ERP system and work flows. It provided an convenient payment method to secure customers transaction in the business activity growing period and played the role of IT as to provide a secure and convenient trading platform. Finally, the e-factoring system was expanding under the protection of government laws. Thus, we conclude that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system was a success because its development began with a specific focus of resolving specific customers¡¦ problem but later transits into a successful strategic information system through its convenience and effeciency in supporting and retaining target customers.

<p>Varje kreditaffär innebär en risk för företag. Denna rapport grundar sig på hur företagen kan värdera och hantera sina kundfordringar för att kundförluster skall minimeras. Kundfordringar kan värderas på tre olika sätt. Huvudregeln är att en individuell bedömning i första hand skall tillämpas. I undantagsfall kan en kollektiv bedömning av kundfordringarna vara bruklig. Den tredje värderingsmetoden kallas schablontrappan och är en kombination av de två tidigare.</p><p>Rapporten är skriven som en kvalitativ rapport med en induktiv metod. Syftet var att få reda på huruvida kundförluster är ett problem bland företagen ute i näringslivet. Som hjälp till detta har intervjuer genomförts med fyra olika företag.</p><p>Slutsatsen blev att kundförluster inte är ett stort problem idag bland företagen. Bidragande orsaker är att företagen har en väl fungerande hantering av sina kundfordringar, såsom kreditbedömning och uppföljningar av kunden. Värderingen av kundfordringar avgörs bland annat av antal kunder, kreditens storlek och kännedomen om kunden.</p>

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T01:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T21:22:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 108114.pdf: 6174962 bytes, checksum: 5bc2d346548ede5626546c867ab26053 (MD5) / Apresentação de um modelo multicritério de apoio à decisão que, baseado no sistema de valores do gerente, permita classificar formalmente, quanto ao risco, cada título de crédito disponível à compra por parte de uma empresa de factoring. Tal classificação levará em conta determinados padrões que permitam alocar cada um dos títulos avaliados nas categorias de: alto risco, médio risco e baixo risco.

The diploma paper with the topic Factoring as modern tool for financing of trade activity investigates various ways of gaining financial sources for a company in its theoretical part. These sources can be internal as well as external ones. External possibilities of financing focused on factoring, its principals, functions and forms are described in more details. It compares the costs for external financing in the practical part, and this with different proportion of the current account credit and factoring.

Factoring is a financial tool, which allows companies to gain money before the maturity of the invoices issued by them. Factoring can be provided as a regression or non-recourse. The accounting of factoring is based on the form of factoring. Recognition should be fundamentally based on economic substance of transactions rather than the legal status declared for example by contracts. Non-recourse factoring is based on assignment of receivables and regressive factoring is rather receivables management. The issue of accounting for factoring is not yet finally resolved officially.

The main goal of the thesis is to assess factoring as a tool for small and medium size enterprises financing. Factoring offers receivables management, securing of debtors risk and support of national and international trade. The target is to sum up theoretical approaches in Czech as well as international literature and connect them with practice knowledge and experience that the author have learned during expert experience. Factoring was successfully offered in course of bad economic times during worldwide recession mainly to due easy availability in the markets. Financing via factoring expresses lower risk for financing party, due to transaction risk spread being on the more debtors. In contrast, there is higher demand on administration of every single invoice of company to its debtors. This logically brings higher cost of manpower on the financing party site that has to deal with high proportion of invoices. The thesis is divided into five parts. First parts is taking care about state and private trade supporting tools including Czech Export Bank and its role in creating space for national exporters. Second part deals with forms, in which small and medium size enterprise can find the suitable financial tools and products. Receivables and its main features, receivables live cycle and tools for effective use of receivable in asset based financing, that is all proceeded in part with number three. Whereas chapter four analyze current latest experience with factoring, its forms and way of use including legal and accountancy view. Fifth chapter summarizes theoretical background and uses the application of theory in practice and presents examples, how factoring can help. The thesis found out, that factoring is a suitable financing tool in times of economic crisis and general downturn. The number of factoring transaction grew, as well as the total turnover, but average transaction price went down due to lower cost of traded goods, that was financed via factoring. Thesis also proved that factoring financing is easy to get in the market, as there is large scale of big and small factoring financing providers. Factoring did not improve all significant financial ratios, but increased turnover of assets, mainly receivables, decreased the ratio of indebtedness. Thesis introduced the factoring financing, its use, forms and pros as well as cons. Factoring provided to be sufficient substitute for conventional credit, but bears differences, that have to be taken into account, when deciding on suitable form of receivable financing.

Square Form Factoring is an <i>O</i>(<i>N</i>^1/4) factoring algorithm developed by D. Shanks using certain properties of quadratic forms. Central to the original algorithm is an iterative search for a square form. We propose a new subexponential-time algorithm called SQUFOF2, based on ideas of D. Shanks and R. de Vogelaire, which replaces the iterative search with a sieve, similar to the Quadratic Sieve.

With the proliferation of computers into homes and businesses and the explosive growth rate of the Internet, the ability to conduct secure electronic communications and transactions has become an issue of vital concern. One of the most prominent systems for securing electronic information, known as RSA, relies upon the fact that it is computationally difficult to factor a "large" integer into its component prime integers. If an efficient algorithm is developed that can factor any arbitrarily large integer in a "reasonable" amount of time, the security value of the RSA system would be nullified. The General Number Field Sieve algorithm is the fastest known method for factoring large integers. Research and development of this algorithm within the past five years has facilitated factorizations of integers that were once speculated to require thousands of years of supercomputer time to accomplish. While this method has many unexplored features that merit further research, the complexity of the algorithm prevents almost anyone but an expert from investigating its behavior. We address this concern by first pulling together much of the background information necessary to understand the concepts that are central in the General Number Field Sieve. These concepts are woven together into a cohesive presentation that details each theory while clearly describing how a particular theory fits into the algorithm. Formal proofs from existing literature are recast and illuminated to clarify their inner-workings and the role they play in the whole process. We also present a complete, detailed example of a factorization achieved with the General Number Field Sieve in order to concretize the concepts that are outlined. / Master of Science