A tese tem por objetivo investigar como se forma o juízo sobre os fatos na decisão judicial. Parte-se do pressuposto de que um juízo verdadeiro sobre os fatos é condição necessária, ainda que não suficiente por si só, para a justiça da decisão. A estratégia adotada é estudar o processo de conhecimento ao longo do qual se forma o juízo sobre os fatos. Inicia-se a exposição afirmando-se que são objeto de julgamento, e, portanto, do processo de conhecimento, ações humanas, as quais são sempre singulares, irrepetíveis e praticadas no passado. Sustenta-se que as ações só podem ser apreendidas adequadamente quando se consideram todos os aspectos que a caracterizam, a saber: que a ação tem como causa um agente, que é praticada com base em motivos e com determinada intenção e que é praticada em circunstâncias que, em sua totalidade, só dizem respeito a cada ação particular. Definido o objeto, passa-se ao primeiro aspecto relativo ao sujeito do conhecimento: a análise da repercussão dos dois tipos clássicos de raciocínio decisório judicial sobre a apreensão das ações particulares do caso. Conclui-se que o raciocínio analógico favorece uma apreensão das ações ampliada em relação ao raciocínio subsuntivo. O raciocínio subsuntivo, por sua vez, inibe, mas não é incompatível, com essa apreensão ampla. O trabalho retorna ao objeto de conhecimento, desta feita para analisar o que se oferece ao conhecimento do juiz para obter informações sobre as ações humanas que serão julgadas. Conclui-se que esses elementos ou são evidências, sobre as quais o juiz realiza inferências, ou presunções, que ele aplica. Evidências e presunções contribuem de forma variada para a satisfação de critérios de verdade. A tese se encerra com um retorno ao sujeito do conhecimento judicial: a análise dos dois modos de ajuizar as informações obtidas mediante inferências obtidas das evidências e os resultados das aplicações de presunções. Pelo método de resposta a questões feitas com base na regra de Direito que se supõe aplicável é possível resolver o caso nos termos dessa mesma regra de Direito, mas com um possível déficit de verdade, pois ficam de fora do juízo os aspectos das ações não contemplados pelas questões formuladas. Pelo método narrativo, os fatos são expostos em toda sua amplitude, o que atende mais satisfatoriamente à pretensão de verdade que lhe é inerente. O método narrativo não é incompatível com o método de questões, mas o completa e serve de teste à verdade das respostas. / The thesis aims to investigate how the judges opinion about the facts is built. Its basic assumption is that a true statement of the facts is a necessary condition to the justice of the decision, although insufficient by itself. The strategy adopted is to study the process of knowledge production which ends with the ascertainment of the facts. The study begins by saying that the object of trial, and therefore of the process of knowledge, are human actions, which are always unique, unrepeatable and practiced in the past. It is argued that actions can only be grasped properly when you consider all the aspects that characterize them, namely that the action is caused by an agent, it is practiced on the basis of reasons, with specific intention and that is practiced in circumstances that, in its entirety, only relate to each particular action. Set the object we pass to the first aspect of the subject of knowledge: the analysis of the impact of the two classical types of judicial reasoning on the task of knowing the particular actions of the case. It is concluded that analogical reasoning favours an expanded understanding of actions in relation to subsumption reasoning. Subsumption reasoning, in turn, inhibits, but is not inconsistent with, a broad approach to the facts. The work returns to the object of knowledge, this time to analyze what is offered to the attention of the judge to give him information about human actions that will be judged. We conclude that these elements are either evidence on which the judge makes inferences or presumptions that he applies. Evidence and presumptions contribute in different ways to the satisfaction of criteria of truth. The thesis concludes with a return to the subject of legal knowledge: the analysis of the two ways of ascertaining the information obtained through the inferences made on the basis of evidences and by application of presumptions. By the method of answering questions based on the rule of law that is supposed to apply it is possible to solve the case under that same rule of law, but with a possible deficit of truth, for the court doesnt take into account any information that is not an answer to the questions formulated. By the narrative method, the facts are exposed in all their diversity, which serves more satisfactorily to the claim to truth that must guide the judge. Moreover, the narrative method is not inconsistent with the method of questions, but functions as a complement and to test the truth of the answers.

Dispositivos baseados em eletrônica de potência, conhecidos na literatura como Dispositivos FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) permitem aumentar a capacidade de transmissão diminuindo a margem de segurança necessária para uma operação segura do sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) sem construir novas linhas, permitindo controlar os fluxos nas linhas e assim permitindo que os contratos entre as empresas de transmissão sejam respeitados. Entre os dispositivos FACTS, o de maior versatilidade é o Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), capaz de controlar três variáveis do sistema. No entanto, a inclusão desses dispositivos traz outros problemas ao SEP, um deles, a proteção das linhas. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para uma nova formulação matemática, adaptativa e compensada para a proteção de distância baseada na impedância aparente para a proteção de linhas compensadas com dispositivos UPFC. A formulação proposta se baseia em uma modelagem trifásica do sistema e na compensação da impedância aparente calculada através dos parâmetros controlados do UPFC e da estimação da impedância da falta. Resultados obtidos através da simulação exaustiva de faltas, mostram que esta formulação apresenta um excelente desempenho para a proteção de distância de linhas compensadas por dispositivos UPFC. / Power electronics-based devices, known as FACTS devices (Flexible Alternating current Transmission Systems) allow to increase transmission capacity by decreasing the safety margin required for a secure operation of the Electric Power System (EPS). It is possible without need to build new lines, allowing to control the flows in lines and thus allowing contracts between the transmission companies are respected. Among the FACTS devices, the most versatile is the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) capable of controlling three variables of the system. However, the inclusion of these devices brings other problems to the EPS, one of them, the transmission lines protection. This Thesis presents a contribution to a new mathematical formulation, adaptive and compensated for the distance protection based on the apparent impedance to protect transmission lines compensated by UPFC devices. The proposed formulation is based on a three-phase frame reference and the compensation of apparent impedance by the UPFC controlled parameters and the estimation of the fault impedance. Results obtained, through the comprehensive simulation of faults, show that it formulation present excellent performance for distance protection of transmission lines compensated by UPFC devices.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal propor uma sistematização de procedimento para a realização de Reproduções Simuladas Virtuais dos Fatos (RSF 3D). Dentre os objetivos específicos, buscou-se analisar processos criativos do Design de produto quanto à aplicabilidade destes na técnica pericial dos exames de Reprodução Simulada dos Fatos (RSF) e comparar estes processos de Design com técnicas de RSF, juntamente com as de animações forenses. Também se buscou sistematizar um procedimento baseado em análises comparativas de processos de Design, RSF e animações forenses para que fosse possível aplicar o procedimento proposto e comparar os resultados obtidos com o procedimento tradicional de RSF e o de RSF 3D a fim de ser verificada a aplicabilidade deste procedimento. Para tanto, a fundamentação teórica abordou temas como Design e Criminalística. Da área do Design foram estudados os fundamentos de Design contra o crime e suas aplicações em Criminalística bem como foram abordados alguns dos principais processos de projeto de produto. Da Criminalística, as pesquisas foram focadas nos fundamentos da perícia criminal, nos processos existentes para a realização de exames de RSF e de animações forenses. O assunto de animações forenses foi pesquisado, também, quanto as suas origens e recomendações adotadas pela justiça Norte-Americana, tidas como parâmetro de aceitação naquele país para animações computadorizadas em processos judiciais. Foi feito um levantamento das metodologias de animação forense já publicadas juntamente com alguns casos de aplicação realizados pela autora ao longo de oito anos atuando no IGP-RS enquanto perita criminal. A metodologia deste trabalho consistiu na seleção de um processo de Design que melhor atendesse aos fundamentos de perícia criminal aplicados aos exames de reprodução simulada dos fatos. Este método de Design adotado norteou a proposta do procedimento de realização de reproduções simuladas dos fatos tridimensionais, o qual foi criado a partir da sistematização dos processos de RSF e de animações forenses pesquisados. A sistematização de procedimento proposta foi submetida a um teste de verificação de aplicabilidade que consistiu na aplicação das etapas partindo-se de um caso de RSF atendido pela autora. O teste obteve sucesso em sua avaliação, a qual consistiu na comparação do exame realizado com o resultado obtido e, também, no atendimento aos quesitos de avaliação de RSF 3D propostos nesta pesquisa. O procedimento proposto revelou novas possibilidades de exames para os casos de RSF e, consequentemente, novos tipos de conclusões periciais. Com isso, verificou-se que o Design virtual pode cumprir um importante papel social, contribuindo para a elucidação de crimes. / The main objective of this paper is to propose a procedure systematization to make a simulated virtual reproduction of facts (SRF 3D). As specific objectives, we aimed to analyze the creative processes of the product's Design concerning their applicability in the forensic technique of simulated reproduction of facts (SRF) exams and compare these processes of Design to SRF techniques as well as to forensic animation techniques. We also aimed to systematize a procedure based in comparative analysis of Design processes, SRF and forensic animation to make possible the application of a proposal procedure and the comparison of the obtained results with the traditional procedure of SRF and SRF 3D to finally verify the applicability of this procedure. Therefore, the theoretical foundations have presented topics such as Design and Criminalistics. Concerning Design, the fundamentals of design against crime and its application in criminalistics were studied, as well as some main processes of the product's project. In Criminalistics, the researches focused in the fundamentals of forensics, in the existing processes to perform examination of simulated reproduction of facts and forensic animations. The subject forensic animation was also researched about its origins and the recommendations adopted by the U.S. justice, which are taken as parameter for acceptance in the country for computer animation in lawsuits. A research concerning already published forensic animation methodologies was conducted as well as some application cases made by the author over the eight years working in the IGP-RS as forensic expert. This paper's methodology is based in the selection of a Design process that better attend to the fundamentals of forensics applied to the exams of simulated reproduction of facts. The Design method used has guided the procedure proposal of performing tridimensional simulated reproduction of facts, which was created based on the systematization of the SRF and forensic animation processes researched. The proposed procedure systematization was subjected to a test for verification of applicability, that consisted in the application of the steps from a SRF case in which the author worked as a forensic expert. The test was successful in its evaluation, that consisted in comparing the exam with the result and, also, by the meeting of the requirements of the evaluation SRF 3D proposed in this research. The proposed procedure has revealed new possibilities of exams to the cases of SRF and, consequently, new types of forensics conclusions. With this, it was found that the virtual Design can accomplish an important social role, contributing to the solving of crimes.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T16:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuevaraHuerto_Wilfredo_M.pdf: 7004870 bytes, checksum: 515baaf3d80c6625dde9df137f1fff74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar e quantificar os benefícios da aplicação de dispositivos FACTS para a rede elétrica do Estado de São Paulo no que diz respeito à estabilidade de tensão, controle de tensão, redução de perdas e de intercâmbios de potência reativa com as áreas externas. A rede de São Paulo foi escolhida para esse estudo por representar o principal centro consumidor do país, por necessitar de grande importação de energia via intercâmbios por longa distância em todos os cenários de operação, e por ter sido considerada a área crítica nos eventos de perda da estabilidade de tensão de 1997. O trabalho aborda especificamente, a aplicação de dois equipamentos FACTS como possíveis dispositivos que possam contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho de regime permanente do sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo: o controlador em derivação SVC (Static Var Compensator) e o controlador série FSC (Fixed Serie Compensator). Estes dispositivos FACTS foram escolhidos devido ao fato de já representarem tecnologias consolidadas, oferecidas no mercado por diversos fabricantes, e por serem economicamente de maior viabilidade comparativamente a tecnologias mais recentes / Abstract: The main objective of this research is to identify and to quantify the benefits of the application of FACTS devices for the electric system of São Paulo¿s State according to the voltage stability, voltage control, loss reduction and interchanges of reactive power with external areas. The São Paulo¿s system was chosen because it represents the main load center of the country, needs great energy importation by long distance interchanges in all operation sceneries, and was considered the critical area in the voltage instability events that happened in 1997. This work investigates specifically, the application of two FACTS devices as possible equipments that can contribute to the improvement of the steady state performance of São Paulo¿s State electrical system: the shunt controller SVC (Static Var Compensator) and serie controller FSC (Fixed Serie Compensator). These FACTS devices were chosen because they already represent consolidated technologies, offered in the market by many manufacturers, and have better economic viability comparatively to more recent technologies / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal propor uma sistematização de procedimento para a realização de Reproduções Simuladas Virtuais dos Fatos (RSF 3D). Dentre os objetivos específicos, buscou-se analisar processos criativos do Design de produto quanto à aplicabilidade destes na técnica pericial dos exames de Reprodução Simulada dos Fatos (RSF) e comparar estes processos de Design com técnicas de RSF, juntamente com as de animações forenses. Também se buscou sistematizar um procedimento baseado em análises comparativas de processos de Design, RSF e animações forenses para que fosse possível aplicar o procedimento proposto e comparar os resultados obtidos com o procedimento tradicional de RSF e o de RSF 3D a fim de ser verificada a aplicabilidade deste procedimento. Para tanto, a fundamentação teórica abordou temas como Design e Criminalística. Da área do Design foram estudados os fundamentos de Design contra o crime e suas aplicações em Criminalística bem como foram abordados alguns dos principais processos de projeto de produto. Da Criminalística, as pesquisas foram focadas nos fundamentos da perícia criminal, nos processos existentes para a realização de exames de RSF e de animações forenses. O assunto de animações forenses foi pesquisado, também, quanto as suas origens e recomendações adotadas pela justiça Norte-Americana, tidas como parâmetro de aceitação naquele país para animações computadorizadas em processos judiciais. Foi feito um levantamento das metodologias de animação forense já publicadas juntamente com alguns casos de aplicação realizados pela autora ao longo de oito anos atuando no IGP-RS enquanto perita criminal. A metodologia deste trabalho consistiu na seleção de um processo de Design que melhor atendesse aos fundamentos de perícia criminal aplicados aos exames de reprodução simulada dos fatos. Este método de Design adotado norteou a proposta do procedimento de realização de reproduções simuladas dos fatos tridimensionais, o qual foi criado a partir da sistematização dos processos de RSF e de animações forenses pesquisados. A sistematização de procedimento proposta foi submetida a um teste de verificação de aplicabilidade que consistiu na aplicação das etapas partindo-se de um caso de RSF atendido pela autora. O teste obteve sucesso em sua avaliação, a qual consistiu na comparação do exame realizado com o resultado obtido e, também, no atendimento aos quesitos de avaliação de RSF 3D propostos nesta pesquisa. O procedimento proposto revelou novas possibilidades de exames para os casos de RSF e, consequentemente, novos tipos de conclusões periciais. Com isso, verificou-se que o Design virtual pode cumprir um importante papel social, contribuindo para a elucidação de crimes. / The main objective of this paper is to propose a procedure systematization to make a simulated virtual reproduction of facts (SRF 3D). As specific objectives, we aimed to analyze the creative processes of the product's Design concerning their applicability in the forensic technique of simulated reproduction of facts (SRF) exams and compare these processes of Design to SRF techniques as well as to forensic animation techniques. We also aimed to systematize a procedure based in comparative analysis of Design processes, SRF and forensic animation to make possible the application of a proposal procedure and the comparison of the obtained results with the traditional procedure of SRF and SRF 3D to finally verify the applicability of this procedure. Therefore, the theoretical foundations have presented topics such as Design and Criminalistics. Concerning Design, the fundamentals of design against crime and its application in criminalistics were studied, as well as some main processes of the product's project. In Criminalistics, the researches focused in the fundamentals of forensics, in the existing processes to perform examination of simulated reproduction of facts and forensic animations. The subject forensic animation was also researched about its origins and the recommendations adopted by the U.S. justice, which are taken as parameter for acceptance in the country for computer animation in lawsuits. A research concerning already published forensic animation methodologies was conducted as well as some application cases made by the author over the eight years working in the IGP-RS as forensic expert. This paper's methodology is based in the selection of a Design process that better attend to the fundamentals of forensics applied to the exams of simulated reproduction of facts. The Design method used has guided the procedure proposal of performing tridimensional simulated reproduction of facts, which was created based on the systematization of the SRF and forensic animation processes researched. The proposed procedure systematization was subjected to a test for verification of applicability, that consisted in the application of the steps from a SRF case in which the author worked as a forensic expert. The test was successful in its evaluation, that consisted in comparing the exam with the result and, also, by the meeting of the requirements of the evaluation SRF 3D proposed in this research. The proposed procedure has revealed new possibilities of exams to the cases of SRF and, consequently, new types of forensics conclusions. With this, it was found that the virtual Design can accomplish an important social role, contributing to the solving of crimes.

We consider Sequential Monte Carlo Approximate Bayesian Computation (SMC ABC) as a method of calibration for the use of agent based models in market micro-structure. To date, there are no successful calibrations of agent based models to high frequency trading data. Here we test whether a more sophisticated calibration technique, SMC ABC, will achieve this feat on one of the leading agent based models in high frequency trading literature (the Preis-Golke-Paul-Schneider Agent Based Model (Preis et al., 2006)). We find that, although SMC ABC's naive approach of updating distributions can successfully calibrate simple toy models, such as autoregressive moving average models, it fails to calibrate this agent based model for high frequency trading. This may be for two key reasons, either the parameters of the model are not uniquely identifiable given the model output or the SMC ABC rejection mechanism results in information loss rendering parameters unidentifiable given insucient summary statistics.

Drawing on some 30 years’ experience in the UK and Central Europe, the author offers four assertions, three about education generally and the fourth that of the title. There the case is argued that statistics is a branch of logic, and therefore should be taught by experts in such subjects as philosophy and law and not exclusively by athematicians. Education in both Statistics and these other subjects would profit in consequence.

Sixth grade students at a Mid-Atlantic, urban, PreK-8 public school have shown weak mathematical performance. In accordance with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, the local district has implemented numerous policy changes to improve performance, but no substantial improvements in test scores have been seen so far. This project study focused on the development of automaticity and fluency of math facts to address this problem. The theoretical framework of the study was based on Haring and Eaton's instructional competency hierarchy framework, which claims that students who master basic mathematics skills are better able to progress to more general and abstract skills. A modified, quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control-group design was used with 2 groups of 20 sixth grade students who were neither randomly selected nor assigned to either group. Data analysis using one-way analysis of variance revealed that computer aided instruction--specifically, Fluency and Automaticity through Systematic Teaching and Technology (FASTT) Math--was more effective than the other classroom's mathematics instruction in developing multiplication fluency. In response, a curriculum policy recommendation was drafted as a project and will be presented to the board of education to conduct additional evaluations of FASTT Math as a supplemental tool in third through eighth grades in the district. This project is expected to contribute to social change by improving mathematics achievement which will create a mathematically literate cadre of students to meet the needs of 21st century employers, thus improving the quality of life in the broader community.

Explicit timing and interspersal assignments have been validated as effective methods to facilitate students' math practice. However, no researchers have explored the combinative effect of these two methods. In Study 1, we extended the literature by comparing the effect of explicit timing with interspersal assignments, and interspersal assignments without timing. Generally, participants' rate of digits correct on easy and hard addition problems was higher during the explicit timing condition than during the untimed condition. However, the participants' rate of digits correct decreased after initial implementation of the explicit timing condition. Motivation plays a crucial role in maintaining performance levels and helping students make continuous progress. Preferred reinforcers and setting academic targets have been widely utilized as active motivational components to increase the likelihood of a successful strategy in school settings. In Study 2, we employed a brief MSWO reinforcer assessment to identify individual student's low- and high-preference reinforcers and examined the effects of explicit timing on interspersed assignments combined with high preference or low preference reinforcers, and setting academic targets. In general, explicit timing combined with preferred reinforcers and academic targets produced a more sustainable effect on participants' rate of digits correct than explicit timing alone. In addition, high-preference reinforcers were more effective than low-preference reinforcers for three of five participants. For two participants, an increasing trend was observed when low preference reinforcers were contingent on meeting academic targets. These results are discussed relative to using preference assessments with students with mild/moderate disabilities.

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have the ability of voltage supportand increase transmission capacity. In order to specify a FACTS devicethat is performing according to expectations in a network, a set of studiesand network analyses must be performed. Part of these studies are done usingpower system analysis programs such as PSS®E, which is a planning toolsimulating large power systems in phasor domain using RMS values. Theseplanning tools are used for evaluating stability and reinforcement needs ina power system. The results play a vital role in investment decisions inthe power system. FACTS devices are modeled in PSS®E using a programminglanguage called FORTRAN. It is important to model FACTS devicesaccurately to avoid misleading results. In this Master thesis, STATCOMand Hybrid-STATCOM models are proposed and programmed accordingto ABB’s control strategy. The models are tested in PSS®E and verifiedagainst detailed models in PSCAD. Also, the models are compared againstother industry wide spread generic models. / System inom produktgruppen FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)har m¨ojligheten att st¨odja sp¨anning och h¨oja ¨overf¨oringskapacitet p°a existerandeledningar. F¨or att kunna specificera en FACTS-anl¨aggning sombeter sig som f¨orv¨antat i ett eln¨at beh¨ovs ett antal studier och n¨atanalyserutf¨oras. Delar av dessa studier ¨ar gjorda genom att anv¨anda verktyg f¨orkraftsystemanalys som t.ex. PSS®E, som ¨ar ett verktyg f¨or n¨atplaneringd¨ar fasvektorer och RMS-v¨arden anv¨ands i ber¨akningarna. Dessa verktyganv¨ands f¨or att evaluera stabilitet och utbyggnadsbehov i eln¨atet. Resultatenfr°an verktygen spelar en vital roll i investeringsbeslut i ett eln¨at.FACTS-system modelleras i PSS®E med hj¨alp av programmeringsspr°aketFORTRAN. Det ¨ar viktigt att anv¨anda korrekta modeller f¨or att undvikamissledande resultat. I denna Master-uppsats f¨oresl°as och utvecklasSTATCOM och Hybrid-STATCOM modeller i enlighet med ABBs kontrollstrategi.Modellerna testas i PSS®E och verifieras mot detaljerade modelleri PSCAD. Modellerna j¨amf¨ors ¨aven mot andra generiska modeller som ¨araccepterade och spridda ¨over branschen i stort.