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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Fad Fashion : ur ett varumärkesperspektiv / Fad Fashion

LIDÉN, HELEN, GUSTAFSSON, EMELIE January 2010 (has links)
En studie gällande Fad Fashion kopplat till varumärken. / <p>A study concerning Fad Fashion related to brands.</p><p>Program: Butikschefsutbildningen</p>
2

Remoção de microalgas por pré-ozonização e flotação por ar dissolvido / not available

Vieira, Rodrigo 06 June 2016 (has links)
Espécies de microalgas como Chlorella sorokiniana têm sido investigadas para as mais variadas aplicações como biocombustíveis, nutrição e a recuperação de nutrientes. Entretanto, a separação de microalgas do meio líquido permanece um desafio tanto técnico quanto econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor e investigar a utilização de pré-ozonização e flotação por ar dissolvido para a separação sólido-líquido de Chlorella sorokiniana cultivada em meio padrão M8a em fotobiorreator flat panel, utilizando polímero catiônico à base de poliacrilamida como coagulante. Primeiramente, foi avaliado o sistema de tratamento com flotação por ar dissolvido, que foi otimizada em escala de laboratório visando eficiência de remoção de algas e flexibilização do sistema. Utilizando dosagens de polímero catiônico de 10 mg L-1 obteve-se remoções de cor aparente, turbidez e densidade óptica próximas de 95 &#37; em pH 7. Posteriormente, a etapa de mistura lenta foi retirada do sistema, a razão de recirculação foi diminuída de 10 para 4 &#37; e após essas alterações, obteve-se remoção de microalgas acima de 90 &#37; para dosagem de polímero de 10 mg L-1. Para analisar o efeito da pré-ozonização a dosagem de polímero catiônico foi reduzida para 7 mg L-1, e observou-se que com FAD esta dosagem removeu 81,12 &#37; de turbidez, e após pré-ozonização por 5 minutos seguida de FAD a eficiência de remoção de turbidez chegou a 91,78 &#37; e remoção de cor aparente aumentou 6,25 &#37;. A utilização da pré-ozonização permitiu utilização de velocidades de flotação da ordem de 24 cm min-1 sem prejuízo da eficiência de remoção de cor, turbidez e densidade óptica. Observou-se que a pré-ozonização demonstra efeitos positivos no sistema de tratamento, mas constatou-se uma dosagem ótima de ozônio, e que a partir desta dosagem a eficiência do tratamento pode ser prejudicada. Foi constatado que uma possível explicação para esse fato seja a liberação de matéria orgânica algal após pré-ozonização, em dosagens acima do valor ótimo de dosagem de ozônio. / Microalgal species as Chlorella sorokiniana have been investigated for a variety of applications such as biofuels, nutrition and nutrient recovery. However, the solid-liquid separation microalgae of the liquid medium remains a challenge both technical as economical. This work aims to propose and investigate the use of preozonation and dissolved air flotation for solid liquid separation of Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in standard M8a medium in a flat panel photobioreator, using cationic polyacrylamide based polymer as coagulant. Initially, treatment system including dissolved air flotation was evaluated, which was optimezed at laboratory scale targeting removal efficiency of microalgae and system flexibility. Using cationic polymer dosage of 10 mg L-1, were obtained apparent color, turbidity and optical density removals nearly to 95&#37; in pH 7. Further, the step of slow mixing was removed from the system, the recycle ratio was decreased from 10 to 4&#37; and after these changes, was obtained microalgae removal over 90&#37; at polymer dosage of 10 mg L-1. To analyse the effect of preozonation, cationic polymer dosage was decreased to 7 mg L-1, and was observed 81.12 &#37; turbidity removal with this polymer dosage at FAD, and after 5 minutes preozonation followed by FAD, turbidity removal efficiency reached 91.8 &#37; and apparent color removal increased 6.25 &#37;. The utilization of preozonation allowed use of flotation velocities in the order of 24 cm min-1 without damaging variables removal efficiency. It was observed tha preozonation shows positive effects in treatment system, but was found an optimum ozone dosage from which the treatment efficiency is hampered. It was observed that a possible explanation to this fact is the release of algogenic organic matter after preozonation in dosages over the optimum value of ozone dosage.
3

Remoção de microalgas por pré-ozonização e flotação por ar dissolvido / not available

Rodrigo Vieira 06 June 2016 (has links)
Espécies de microalgas como Chlorella sorokiniana têm sido investigadas para as mais variadas aplicações como biocombustíveis, nutrição e a recuperação de nutrientes. Entretanto, a separação de microalgas do meio líquido permanece um desafio tanto técnico quanto econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor e investigar a utilização de pré-ozonização e flotação por ar dissolvido para a separação sólido-líquido de Chlorella sorokiniana cultivada em meio padrão M8a em fotobiorreator flat panel, utilizando polímero catiônico à base de poliacrilamida como coagulante. Primeiramente, foi avaliado o sistema de tratamento com flotação por ar dissolvido, que foi otimizada em escala de laboratório visando eficiência de remoção de algas e flexibilização do sistema. Utilizando dosagens de polímero catiônico de 10 mg L-1 obteve-se remoções de cor aparente, turbidez e densidade óptica próximas de 95 &#37; em pH 7. Posteriormente, a etapa de mistura lenta foi retirada do sistema, a razão de recirculação foi diminuída de 10 para 4 &#37; e após essas alterações, obteve-se remoção de microalgas acima de 90 &#37; para dosagem de polímero de 10 mg L-1. Para analisar o efeito da pré-ozonização a dosagem de polímero catiônico foi reduzida para 7 mg L-1, e observou-se que com FAD esta dosagem removeu 81,12 &#37; de turbidez, e após pré-ozonização por 5 minutos seguida de FAD a eficiência de remoção de turbidez chegou a 91,78 &#37; e remoção de cor aparente aumentou 6,25 &#37;. A utilização da pré-ozonização permitiu utilização de velocidades de flotação da ordem de 24 cm min-1 sem prejuízo da eficiência de remoção de cor, turbidez e densidade óptica. Observou-se que a pré-ozonização demonstra efeitos positivos no sistema de tratamento, mas constatou-se uma dosagem ótima de ozônio, e que a partir desta dosagem a eficiência do tratamento pode ser prejudicada. Foi constatado que uma possível explicação para esse fato seja a liberação de matéria orgânica algal após pré-ozonização, em dosagens acima do valor ótimo de dosagem de ozônio. / Microalgal species as Chlorella sorokiniana have been investigated for a variety of applications such as biofuels, nutrition and nutrient recovery. However, the solid-liquid separation microalgae of the liquid medium remains a challenge both technical as economical. This work aims to propose and investigate the use of preozonation and dissolved air flotation for solid liquid separation of Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in standard M8a medium in a flat panel photobioreator, using cationic polyacrylamide based polymer as coagulant. Initially, treatment system including dissolved air flotation was evaluated, which was optimezed at laboratory scale targeting removal efficiency of microalgae and system flexibility. Using cationic polymer dosage of 10 mg L-1, were obtained apparent color, turbidity and optical density removals nearly to 95&#37; in pH 7. Further, the step of slow mixing was removed from the system, the recycle ratio was decreased from 10 to 4&#37; and after these changes, was obtained microalgae removal over 90&#37; at polymer dosage of 10 mg L-1. To analyse the effect of preozonation, cationic polymer dosage was decreased to 7 mg L-1, and was observed 81.12 &#37; turbidity removal with this polymer dosage at FAD, and after 5 minutes preozonation followed by FAD, turbidity removal efficiency reached 91.8 &#37; and apparent color removal increased 6.25 &#37;. The utilization of preozonation allowed use of flotation velocities in the order of 24 cm min-1 without damaging variables removal efficiency. It was observed tha preozonation shows positive effects in treatment system, but was found an optimum ozone dosage from which the treatment efficiency is hampered. It was observed that a possible explanation to this fact is the release of algogenic organic matter after preozonation in dosages over the optimum value of ozone dosage.
4

The influence of biaxial loading on the assessment of structures with defects

Meek, Caroline January 2017 (has links)
Assessments of structures with postulated or existing defects are generally carried out using standards and engineering assessment procedures. Assessments of this type involve comparing an applied force, in this case the crack driving force, with a material property, which in this case is the material's resistance to fracture, its fracture toughness. The crack driving force J can be calculated directly or implicitly by using a failure assessment diagram. Assessments can be based on either the initiation of the growth of a crack or, when dealing with ductile fracture, on an amount, e.g. 2 mm, of ductile tearing. Material fracture toughness values are obtained by testing high constraint specimens such as deeply cracked compact tension specimens and single edge notched bend specimens under uniaxial loading conditions. The high constraint of the test specimens provides conservative measurements of the fracture toughness for most applications. However, this assumption of conservatism is not necessarily applicable where there are biaxial loading conditions. The literature concerning assessments of such components mainly discusses whether uniaxial loading conditions provide conservative estimates of fracture toughness. Crack driving forces under biaxial loading can be overestimated, leading to a loss of conservatism. Conversely, biaxial loading could be beneficial and thus an approach that is consistently conservative has implications for the cost and time involved in the consequences of prematurely assessing or predicting the failure of a structure or component. This research considers the effects of biaxial loading on all the parameters involved in the integrity assessment of structures, components and specimens with defects. These parameters include the crack driving force, material fracture toughness, internal stresses and limit loads. It will address their relative effects on the determination of failure when compared with the assumption of uniaxial loading. The methods used will be analytical, using the equations and theories of standard solid mechanics, fracture mechanics and existing advice in R6 and the literature, and numerical using finite element analyses. Experimental, analytical and numerical work in the literature will be assessed and discussed and their outcomes compared with the findings of this research. The overall aim is to provide more explicit advice on the assessment of defects in components under biaxial loading in the R6 procedure.
5

Identification and Characterization of the Enzymes Involved in Biosynthesis of FAD and Tetrahydromethanopterin in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii

Mashhadi, Zahra 09 September 2010 (has links)
Methanogens belong to the archaeal domain, are anaerobes and produce methane from CO2 or other simple carbon compounds. Methanogenesis is a key process of the global carbon cycle and methanogens produce about 75-85% of all methane emissions. Besides the universally occurring coenzymes that are needed in normal metabolic pathways, such as biotin, coenzyme A, thiamine, FAD, PLP, etc.; methanogens need six additional coenzymes that are involved in the methane production pathway: methanofuran, tetrahydromethanopterin, coenzyme F₄₂₀, coenzyme M, coenzyme B, and coenzyme F₄₃₀. Although now it is known that some non-methanogenic archaea and bacteria have several of these coenzymes, they are named methanogenic coenzymes since these six coenzymes were first isolated and identified from methanogens. We are using Methanocaldococcus jannaschii as a model organism of methanogens to understand and investigate pathways of coenzymes biosynthesis. Our laboratory is involved in establishing the chemical functions of hypothetical proteins that function in targeted biochemical pathways leading to coenzyme production within the euryarchaeon M. jannaschii and identifying their corresponding genes. While there are many coenzymes present in this organism, my focus is on the biosynthetic pathways of tetrahydromethanopterin and FAD. 7,8-Dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate (H₂N-cP) is the first intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pterin portion of tetrahydromethanopterin (H₄MPT), a C₁ carrier coenzyme. This intermediate is produced from GTP by MptA (MJ0775 gene product), a new class of GTP cyclohydrolase I. An Fe(II)-dependent cyclic phosphodiesterase (MptB, MJ0837 gene product) hydrolyzes the cyclic phosphate of H₂N-cP to a mixture of 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2'-monophosphate and 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 3'-monophosphate. MptB requires Fe²⁺ for activity, the same as observed for MptA. Thus the first two enzymes involved in H4MPT biosynthesis in the Archaea are Fe²⁺ dependent. In the FAD biosynthetic pathway, the conversion of riboflavin first into FMN and then to FAD is catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme (RibF) that first acts as a kinase converting riboflavin to FMN in the presence of ATP and then acts as a nucleotidyl transferase using a second ATP to convert the FMN to FAD. Identification of the archaeal CTP-dependent riboflavin kinase, RibK (MJ0056 gene product) led us to identify a archaeal monofunctional FAD synthetase, RibL (MJ1179 gene product). RibL is the only air-sensitive FAD synthetase identified. / Ph. D.
6

Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy for diagnosis of clinically similar skin lesions / Espectroscopia de tempo de vida de fluorescência para o diagnóstico de lesões de pele clinicamente semelhantes

Nogueira, Marcelo Saito 28 July 2016 (has links)
The fluorescence spectroscopy and lifetime analysis in biological tissues has been presented as a technique of great potential for tissue characterization for diagnostic purposes. This potential is due to the main advantages of optical techniques based on fluorescence for diagnosis, which includes the possibility of evaluating the tissue metabolism in situ, without removal and processing of the biological sample, through a fast and non-invasive response. Skin lesions were the target interrogated tissue in the present study. They can be clinically classified into two major groups: pigmented and non-pigmented lesions. In each group, the clinical discrimination of benign and malignant lesions may be a complex task, especially for non-experienced clinicians. When these lesions have clinically similar features, the choice of the treatment modality becomes difficult. In this context, auxiliary diagnostic techniques are very important to improve the diagnostic resolution as well as treatment planning and success. Gold standard for skin diagnosis is obtained with the biopsy and further histological analysis. The information about these features is invasive and time consuming. When using a non-invasive procedure such as fluorescence lifetime measurements, the main interrogated fluorophores are NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), biomolecules involved in cellular respiration that may provide information on the metabolism of the cells. To differentiate each skin lesion, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of endogenous fluorophores emission such as collagen and elastin, and the absorption of chromophores such as melanin and hemoglobin. In addition to fluorescence decay analysis considering the contribution of fluorophores and chromophores, a stable and portable system is desired for clinical measurements and interrogation of biological tissue in vivo. In this study, we have assembled, calibrated, and characterized one of the worlds first portable time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy system for single-point measurements. This system was designed to be robust and user-friendly for clinical applications. The system was calibrated and characterized in vitro before the clinical application. It was used for evaluation of the photoaging process in sun-exposed and non-exposed skin and for discrimination of clinically similar skin lesions. Significant statistical differences were observed for 10 parameters when comparing normal and photoaged skin (students t-test, p < 0.001), and for all combinations of non-pigmented and pigmented lesions when using tri-exponential decay parameters (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p<0.05). Both in vivo measurements showed promising results and have potential for many applications in dermatology, oncology and aesthetics. Next steps include multivariate data analysis and the determination of the diagnostic resolution of fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy. Further investigation of optical processes related to fluorescence decay changes is necessary, since fluorescence lifetime values in biological tissues reported on the literature are very scarce and heterogeneous and not completely understood. / A análise da espectroscopia e do tempo de vida da fluorescência em tecidos biológicos vem sendo apresentada como uma técnica com grande potencial para a caracterização tecidual com finalidade diagnóstica. Esse potencial é devido às principais vantagens das técnicas ópticas de diagnóstico baseadas em fluorescência, que possibilitam avaliar o metabolismo in situ, sem a necessidade de remoção e processamento da amostra biológica, com uma resposta rápida e não-invasiva. Lesões de pele foram os tecidos investigados no presente estudo. Elas podem ser clinicamente classificadas em dois grandes grupos: pigmentadas e não pigmentadas. Em cada grupo, a discriminação clínica de lesões benignas e malignas pode ser uma tarefa complexa, principalmente para médicos com pouca experiência. Quando essas lesões apresentam características clínicas semelhantes, a escolha do tipo de tratamento torna-se difícil. Nesse contexto, técnicas auxiliares de diagnóstico são de grande relevância para melhorar a resolução de diagnóstico, assim como o planejamento e o sucesso do tratamento. O padrão ouro para o diagnóstico do câncer de pele é obtido por meio da biópsia e posterior análise histopatológica. A obtenção de informações sobre essas características é invasiva e consome bastante tempo. Ao utilizar procedimentos não-invasivos como medidas de tempo de vida de fluorescência, os fluoróforos de mais investigados são o NADH (nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo) e o FAD (flavina adenina dinucleotídeo), biomoléculas envolvidas na respiração celular que podem fornecer informação sobre o metabolismo das células. Para diferenciar cada tipo de lesão de pele, é necessário levar em conta a contribuição da emissão de fluoróforos endógenos como o colágeno, elastina e da absorção de cromóforos como melanina e hemoglobina. Além da análise do decaimento de fluorescência considerando a contribuição de fluoróforos e cromóforos, um sistema estável e portátil é desejado para medidas clínicas e investigação de tecidos biológicos in vivo. Nesse estudo, nós montamos, calibramos e caracterizamos um dos primeiros sistemas portáteis do mundo para espectroscopia de fluorescência resolvida no tempo para medidas pontuais. Esse sistema foi projetado para ser robusto e amigável ao usuário em aplicações clínicas. O sistema foi calibrado e caracterizado in vitro antes das aplicações clínicas. Ele foi utilizado para avaliação do processo de fotoenvelhecimento em pele exposta e não-exposta ao sol e para a discriminação de lesões de pele clinicamente semelhantes. Diferenças estatísticas significativas foram observadas para 10 parâmetros na comparação entre pele normal e fotoenvelhecida (teste t-student, p<0.001) e para todas as combinações de lesões pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas ao utilizar parâmetros do decaimento triexponencial (teste Wilcoxon rank sum, p<0.05). Ambas medidas in vivo mostraram resultados promissores e um potencial para muitas aplicações em dermatologia, oncologia e estética. As próximas etapas incluem análise multivariada de dados e determinação da resolução de diagnóstico da espectroscopia de tempo de vida de fluorescência. Uma maior investigação dos processos ópticos relacionados a mudanças nos decaimentos de fluorescência é necessária, pois o número de valores de tempo de vida de fluorescência em tecidos biológicos reportados na literatura é escasso e os valores são heterogêneos e não completamente compreendidos.
7

Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy for diagnosis of clinically similar skin lesions / Espectroscopia de tempo de vida de fluorescência para o diagnóstico de lesões de pele clinicamente semelhantes

Marcelo Saito Nogueira 28 July 2016 (has links)
The fluorescence spectroscopy and lifetime analysis in biological tissues has been presented as a technique of great potential for tissue characterization for diagnostic purposes. This potential is due to the main advantages of optical techniques based on fluorescence for diagnosis, which includes the possibility of evaluating the tissue metabolism in situ, without removal and processing of the biological sample, through a fast and non-invasive response. Skin lesions were the target interrogated tissue in the present study. They can be clinically classified into two major groups: pigmented and non-pigmented lesions. In each group, the clinical discrimination of benign and malignant lesions may be a complex task, especially for non-experienced clinicians. When these lesions have clinically similar features, the choice of the treatment modality becomes difficult. In this context, auxiliary diagnostic techniques are very important to improve the diagnostic resolution as well as treatment planning and success. Gold standard for skin diagnosis is obtained with the biopsy and further histological analysis. The information about these features is invasive and time consuming. When using a non-invasive procedure such as fluorescence lifetime measurements, the main interrogated fluorophores are NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), biomolecules involved in cellular respiration that may provide information on the metabolism of the cells. To differentiate each skin lesion, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of endogenous fluorophores emission such as collagen and elastin, and the absorption of chromophores such as melanin and hemoglobin. In addition to fluorescence decay analysis considering the contribution of fluorophores and chromophores, a stable and portable system is desired for clinical measurements and interrogation of biological tissue in vivo. In this study, we have assembled, calibrated, and characterized one of the worlds first portable time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy system for single-point measurements. This system was designed to be robust and user-friendly for clinical applications. The system was calibrated and characterized in vitro before the clinical application. It was used for evaluation of the photoaging process in sun-exposed and non-exposed skin and for discrimination of clinically similar skin lesions. Significant statistical differences were observed for 10 parameters when comparing normal and photoaged skin (students t-test, p < 0.001), and for all combinations of non-pigmented and pigmented lesions when using tri-exponential decay parameters (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p<0.05). Both in vivo measurements showed promising results and have potential for many applications in dermatology, oncology and aesthetics. Next steps include multivariate data analysis and the determination of the diagnostic resolution of fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy. Further investigation of optical processes related to fluorescence decay changes is necessary, since fluorescence lifetime values in biological tissues reported on the literature are very scarce and heterogeneous and not completely understood. / A análise da espectroscopia e do tempo de vida da fluorescência em tecidos biológicos vem sendo apresentada como uma técnica com grande potencial para a caracterização tecidual com finalidade diagnóstica. Esse potencial é devido às principais vantagens das técnicas ópticas de diagnóstico baseadas em fluorescência, que possibilitam avaliar o metabolismo in situ, sem a necessidade de remoção e processamento da amostra biológica, com uma resposta rápida e não-invasiva. Lesões de pele foram os tecidos investigados no presente estudo. Elas podem ser clinicamente classificadas em dois grandes grupos: pigmentadas e não pigmentadas. Em cada grupo, a discriminação clínica de lesões benignas e malignas pode ser uma tarefa complexa, principalmente para médicos com pouca experiência. Quando essas lesões apresentam características clínicas semelhantes, a escolha do tipo de tratamento torna-se difícil. Nesse contexto, técnicas auxiliares de diagnóstico são de grande relevância para melhorar a resolução de diagnóstico, assim como o planejamento e o sucesso do tratamento. O padrão ouro para o diagnóstico do câncer de pele é obtido por meio da biópsia e posterior análise histopatológica. A obtenção de informações sobre essas características é invasiva e consome bastante tempo. Ao utilizar procedimentos não-invasivos como medidas de tempo de vida de fluorescência, os fluoróforos de mais investigados são o NADH (nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo) e o FAD (flavina adenina dinucleotídeo), biomoléculas envolvidas na respiração celular que podem fornecer informação sobre o metabolismo das células. Para diferenciar cada tipo de lesão de pele, é necessário levar em conta a contribuição da emissão de fluoróforos endógenos como o colágeno, elastina e da absorção de cromóforos como melanina e hemoglobina. Além da análise do decaimento de fluorescência considerando a contribuição de fluoróforos e cromóforos, um sistema estável e portátil é desejado para medidas clínicas e investigação de tecidos biológicos in vivo. Nesse estudo, nós montamos, calibramos e caracterizamos um dos primeiros sistemas portáteis do mundo para espectroscopia de fluorescência resolvida no tempo para medidas pontuais. Esse sistema foi projetado para ser robusto e amigável ao usuário em aplicações clínicas. O sistema foi calibrado e caracterizado in vitro antes das aplicações clínicas. Ele foi utilizado para avaliação do processo de fotoenvelhecimento em pele exposta e não-exposta ao sol e para a discriminação de lesões de pele clinicamente semelhantes. Diferenças estatísticas significativas foram observadas para 10 parâmetros na comparação entre pele normal e fotoenvelhecida (teste t-student, p<0.001) e para todas as combinações de lesões pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas ao utilizar parâmetros do decaimento triexponencial (teste Wilcoxon rank sum, p<0.05). Ambas medidas in vivo mostraram resultados promissores e um potencial para muitas aplicações em dermatologia, oncologia e estética. As próximas etapas incluem análise multivariada de dados e determinação da resolução de diagnóstico da espectroscopia de tempo de vida de fluorescência. Uma maior investigação dos processos ópticos relacionados a mudanças nos decaimentos de fluorescência é necessária, pois o número de valores de tempo de vida de fluorescência em tecidos biológicos reportados na literatura é escasso e os valores são heterogêneos e não completamente compreendidos.
8

Structure and Mechanism of the Flavoenzyme Lipoamide Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Tietzel, Michael 10 September 2015 (has links)
No description available.
9

Genes encoding the key enzymes for the bacterial degradation of the natural nitro compounds 3-nitrotyrosine and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane.

Parks, Samantha Terris 06 April 2010 (has links)
Natural nitro compounds with diverse structures and biological functions are produced by bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Little is known about the behavior of such compounds in natural ecosystems. The lack of accumulation in the biosphere implies that they are biodegraded. Microbial strategies for biodegradation of synthetic nitro compounds are well established; however only two pathways are known for degradation of natural nitro compounds. The research described here examines the genes that encode the key enzymes required for biodegradation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NTyr) and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (NPE). 3NTyr is a biological marker for disease and inflammation in plants and animals. A 3NTyr degrading microbe, Variovorax sp. JS669 was isolated from soil. We identified the JS669 denA, which encodes an enzyme that catalyzes denitration of 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenylacetate, the key step in metabolism of 3NTyr. The isolation of 3NTyr degraders and development of molecular probes specific to denA revealed that 3NTyr degradation is a widespread phenomena in natural habitats and the compound is metabolized by phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of the 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenylacetate denitrase from JS669 revealed it to be the first functionally annotated protein in a clade of unidentified Class A flavin monooxygenases. NPE has been identified from several plants, yet the biodegradation of the compound remained a mystery. Here we report the degradation of NPE and its analog 2-nitropropylbenzene. Discovery of the metabolic pathway revealed a novel microbial strategy to use a meta-ring fission degradation pathway to cleave an undesirable side chain from an aromatic compound and use the remainder of the compound as a carbon and energy source. Two genes that encode enzymes in the biodegradation pathway were identified and both are deeply branched within their respective phylogenetic trees, indicating that both represent highly specialized microbial enzymes. Furthermore, microbial degradation of NPE resulted in the production of 3-nitropropionic acid, a natural toxin that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and is responsible for livestock illness and death. This is the first report of bacterial production of 3-nitropropionic acid, and might represent a significant source of 3-nitropropionic acid in natural habitats. The findings from these studies contribute to the overall understanding of microbial metabolism. Specifically, this research reveals genes that encode novel enzymes and strategies for the biodegradation of two natural nitro compounds. Furthermore, discovery of mechanisms for the biodegradation of such compounds reveals novel microbial metabolic diversity and provides insight into the evolution of degradation pathways for synthetic compounds.
10

Fertilizantes organominerais no crescimento e valor nutritivo de Urochloa brizantha, em diferentes umidades do solo / Organomineral fertilizantes in the growth and nutritive value of Urochloa brizantha, in different soil umts

Oliveira, Rodrigo Gomes 14 June 2017 (has links)
Incluir a Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) como ag?ncia financiadora. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-12-20T20:56:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) rodrigo_gomes_oliveira.pdf: 944492 bytes, checksum: 3b83af9fb0686a20d237cd521e8852eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-03T17:09:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) rodrigo_gomes_oliveira.pdf: 944492 bytes, checksum: 3b83af9fb0686a20d237cd521e8852eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-03T17:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) rodrigo_gomes_oliveira.pdf: 944492 bytes, checksum: 3b83af9fb0686a20d237cd521e8852eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A pecu?ria exerce uma grande import?ncia nas exporta??es brasileiras. ? uma atividade econ?mica desenvolvida em ?reas rurais que consiste na cria??o de gado, caracterizada pela depend?ncia no uso de pastagens devido ao menor custo de produ??o. Com isso ? necess?rio uma grande ?rea de pastagens bem estruturada e com folhas e perfilhos de boa qualidade para suprir as exig?ncias do rebanho, tendo com isso uma boa lucratividade. Atualmente, uma das esp?cies forrageira que se encontra amplamente difundida no pa?s, ? a Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Tal ocorr?ncia ? devida essa gram?nea, ter boa adapta??o a solos menos f?rteis, de textura arenosa e tolerar altas satura??es de alum?nio. Por?m, nas ?reas utilizadas para cultivo destas pastagens muitas se encontram com algum grau de degrada??o devido ? falta de manuten??o, em especial a falta de aduba??o e irriga??o. Propor tecnologias que auxiliem no desempenho dessas pastagens e proporcionem sua recupera??o torne-se essencial. Entre alternativas para diminuir a severidade desses problemas, o uso da irriga??o nos per?odos de veranicos pode ser uma t?cnica a ser usada, por?m existem regi?es no pa?s que a ?gua ? escassa e com isso essa t?cnica ? inv?lida. Outra op??o ? o uso de fertilizantes, por?m ? uma atividade de alto custo, com isso produtores procuram fertilizantes cada vez mais eficazes. O uso de fertilizantes organominerais vem se destacando, devido conter uma parte org?nica na sua formula??o e esta por sua vez, faz com que a libera??o dos nutrientes seja de forma mais lenta, promovendo menores perdas, al?m de auxiliar na reten??o de ?gua no solo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Livestock farming is of great importance in brazilian exports. It is an economic activity developed in rural areas that consists of the cattle raising, characterized by the dependence on the use of pastures due to the lower cost of production. This requires a large, well-structured pasture area with good quality leaves and tillers to meet the requirements of the herd, thus making a good profitability. Currently, one of the forage species that is widely distributed in the country, is Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Such occurrence is due to this grass, to have good adaptation to less fertile soils, of sandy texture and to tolerate high saturations of aluminum. However, in the areas used for cultivation of these pastures many are found to have some degree of degradation due to lack of maintenance, especially the lack of fertilization and irrigation. Proposing technologies that aid in the performance of these pastures and make their recovery become essential. Among alternatives to reduce the severity of these problems, the use of irrigation in summer periods may be a technique to be used, however there are regions in the country that water is scarce and thus this technique is invalid. Another option is the use of fertilizers, but it is a high-cost activity, with producers seeking more and more effective fertilizers. The use of organomineral fertilizers has been highlighted, due to the fact that it contains an organic part in its formulation and this, in turn, causes the release of nutrients to be slower, promoting lower losses, besides helping to retain water in the soil.

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