This paper involves the calculation for composition of different layer used in laser structure and the simulation of cavity, formed by creating air columns in the InGaAsP medium, for square lattice. The aim of this project is to fabricate approximately zero threshold current lasers. This project involves FDTD simulation for optimizing dimension of the device, fabrication of laser structure and finally characterization of the device structure. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

In all attempts to analyze and realize Left-Handed materials, so far, most researchers have used the same idea of extracting only some or certain behaviors of Metamaterials from a set of unit cells gathered together in a designed order. Nevertheless meeting all criteria in order to consider a media as real double-negative material has never come true. Starting with criticizing and arguing the validity of calling any set of unit cells as a medium of propagation, the work at hand will go further demonstrating analogies between a medium which could be assigned permittivity or permeability factors and the medium consisting a set of unit cells. After presenting the critical analysis on previous studies in the field, here it is shown that it is impossible to build Metamaterials using any number of passive unit cells. A deep insight into the concept of phase and group velocities as well as Poynting’s vector will reveal weakness of the public perception of their relation with each other. Unlike the past and current trend in analyzing these two velocities in meta-materials, they will be proven to possess the same direction. Moreover, in this work, a solid proof over violation of energy conservation in the intersection plane between a normal material and a Left Handed material is presented which requires us to believe and accept generation of energy at this plane. This view will consequently leave meaningless all attempts to build meta-materials by passive elements. In present work a method is proposed at which a material with positive permittivity and permeability can behave like and yield all characteristics of Metamaterials only if the foregoing parameters, while remaining positive, can vary and be governed by the magnitude of the electromagnetic field. Independence of this method from frequency broadens the range of its application and also the interest it may attract.

Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles feature very strong light-matter interactions, which has led to their use in many photonic applications such as photodetectors, biosensors, components for telecommunications etc.Under illumination both structures exhibit collective electron-photon resonances, described in the frameworks of quasiparticles as exciton-polaritons for semiconductors and surface plasmon-polaritons for metals.To date these two approaches to controlling light interactions have usually been treated separately, with just a few simple attempts to consider exciton-plasmon interactions in a system consisting of both semiconductor and metal nanostructures.In this work, the exciton-polaritons and surface \\plasmon-polaritons are first considered separately, and then combined using the Finite Difference Time Domain numerical method coupled with a master equation for the exciton-polariton population dynamics.To better understand the properties of excitons and plasmons, each quasiparticle is used to investigate two open questions - the source of the Stokes shift between the absorption and luminescence peaks in quantum dots, and the source of the photocurrent increase in quantum dot infrared photodetectors coated by a thin metal film with holes. The combined numerical method is then used to study a system consisting of multiple metal nanoparticles close to a quantum dot, a system which has been predicted to exhibit quantum dot-induced transparency, but is demonstrated to just have a weak dip in the absorption. / <p>QC 20120417</p>

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de varias extensiones del método de las diferencias finitas en el dominio del tiempo (FDTD) que permiten la simulación electromagnética de estructuras híbridas de microondas, incluyendo circuitos activos y pasivos. En primer lugar, se revisan los métodos lumped-element (LE) -FDTD y lumped-network (LN) -FDTD, los cuales permiten la incorporación de circuitos concentrados de dos terminales dentro del formalismo FDTD. En el caso del método LN-FDTD, se realiza también un estudio de sus propiedades numéricas. A continuación se presenta el método two-port (TP) -LN-FDTD, el cual permite incorporar circuitos lineales concentrados de dos puertas en las estructuras híbridas estudiadas. Este método parte de una descripción del cuadripolo en términos de su matriz admitancia expresada en el dominio de Laplace. La discretización se realiza con la ayuda de la técnica de la transformación de Moebius. Por último, una vez validado, este método se combina con otras técnicas para la simulación distintos tipos de circuitos híbridos de microondas. / In this work, a study of several extensions of the conventional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is been carried out. These extensions enable the electromagnetic simulation of microwave hybrid structures, including passive and active circuits. First, an exhaustive revision of both the lumped-element (LE) -FDTD and the lumped-network (LN) -FDTD methods is performed. These methods allow us to incorporate two-terminal lumped circuits into the FDTD. In addition, the numerical properties of the LN-FDTD method are studied for the first time. Second, the two-port (TP)-LN-FDTD is presented. This method enables the incorporation of linear two-port lumped circuits into the studied hybrid structures. This technique basically consists of describing a TP-LN by means of its admittance matrix in the Laplace domain. Then, by applying the Mobius transformation technique, we obtain the discretized admittance matrix. Finally, this method is combined with other existing techniques to allow the simulation of several microwave hybrid circuits.

Photonic Crystal (PC) devices are the most exciting advancement in the field of photonics. The use of computational techniques has made considerable improvements in photonic crystals design. We present here an ultrahigh quality factor (Q) photonic crystal slab nanocavity formed by the local width modulation of a line defect. We show that only shifting two holes away from a line defect is enough to attain an ultrahigh Q value. We simulated this double heterostructure nano cavity by using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique. We observed that photonic crystal cavities are very sensitive to the frequency, size and position of the source. So we must choose the right values for these parameters.

This document contains a proposal for the creation of a simulator that can accurately model the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) and semiconductor effects for modern wireless devices including nonlinear and/or active devices. The proposed simulator couples the balanced semiconductor equations (charge, momentum, kinetic energy) with a FDTD full-wave Yee-based electromagnetic (EM) simulator. The resultant CAD tool is able to model the response of one semiconductor device to both small signal and DC bias based on the process parameters (material, charge distribution and doping) without any a-priori knowledge of the device performance characteristics, thus making it extremely useful in modeling and integrating novel devices in RF and Wireless topologies. As a proof of concept an n+--i--n+ diode will be simulated. In the future, more complicated structures, such as MODFETs, will be modeled as well.

In the late eighties, a new class of materials, known as photonic crystals (PCs), emerged enabling the propagation and generation of light to be potentially manipulated with unprecedented control. PCs consist of a periodic modulation of dielectric constant in one, two, or three dimensions, which can result in the formation of directional or omni-directional photonic band gaps (PBGs), spectral regions where light propagation is forbidden, and more remarkably, novel dispersion characteristics. Since PC properties scale with the dimension of the wavelength of interest, significant technological constraints must be fully addressed to manufacture 3D PBG materials for optical or infrared applications such as displays, lightning, and communications. PCs enable the unraveling of unique optical phenomena such as PBGs, spontaneous emission rate manipulation, sub-wavelength focusing, and superprism effects. This research focuses on the feasibility to achieve omni-directional PBGs in synthetic opal-based 3D PCs through precise nanoscale control to the original dielectric architecture. In particular, the optical response to the conformal deposition of dielectric layers using atomic layer deposition (ALD) within the porous template is strongly emphasized. Geometrical models were developed to faithfully model the manipulation of the synthetic opal architecture by ALD and then used in electromagnetic algorithms to predict the resulting optical properties. From these results, this research presents and investigates a scheme used to greatly enhance and adjust the PBG width and position, as well as simultaneously reducing the dielectric contrast threshold at which the PBG forms. This Thesis demonstrates that the unique opal architectures offered by ALD not only supports the formation of larger PBGs with high index materials; but also enables the use of optically transparent materials with reduced refractive index. Additionally, slight alteration of these structures facilitates the incorporation of non-linear (NL) electro-optical (EO) material for dynamic tuning capabilities and potentially offers a pathway for fabricating multi-functional photonic devices. Finally, low-temperature ALD was investigated as a means to manipulate band gaps and dispersion effects in 2D PC silicon slab waveguides and 3D organic biologically-derived templates. The results indicate the unique ability of ALD to achieve composite structures with desirable (large PBGs) or novel (slow light) optical properties.

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) micro-ring resonators (MRRs) are versatile elements in high-density integrated optics telecommunication systems. However, small inaccuracies in the fabrication process intensely deteriorate the response of SOI MRRs. By utilizing the racetrack resonator structures with strong coupling abilities, one can improve the fabrication tolerance. For the SOI racetrack resonators, the FSR is usually large. By introducing gratings into SOI racetrack resonators, the mutual mode coupling between the clockwise and counterclockwise modes can be induced and result in the resonance splitting. The grating-assisted SOI racetrack resonators can increase the operation wavelength and open up the possibility to overcome this limitation. In this thesis, we first use the 2-D FDTD method with the effective index method (EIM) to obtain the transmission spectra of the SOI racetrack resonators. The transmission spectra are then fitted by using the time-domain coupled mode theory (CMT) to obtain the quality factor and optical parameters of the SOI racetrack resonators. Next, we demonstrate the characteristics of mode splitting resulted from the mutual mode coupling between the clockwise and counterclockwise modes in the grating-assisted racetrack resonators by utilizing both the CMT and the 2-D FDTD method with the EIM. By tuning the grating configurations, such as the length or the structure of sidewall gratings, one can obtain the desired transmission spectrum of the grating-assisted racetrack resonators. Finally, we numerically investigate the temperature-dependent spectral characterics of the grating-assisted SOI racetrack resonator by taking the thermal-optic responce of the SOI materials into account. The thermal sensitivity of this device is 95.38 pm/¢XC, and the calculted properties can help the further designs based on the grating-assisted SOI racetrack resonators.

In recent years, the wireless communication operators use more and more systems based on the transmission and reception of EM waves. As a result, more and more base stations are being installed on the rooftop of existing buildings in densely populated areas. The prevailing of wireless communications has prompted the public¡¦s concern of the health issue. To date, the most prominent and scientifically verifiable biological effect of EM waves is the heating effect. In order to maintain the users¡¦ health from the over-heating due to excessive use, analysis of the temperature distribution inside the human body is also very critical as well as the SAR guidelines. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the SAR values and temperature distribution inside the human head, under the EM exposure of mobile communication base station and handset based on the use of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In general, we assumed that the far-field exposure of base station are uniform plane-wave exposures. The total-field / scattered-field (TF/SF) formulation implements a compact uniform plane-wave source permitting FDTD simulations to accurately predict the SAR distribution in the human head due to uniform plane-wave exposures. Furthermore, this thesis investigates the effects of the rectangular frames of the metallic spectacles at 900MHz and 1.8 GHz for the uniform plane wave.

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FDTD) is a very powerful numerical method for the full wave analysis electromagnetic phenomena. Due to its flexibility, it can be used to solve numerous electromagnetic scattering problems on microwave circuits, dielectrics, and electromagnetic absorption in biological tissue at microwave frequencies. However, it needs so much computation time to simulate microwave integral circuits by applying the FDTD method. If the structure we simulated is complicated and we want to obtain accurate frequency domain scattering parameters, the simulation time will be so much longer that the efficiency of simulation will be bad as well. Therefore, in the thesis, we introduce an artificial neural networks (ANN) method called ¡§Infinite Impulse Response Neural Networks (IIRNN)¡¨ can speed up the FDTD simulation time. In order to boost the efficiency of the FDTD simulation time by stopping the simulation after a sufficient number of time steps and using FIRNN as a predictor to predict time series signal.