Este trabalho discute a importância do texto literário (TL) no âmbito do ensino de línguas estrangeiras e, em particular, do francês língua estrangeira (FLE). Na primeira parte, elaborou-se uma síntese histórica sobre a evolução desse ensino através dos tempos, bem como uma análise da presença do TL em manuais de FLE. Percebeu-se que, tradicionalmente, do mesmo modo que a aprendizagem da língua francesa esteve associada às elites intelectuais, a da literatura sempre foi reservada aos alunos com um maior nível de conhecimento lingüístico, sendo algo inacessível a principiantes. Para verificar a hipótese de que essa prática se reproduz em sala de aula, foi realizada uma sondagem entre alunos e professores de FLE em Universidades Federais do Nordeste do Brasil sobre a abordagem do TL em aula de língua / literatura francesa, apontando para a realidade distante do tratamento unificado entre a língua e a literatura. Esse perfil é ponto inicial para o aprofundamento da fundamentação teórica, feita na segunda parte, de maneira a elaborar uma proposta de abordagem do TL em FLE para iniciantes, ou seja, sem sacralização nem banalização desse tipo de narrativa. Foram evidenciadas correntes da crítica literária, favorecendo outras possibilidades de leitura. Destacaram-se, ainda, noções de isotopia e intertextualidade, e situou-se a cena enunciativa no contexto literário para uma melhor compreensão desse texto. Na terceira parte desta tese, apresentou-se um exemplo de TL trabalhado em uma situação real de ensino de língua francesa no Brasil. Experiências didáticas foram realizadas com quatro grupos de alunos iniciantes em FLE do curso de extensão e um da graduação de Letras / Francês da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. O corpus é constituído de contos, narrativas curtas integrais. Para essas experiências didáticas, foram elaborados dossiês com: um quadro de compreensão geral; exercícios sobre as competências de compreensão, expressão e intercultural; informações necessárias para melhor entendimento de cada conto, além de questões sobre a relação entre língua e literatura. Observou-se que a abordagem do TL em aula de FLE para iniciantes é um trabalho possível e necessário não somente para dinamizar a aprendizagem de outro idioma, mas, sobretudo, para contribuir para a apreensão / construção dos sentidos, conduzindo o leitor aprendiz ao prazer do texto. / This work discusses the importance of the literary text in the scope of foreign language teaching and, in particular, French as a foreign language (FFL). First, we prepared a historical summary on the evolution of FFL throughout the years plus an analysis of the literary text in FFL textbooks. We perceived that, traditionally, in the same way as the French language learning has been associated with the intellectual elite, literature has always been reserved to learners who have a higher linguistic level, making it something inaccessible to beginners. Aiming at verifying the hypothesis that such practice reproduces itself in the classroom, we conducted a survey among learners and teachers of FFL at Federal Universities in the northeast of Brazil regarding the approach to the literary text (LT) in the French language/literature class. We were able to notice, as a whole, that the classroom reality is still far from a unified treatment between language and literature. As we visualize this profile, we deepen the theoretical background so as to put forward a proposal for an ideal approach to the LT in the FFL classroom for beginners, without enshrining or vulgarizing this kind of narrative. In this second part, too, we highlight notes about literary critique currents which can leave room for other readings. As a sequence for the theoretical background, we present notions about isotopy and intertextuality, and we even place the enunciative scene in the literary context, something which is of great value for a better understanding of such text. In the third and last part of this thesis, we present an example of how the LT can be tackled in a real situation of French language teaching in Brazil. We performed didactic experiments with four groups of beginners in the four-skill course and one group in the graduation course of Letters (French language) at the Federal University of Campina Grande. Our corpus is composed of short-stories, because they enable the contact with the whole work. To serve as tools used in these didactic experiments, we prepared files which contained: an overall comprehension chart; exercises on comprehension, expression and intercultural competencies; necessary information for a better understanding of each short-story, as well as some questions about the relationship between language and literature. After these didactic experiments, it is possible to state that working with the LT in the FFL classroom with beginners it is possible and necessary, not only to make FL learning dynamic but above all contribute to the apprehension / construction of the senses and to get the pleasure of the text.

Este trabalho discute a importância do texto literário (TL) no âmbito do ensino de línguas estrangeiras e, em particular, do francês língua estrangeira (FLE). Na primeira parte, elaborou-se uma síntese histórica sobre a evolução desse ensino através dos tempos, bem como uma análise da presença do TL em manuais de FLE. Percebeu-se que, tradicionalmente, do mesmo modo que a aprendizagem da língua francesa esteve associada às elites intelectuais, a da literatura sempre foi reservada aos alunos com um maior nível de conhecimento lingüístico, sendo algo inacessível a principiantes. Para verificar a hipótese de que essa prática se reproduz em sala de aula, foi realizada uma sondagem entre alunos e professores de FLE em Universidades Federais do Nordeste do Brasil sobre a abordagem do TL em aula de língua / literatura francesa, apontando para a realidade distante do tratamento unificado entre a língua e a literatura. Esse perfil é ponto inicial para o aprofundamento da fundamentação teórica, feita na segunda parte, de maneira a elaborar uma proposta de abordagem do TL em FLE para iniciantes, ou seja, sem sacralização nem banalização desse tipo de narrativa. Foram evidenciadas correntes da crítica literária, favorecendo outras possibilidades de leitura. Destacaram-se, ainda, noções de isotopia e intertextualidade, e situou-se a cena enunciativa no contexto literário para uma melhor compreensão desse texto. Na terceira parte desta tese, apresentou-se um exemplo de TL trabalhado em uma situação real de ensino de língua francesa no Brasil. Experiências didáticas foram realizadas com quatro grupos de alunos iniciantes em FLE do curso de extensão e um da graduação de Letras / Francês da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. O corpus é constituído de contos, narrativas curtas integrais. Para essas experiências didáticas, foram elaborados dossiês com: um quadro de compreensão geral; exercícios sobre as competências de compreensão, expressão e intercultural; informações necessárias para melhor entendimento de cada conto, além de questões sobre a relação entre língua e literatura. Observou-se que a abordagem do TL em aula de FLE para iniciantes é um trabalho possível e necessário não somente para dinamizar a aprendizagem de outro idioma, mas, sobretudo, para contribuir para a apreensão / construção dos sentidos, conduzindo o leitor aprendiz ao prazer do texto. / This work discusses the importance of the literary text in the scope of foreign language teaching and, in particular, French as a foreign language (FFL). First, we prepared a historical summary on the evolution of FFL throughout the years plus an analysis of the literary text in FFL textbooks. We perceived that, traditionally, in the same way as the French language learning has been associated with the intellectual elite, literature has always been reserved to learners who have a higher linguistic level, making it something inaccessible to beginners. Aiming at verifying the hypothesis that such practice reproduces itself in the classroom, we conducted a survey among learners and teachers of FFL at Federal Universities in the northeast of Brazil regarding the approach to the literary text (LT) in the French language/literature class. We were able to notice, as a whole, that the classroom reality is still far from a unified treatment between language and literature. As we visualize this profile, we deepen the theoretical background so as to put forward a proposal for an ideal approach to the LT in the FFL classroom for beginners, without enshrining or vulgarizing this kind of narrative. In this second part, too, we highlight notes about literary critique currents which can leave room for other readings. As a sequence for the theoretical background, we present notions about isotopy and intertextuality, and we even place the enunciative scene in the literary context, something which is of great value for a better understanding of such text. In the third and last part of this thesis, we present an example of how the LT can be tackled in a real situation of French language teaching in Brazil. We performed didactic experiments with four groups of beginners in the four-skill course and one group in the graduation course of Letters (French language) at the Federal University of Campina Grande. Our corpus is composed of short-stories, because they enable the contact with the whole work. To serve as tools used in these didactic experiments, we prepared files which contained: an overall comprehension chart; exercises on comprehension, expression and intercultural competencies; necessary information for a better understanding of each short-story, as well as some questions about the relationship between language and literature. After these didactic experiments, it is possible to state that working with the LT in the FFL classroom with beginners it is possible and necessary, not only to make FL learning dynamic but above all contribute to the apprehension / construction of the senses and to get the pleasure of the text.

La Lettonie, jeune Etat-nation, est actuellement tiraillée entre influences dusoviétisme passé, évolution démocratique et valeurs ethno-centrées, en résonance parfoisdiscordante avec les orientations institutionnelles européennes. Dans ce contexte, la rechercheprésentée dans cette thèse se focalise plus particulièrement sur l’autonomisation desapprenants de FLE au niveau supérieur.Cette recherche suit une démarche d’ordre compréhensif et qualitatif à partir d’analyses dediscours. Elle se concentre sur un corpus composé de huit entretiens d’enseignants de FLE duniveau universitaire letton portant sur leurs expériences formatives et professionnelles passéeset actuelles, sur leurs conditions de vie et de travail et sur leur vision de l’avenir du métierd’enseignant de FLE. D’abord sont analysées les représentations que ces enseignants ontd’eux-mêmes dans leur environnement socioprofessionnel pour, finalement, en comprendreles significations et développer des conjectures sur l’émergence de l’autonomisation desenseignants et, au-delà, des étudiants.Ainsi se révèlent des représentations construites sur des dimensions pratiques etexpérientielles plutôt qu’idéologiques, en rapport avec la citoyenneté et le rôle social del’enseignant, ou théoriques, sur le didactique et le linguistique. On conclut quel’autonomisation des apprenants de FLE à l’université n’est pas possible actuellement / Latvia, a young nation-state, is currently torn between the influences of the Sovietpast, democratic development and ethno-centric values, entering sometimes in discordantresonance with European institutional guidelines. In this context, the research presented inthis thesis focuses specifically on FFL learners’ empowerment in the higher education.This research follows a comprehensive and qualitative approach based on discourses’analysis. It focuses on a corpus of eight interviews with FFL teachers at Latvian universitylevel on their past and actual formative and professional experiences, on their living andworking conditions, on their vision for the future of the profession of FFL teacher. First, theseteachers’ representations about themselves in their socio-professional environment areanalyzed . This leads eventually to understand these representations' meanings and to developconjectures about the emergence of teachers’ empowerment and, beyond it, the students’ one.Thus, representations are proved that are based on experiential and practical dimensions ratherthan ideological ones, related to citizenship and the social role of the teacher, or theoreticalones, on the teaching and linguistics. One concludes that the empowerment of FFL learners atthe University is not currently possible

La présente recherche, qui s’inscrit à la croisée de la linguistique, de la didactique deslangues et du traitement automatique des langues, se focalise sur la problématique d’un côtédu classement des supports textuels utilisés dans le cadre de l’apprentissage du françaislangue étrangère (FLE) et de l’autre côté de l’analyse des divers critères nécessaires à ceclassement.Notre analyse se base principalement sur le critère lexical, déterminant dans leprocessus de la lecture. Ainsi, nous nous sommes interrogé, à partir d’un échantillon desupports textuels, préalablement sélectionnés dans les manuels de FLE, si une telleclassification est viable. De ce fait, on a procédé à l’analyse de ces textes du point de vue deleur correspondance avec les niveaux établis par le Cadre européen commun de référence(CECR) (niveaux A1 à B2) et cela à l’aide des inventaires développés dans les Référentielspour le français.La première partie développe une réflexion sur l’interdisciplinarité, les supportstextuels, les typologies des textes et les référentiels, en essayant de voir à quel pointl’approche par le lexique se justifie afin de devenir le critère principal d’une telleclassification.La seconde partie nous amène à l’analyse de la correspondance des supports textuelsavec les niveaux du CECR à partir du critère lexical, à l’aide d’outils informatiques, et celadans la perspective d’étudier quelles sont les possibilités de pouvoir élaborer un corpusdynamique des supports textuels utilisable dans le cadre du FLE. / This research paper, situated at the crossroads of linguistics, language teaching andautomated language processing tools, focuses firstly on the classification of the textualmaterials used in the teaching of French as a Foreign Language (FFL), and secondly on theanalysis of the various criteria required for such a classification.Our analysis centres chiefly on the lexical criterion, the determining factor in thereading process. Starting from a pre-selected sample of textual materials drawn from FFLmaterials, we therefore set out to determine whether a classification along these lines wasviable. To this end, we analysed these texts from the point of view of their correspondencewith the levels drawn up by the Common European Framework of References (CEFR), levelsA1 to B2, using the inventories developed in the Reference Frameworks for French.In the first part, we consider the questions of interdisciplinarity, textual materials, texttypologies and reference frameworks, by seeking to determine to what extent the lexicalapproach may justifiably be adopted as the chief criterion of this classification.In the second part, we use information technologies to analyse the correspondencebetween the textual materials and the CEFR levels based on the lexical criterion, with a viewto examining the scope for developing a dynamic corpus of textual materials for use in FFL.