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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Evoluce pohlavních chromozomů a karyotypů u hroznýšů a krajt / Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in boas and pythons

Charvát, Tomáš January 2020 (has links)
- ABSTRACT - Snakes (Serpentes) are a group of squamate reptiles (Squamata) that represents more than one third of the total reptile species diversity. Snake karyotype is generally conserved with the most common chromosome number of 36 (16 macro- and 20 microchromosomes) in diploid state. It is believed that this karyotype was also present in the common ancestor of all snakes. The majority of snake species belong to the group Caenophidia and share homologous ZW sex chromosomes. Snakes from the groups "Scolecophidia" and "Henophidia" have mostly poorly differentiated, homomorphic sex chromosomes, which made them impossible to distinguish from the autosomes in the past. These snakes were for many years assumed to have ZW sex chromosomes as well. However, recent studies demonstrated not only ZW but also two non- homologous XY sex chromosome systems in non-caenophidian snakes and thus the sex determination systems in snakes are much more variable than previously thought. In this thesis, eight species of henophidian snakes (representatives from the genera Eryx, Cylidrophis, Python and Tropidophis) and one caenophidian species (Ophiophagus hannah) were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods. However, sex chromosomes were not detected in the henophidian species, only in Ophiophagus hannah,...
2

Uma abordagem sistemática em espécies de astyanax (characiformes, characidae, incertae sedis) da bacia do alto-médio rio Uruguai através da análise citogenética básica e molecular

Gavazzoni, Mariane 22 February 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao PPRN Mariane_ Gavazzoni 2016.pdf: 1443094 bytes, checksum: 5fe99142fa5f6e62c58e029f07ceeebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Astyanax is a polyphyletic taxon with richness of species and wide geographic distribution. Astyanax comprises species that are morphologically very similar with poorly detailed taxonomic delimitations, which makes it difficult to identify and to establish phylogenetic relationships. In order to provide data to contribute to cytogenetic, taxonomy and systematics of Astyanax, cytogenetics analyzes were carried out on ten Astyanax species from three river basins. Astyanax altiparanae and A. aff. fasciatus were collected on the Upper Paraná River basin; A. abramis and A. asuncionensis were collected on the Middle-low Paraná River basin; and A. cf. aramburui, A. eigenmanniorum, A. aff. fasciatus, A. jacuhiensis, A. aff. laticeps, A. cf. paris and Astyanax sp. were collected on the Upper-Middle Uruguai River basin. The results show interespecific variation in diploid number, 2n=46 chromosomes for A. cf. aramburui and A. aff. fasciatus, 2n=48 chromosomes for A. eigenmanniorum, and 2n=50 chromosomes for the remaining species. NORs (Ag-staining and 18S rDNA-FISH) showed species bearing single sites and species bearing multiple sites (up to 10 cistrons in Astyanax sp.), confirming the high variability reported for the genus. The species from A. bimaculatus complex (A. abramis, A. altiparanae, A. jacuhiensis e A. asuncionensis) showed single NORs, a plesiomorphic condition for the complex. FISH with 5S rDNA probes revealed a more conserved condition, with centromeric sites in at least one metacentric chromosome pair and one subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosome pair, however with interspecific variation, which proves it to be an important marker in the characterization and differentiation of these species. Heterochromatin distribution pattern was distinct for all species, except for A. cf. aramburui and A. aff. fasciatus (Ijuí River). This demonstrates that cytogenetic similarities may indicate closer relationship between each other than among to the other analyzed species; on the other hand, 5S rDNA genes showed to be important in differentiation of these cryptic species. The results reported the first cytogenetic data for A. cf. paris and reinforce their cytogenetic similarity with other congenus species, and we also report the occurrence of a Astyanax species that has not been taxonomically described yet. Thus, the results of this study provide data that assist taxonomy and systematic of Astyanax clade and Astyanax paris clade , reinforcing the need for extensive revisions, especially in A. bimaculatus and A. fasciatus complex, including markers such as 5S rRNA and heterochromatin distribution pattern, forthe better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in Astyanax. / Astyanax é um taxon polifilético com grande riqueza de espécies e ampla distribuição geográfica. Compreende espécies com formas bastante semelhantes e delimitações taxonômicas pouco detalhadas que dificultam a identificação e o estabelecimento das relações filogenéticas. Com o objetivo de fornecer dados que contribuam com a citogenética, taxonomia e sistemática de Astyanax, foram realizadas análises citogenéticas em dez espécies de Astyanax de três bacias hidrográficas. Foram coletados exemplares de Astyanax altiparanae e A. aff. fasciatus na bacia do Alto rio Paraná; A. abramis e A. asuncionensis na bacia do Médio-Baixo rio Paraná; e A. cf. aramburui, A. eigenmanniorum, A. aff. fasciatus, A. jacuhiensis, A. aff. laticeps, A. cf. paris e Astyanax sp. na bacia do Alto-Médio rio Uruguai. Os resultados mostraram variação interespecífica no número diplóide, de 2n=46 cromossomos em A. cf. aramburui e A. aff. fasciatus, 2n=48 cromossomos em A. eigenmanniorum, e 2n=50 cromossomos nas demais espécies. As AgRONs, confirmadas pela 18S rDNA-FISH, evidenciaram espécies portando sítios simples e espécies portando sítios múltiplos (até 10 cístrons em Astyanax sp.), confirmando a alta variabilidade encontrada no gênero. Nas espécies do complexo A. bimaculatus (A. abramis, A. altiparanae, A. jacuhiensis e A. asuncionensis), foram evidenciadas RONs simples, característica plesiomórfica para o complexo. FISH com sonda de 5S rDNA evidenciou uma condição mais conservada, com cístrons centroméricos em pelo menos um par de cromossomos metacêntricos e em um par de cromossomos subtelocêntricos/acrocêntricos, porém com variação interespecífica, demostrando ser um importante marcador na caracterização e diferenciação destas espécies. O padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina mostrou-se distinto para as espécies, com exceção de A. cf. aramburui e A. aff. fasciatus (rio Ijuí), onde foi verificado semelhanças citogenéticas que podem indicar maior proximidade entre estas espécies quando comparadas com as demais analisadas, sendo que a distribuição dos genes 5S rDNA se mostrou importante na diferenciação destas espécies crípticas. Os resultados relatam os primeiros dados citogenéticos para A. cf. paris e reforçam sua semelhança citogenética com outras espécies congêneres, além de relatar a ocorrência de uma espécie de Astyanax ainda não descrita taxonomicamente. Em suma, os resultados do presente estudo fornecem dados que auxiliam na taxonomia e sistemática do clado Astyanax e clado Astyanax paris , reforçando a necessidade de revisões amplas, principalmente nos complexos A. bimaculatus e A. fasciatus que incluam marcadores como 5S rDNA e padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina, para melhor compreensão das relações filogenéticas em Astyanax.

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