The aim of this master thesis is to characterize the fluid forces applied to a fuel assembly inthe core of a nuclear power plant in case of seism. The forces are studied with a simplifiedtwo-dimensional model constituted of an array of 3 by 3 infinite cylinders oscillating in aclosed box. The axial flow of water, which convects the heat in the core of a nuclear powerplant, is also taken into account. The velocity of the axial flow reaches 4m/s in the middle ofthe assembly and modifies the forces features when the cylinders move laterally.The seism is modeled as a lateral displacement with high amplitude (several cylinderdiameters) and low frequencies (below 20 Hz). In order to study the effects of the amplitudeand of the frequency of the displacement, the displacement taken is a sine function withboth controlled amplitude and frequency. Four degrees of freedom of the system will bestudied: the amplitude of the displacement, its frequency, the axial velocity amplitude andthe confinement (due to the closed box).The fluid forces exerted on the cylinders can be seen as a combination of three terms: anadded mass, related to the acceleration of cylinders, a drift force, related to the damping ofthe fluid and a force due to the interaction of the cylinder with residual vortices. The firsttwo components will be characterized through the Morison expansion, and their evolutionwith the variation of the degree of freedom of the system will be quantified. The effect ofthe interaction with the residual vortices will be observed in the plots of the forces vs. timebut also in the velocity and vorticity map of the fluid.The fluid forces are calculated with the CFD code Code_Saturne, which uses a second orderaccurate finite volume method. Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations arerealized with a k-epsilon turbulence model. The Arbitrary Lagrange Euler model is used todescribe the structure displacement. The domain is meshed with hexahedra with thesoftware gmsh [1] and the flow is visualized with Paraview [2]. The modeling techniquesused for the simulations are described in the first part of this master thesis.

Les tubes des générateurs de vapeur des centrales nucléaires vibrent sous l'effet d'écoulement eau/vapeur. Pour appréhender ce phénomène et le comprendre, des expériences à échelles réduites sont réalisées. La simulation numérique a montré son habilité à reproduire l'interaction fluide-structure sur ce type de géométrie pour des écoulements monophasiques. L'objectif est désormais de faire de même en écoulement diphasique et de caractériser les propriétés physiques du mélange liquide/gaz influant sur la vibration.Pour se faire, un code CFD avec une approche bi-fluide est utilisé. Une méthode dite de "Discrete forcing" est implémentée pour permettre le mouvement imposé de corps solides au sein d'un écoulement à plusieurs phases. Celle-ci est alros validée sur des cas simples et intégraux avec une comparaison systématique à des résultats expérimentaux ou théoriques.En se basant sur un algorithme implicite existant dans la littérature, un couplage fluide-structure utilisant cette méthode de suivi d'interface est implémenté. Validé sur des cas monophasiques et diphasiques, ce couplage offre désormais la possibilité de déplacer un solide en fonction des forces fluides diphasiques qui lui sont appliquées.Les différentes méthodes numériques présentes dans NEPTUNE_CFD sont ensuite évaluées pour un écoulement fréon/fréon au travers d'un faisceau de tubes inclinés. La nécessité d'utiliser des modèles dit "multi-régime" est mis en avant.Afin de déterminer l'influence sur l'écoulement des différentes propriétés physiques d'un mélange diphasique, plusieurs cas simples sont réalisés.Finalement, l'application industrielle cible, un écoulement eau/fréon dans un faisceau de tubes à pas carré, est simulée et comparée à un écoulement en conditions réelles (eau/vapeur à 70 bar). Les vibrations induites par écoulement monophasique puis diphasique sont correctement reproduites sur des cas dit de "faisabilité". / In nuclear power plants, steam generator tubes vibrate because of steam/water cross-flows. In order to understant this phenomenon, reduced-scale experiments are performed. Numerical simulations have shown their ability to accurately reproduce the vibration induced by a single phase flow in a tube bundle. The aim of the present work is to do the same with two-phase flow and to characterize the effect of the mixture physical properties on vibration.To do so, a CFD code based on a two-fluid approach is used. A "discrete forcing" method is implemented in order to allow solid body motion in a two-phase flow. The validation is performed with simple and industrial cases using experimental and theoretical results.Using an existing implicit algorithm, a fluid-structure coupling based on the developed interface tracking method is implemented. Validated for single and two-phase flows, it is now possible to have solid motion induced by fluid forces.The different numerical models dedicated to two-phase flows are then evaluated on a freon/freon flow across an inclined tube bundle. The use of a multi-regime model is required. In order to investigate the role of the different physical properties on the vibration, three simple studies are performed.Finally, the industrial application, a freon/water flow across a square pitch tube bundle, is performed. First, it is compared to a steam/water flow in order to characterize the discrepancies when we are using a modeling mixture. Then, the vibration induced by single- and two-phase flows is reproduced by the developed method on feasibility test cases.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / LBM-IB method is useful and popular simulation technique that is adopted ubiquitously to solve Fluid-Structure interaction problems in computational fluid dynamics. These problems are known for utilizing computing resources intensively while solving mathematical equations involved in simulations. Problems involving such interactions are omnipresent, therefore, it is eminent that a faster and accurate algorithm exists for solving these equations, to reproduce a real-life model of such complex analytical problems in a shorter time period. LBM-IB being inherently parallel, proves to be an ideal candidate for developing a parallel software. This research focuses on developing a parallel software library, LBM-IB based on the algorithm proposed by [1] which is first of its kind that utilizes the high performance computing abilities of supercomputers procurable today. An initial sequential version of LBM-IB is developed that is used as a benchmark for correctness and performance evaluation of shared memory parallel versions. Two shared memory parallel versions of LBM-IB have been developed using OpenMP and Pthread library respectively. The OpenMP version is able to scale well enough, as good as 83% speedup on multicore machines for <=8 cores. Based on the profiling and instrumentation done on this version, to improve the data-locality and increase the degree of parallelism, Pthread based data centric version is developed which is able to outperform the OpenMP version by 53% on manycore machines. A distributed version using the MPI interfaces on top of the cube based Pthread version has also been designed to be used by extreme scale distributed memory manycore systems.

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The aim of this study is to investigate how Fluid-Structure interaction is included in numerical earthquake analyses of dams. The base for this project is theme A from the 12th international benchmark workshop on numerical analysis of dams, which was held in October 2013. The focus of theme A was how to account for the fluid structure interaction in numerical earthquake analyses of dams. To highlight how engineers and researchers include this interaction in their analysis, a literature review of the modeling choices and conclusions from all participants are included. Since the workshop contains participants from seven countries, this review aims to describe of how this analysis is carried out in practice. Further, parametric numerical analyses are performed in this study, where the purpose is to isolate some important parameters and investigate how these influence the results in seismic analyses of dams. These analyses were performed through the use of the finite element method. The geometric model from the benchmark workshop was used and analysed with the commercial software Abaqus. The studied parameters are the choice of fluid element, Rayleigh damping parameters, reservoir boundaries and wave absorption in the foundation-reservoir interface. The water has a major effect on a dam's seismic behaviour and should be included in the analysis. The added mass approach gives similar results compared with a more sophisticated method. This simplified approach could be used in engineering purpose where the time is limited and the accuracy is of lesser importance, since the calculated stresses are conservative. Using acoustic finite elements provides a reasonable computation time, while also allowing for more advanced features, such as bottom absorption and non-reflecting boundaries The definition of Rayleigh damping has proven to be a very challenging task, especially as it has a large impact on the results. The choice of boundary conditions for the back end of the reservoir was the parameter that least influenced the results. The conservative approach is to use a fixed boundary where all pressure waves are reflected. The reflection coefficient for the foundation-reservoir interface has a large influence on the results, both for the participants that used this coefficient in the benchmark workshop and for the analyses presented in this study. The coefficient should therefore be used carefully. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur fluid-struktur interaktion inkluderas i numeriska jordbävningsanalyser av dammar. Detta ämne var ett av de teman som behandlades vid den 12:e internationella benchmark-workshopen för numerisk analys av dammar som hölls i oktober 2014 i Graz, österike.   För att visa hur ingenjörer och forskare tar hänsyn till denna interaktion har en litteraturstudie på bidragen till workshopen genomförts. Då workshopen lockade deltagare från universitet och konstruktionsfirmor från sju länder, är målet att kunna beskriva hur jordbävningsanalyser av dammar utförs i praktiken.   Dessutom har numeriska parameterstudier genomförts, med syfte att isolera enskilda parametrars inverkan vid seismiska anslyser av dammar. Analyserna har utförts med finita elementmetoden och analyserna är utförda med den geometriska modellen som användes i workshopen. Alla analyser har utförts i programmet Abaqus. De analyserade parametrarna är, val av fluid-element, Rayleigh dämpningsparametrar, randvillkor för reservoaren samt tryckvågsabsorption i gränsytan mellan reservoar och berg.   Vattnet har en stor inverkan på dammen och de hydrodynamiska effekterna bör inkluderas vid en jordbävningsanalys. Metoden med impulsiv massa ger liknande resultat jämfört med mer sofistikerade metoder. Denna enklare metod kan användas i samanhang där beräknings och modelleringstid är begränsad och noggrannhet är av mindre intresse så länge resultaten är konservativa. För tillämpningar där noggrannheten är viktigare kan akustiska element användas för att beskriva vattnet. De akustiska element ger möjligheter för mer sofistikerade analyser där t.ex. vågabsorption och icke reflekterande gränser kan beaktas.   Att välja Rayleigh dämpning visade sig var en väldigt utmanande uppgift, där valet hade stor påverkan på resultaten. Valet av randvillkor för reservoarens bortre ände var den parameter som hade minst påverkan på resultaten. Det konservativa valet är att välja en ''fixed'' gräns med full reflektion av tryckvågor.   Reflektionskoefficienten för interaktionen mellan vatten och berg visade sig ha en stor inverkan på resultaten, både för de deltagare i workshopen som valde att använda denna koefficient och för de analyser som presenteras i denna studie. Denna koefficient bör därför användas med försiktighet.

[pt] Diante dos cenários de produção cada vez mais desafiadores, a indústria de petróleo tem sido forçada a expandir os limites operacionais para vazões, temperaturas e pressões mais elevadas. Como consequência, cenários mais rigorosos são encontrados, levando à redução da vida útil dos equipamentos atuais, como por exemplo, a falha prematura por fadiga de linhas de controle de poços com completação inteligente. Estas linhas encontram-se expostas ao escoamento turbulento na região anular da coluna de produção, causando vibrações e tensões suficientemente altas, podendo levar a uma falha prematura das linhas por fadiga. Para prevenir estes problemas e desenvolver projetos mais eficientes, é necessário investigar os fenômenos associados a interação da vibração da linha com os desprendimentos de vórtices do escoamento. Estes foram modelados utilizando-se a metodologia DDES (Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation), o que requer alto custo computacional, devido à necessidade de utilização de pequenos passos de tempo e de espaçamento de malha. Buscando reduzir o custo computacional para a modelagem do problema, propõe-se, neste trabalho, tratar de forma desacoplada a análise estrutural e de fluidodinâmica. As forças atuantes nas linhas de controle no espaço anular do poço de completação são obtidas desprezando-se a flexibilidade das linhas. Paralelamente, o fator de amortecimento crítico, necessário para a análise estrutural da vibração da linha, é obtido através de uma simulação Fluido- Estrutura de um escoamento cruzado a um cilindro elástico. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a presente metodologia é promissora, pois permite uma representação dos fenômenos envolvidos melhor do que a encontrada nos procedimentos atualmente disponíveis na literatura. / [en] In face of increasingly challenging production scenarios, the oil industry has been forced to expand operational limits to higher flow rates, temperatures, and pressures. Therefore, challenging production scenarios are found, from integrity standpoint, leading to reduction in current equipment life expectancy. Premature failure of control lines due to fatigue in wells with intelligent completion is one of the problems that arises from those extreme conditions. These lines are exposed to turbulent flow in the annular region of the production string, causing sufficiently high vibrations and stresses. These dynamic stresses can lead to premature failure of the lines due to fatigue. To prevent these problems, and to develop more efficient designs, it is necessary to investigate the phenomena associated with the interaction of the line vibration with the vortex shedding of the flow. We modeled the phenomena using the DES (Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation) methodology, which has high computational cost due to the need of using small time steps and high mesh refinement. In order to reduce these computational costs, this work proposes to deal with structural and fluid dynamics analysis in a decoupled way. The forces acting on the control lines in the annular space of the completion well are obtained neglecting the flexibility of the lines. In parallel, the critical damping factor, necessary for the structural vibration analysis of control lines, is obtained through a Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) simulation of an elastic cylinder subjected to cross flow. The results obtained show that the present methodology is promising, allowing a better representation of the involved phenomena, compared to procedures currently available in the literature.

<p><a href="">This work investigates the effect of surface features such as roughness, pits, and cracks on the tribological and fatigue behavior of machine components. It comprises of three main investigations: (i) effect of roughness on non-contacting fatigue, (ii) lubricated contact fluid structure interaction (FSI) behavior in presence of surface cracks, and (iii) the equivalence between non-contacting and contacting fatigue and the effect of roughness.</a></p><p>For the first investigation, a novel microstructure-based approach was developed to model surface roughness. It used a finite element fatigue damage model to predict the effects of roughness on tensile fatigue. AISI 4130 steel specimens with different surface finishes were fabricated and tested in axial fatigue using an MTS machine. The experimental results demonstrated the detrimental effect of roughness on fatigue lives, which was predicted by the model accurately.</p><p>In the second investigation, a partitioned CFD-FEM based FSI solver was developed using Ansys Multiphysics software to model and investigate elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts typical in gears and cylindrical roller bearings. The FSI model relaxes Reynolds assumptions, and uses Navier-Stokes equations to determine the lubricant flow and utilizes finite element method to model the structural response. The FSI model was evaluated for robustness under various operating conditions. The effect of material plasticity, subsurface features, etc. were also investigated. The model was then extended to investigate the effects of surface cracks in rolling/sliding EHL line contacts. Using CFD based approach enabled the investigation of surface cracks with inclined geometries, overcoming the limitations of standard Reynolds-based solvers. The effects of crack geometry parameters such as crack location, crack length, crack width, crack tip radius and crack orientation on fluid pressure distribution were studied. This investigation identified the crack geometries that affect the contact fatigue behavior by predicting the location and severity of stress concentrations in the material.</p><p>Finally, the relationship between contacting fatigue and non-contacting fatigue was investigated. A test rig was designed and developed to simulate rolling contact fatigue (RCF) surface damage. Experimental investigation revealed that the RCF surface damage stress-life (SN) results can be predicted using torsional fatigue results 10 times faster. A computational contact mechanics model was developed to incorporate the effect of roughness in this prediction, and corroborated against experimental RCF results at different roughness levels.</p>

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