The work centersaround perfluoroaryl azides (PFAAs), and theirability to undergo certain fast and robusttransformations. The chemistry was furtherappliedfor biomedical applications. The first section focuses on the azide-aldehyde-amine cycloaddition using PFAAs. Experimental and computational investigations uncovered a fast azide-enamine cycloaddition to form triazolines, which spontaneously rearrange into stable amidine products. In addition, this transformation was explored in the formulation of pure nanodrugs. Because this reaction can introduce a phenyl and a perfluoroaryl moiety enabling supramolecular interactions near the antibiotic drug, the resulting ciprofloxacin derivatives formed nano-sized aggregates by precipitation, which displayed aggregation-induced emission for bacterial imaging as well as enhanced size-dependent antibacterial efficacy. In the second section, the high electrophilicity of PFAAs was explored to transform azides to aryl amides. The reactivity of PFAAs in the thioacid/azide reaction was studied. In addition, PFAAs were discovered to react with phenylacetaldehyde to form aryl amidesviaan azide-enol cycloaddition, similar tothe perfluoroaryl azide-aldehyde-amine reaction.This strategyof amide synthesiswas furthermoregeneralized through a combination of base-catalyzed azide-enolate cycloaddition reaction and acid-or heat-promoted rearrangement of triazolines. The last section describes a type of azide fluorogens whose fluorescence can be switched on by alight-initiated intramolecular nitrene insertion intoa C-H bond in the neighboring aromaticring. These fluorogenic structures were efficiently accessed via the direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution of PFAAs. / <p>QC 20150903</p>

Copper is an essential trace element for living organisms and has both known and additional suspected roles in human health and disease. The current understanding of copper metabolism is substantial but incomplete, particularly in regard to storage and exchange at the subcellular level, although available evidence indicates exchangeable intracellular copper is in the monovalent oxidation state. Selective fluorescent probes with sufficient sensitivity to detect Cu(I) availability at physiologically relevant levels and at subcellular resolution would be valuable tools for studying copper metabolism. As a contribution toward this goal, this work describes the development of Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes with greatly improved aqueous solubility, contrast ratio, and fluorescence quantum yield. This work also describes the development of water-soluble, 1:1-binding chelators that form colorless, air-stable copper(I)-complexes. By acting as copper(I) buffering agents and affinity standards, these compounds can serve a complementary role to fluorescent probes in the study of copper biochemistry.

This PhD project has expanded the knowledge in the area of profluorescent nitroxides with regard to the synthesis and characterisations of novel profluorescent nitroxide probes as well as physical characterisation of the probe molecules in various polymer/physical environments. The synthesis of the first example of an azaphenalene-based fused aromatic nitroxide TMAO, [1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydro-2-azaphenalen-2-yloxyl, was described. This novel nitroxide possesses some of the structural rigidity of the isoindoline class of nitroxides, as well as some properties akin to TEMPO nitroxides. Additionally, the integral aromatic ring imparts fluorescence that is switched on by radical scavenging reactions of the nitroxide, which makes it a sensitive probe for polymer degradation. In addition to the parent TMAO, 5 other azaphenalene derivatives were successfully synthesised. This new class of nitroxide was expected to have interesting redox properties when the structure was investigated by high-level ab initio molecular orbitals theory. This was expected to have implications with biological relevance as the calculated redox potentials for the azaphenalene ring class would make them potent antioxidant compounds. The redox potentials of 25 cyclic nitroxides from four different structural classes (pyrroline, piperidine, isoindoline and azaphenalene) were determined by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile. It was shown that potentials related to the one electron processes of the nitroxide were influenced by the type of ring system, ring substituents or groups surrounding the moiety. Favourable comparisons were found between theoretical and experimental potentials for pyrroline, piperidine and isoindoline ring classes. Substitution of these ring classes, were correctly calculated to have a small yet predictable effect on the potentials. The redox potentials of the azaphenalene ring class were underestimated by the calculations in all cases by at least a factor of two. This is believed to be due to another process influencing the redox potentials of the azaphenalene ring class which is not taken into account by the theoretical model. It was also possible to demonstrate the use of both azaphenalene and isoindoline nitroxides as additives for monitoring radical mediated damage that occurs in polypropylene as well as in more commercially relevant polyester resins. Polymer sample doped with nitroxide were exposed to both thermo-and photo-oxidative conditions with all nitroxides showing a protective effect. It was found that isoindoline nitroxides were able to indicate radical formation in polypropylene aged at elevated temperatures via fluorescence build-up. The azaphenalene nitroxide TMAO showed no such build-up of fluorescence. This was believed to be due to the more labile bond between the nitroxide and macromolecule and the protection may occur through a classical Denisov cycle, as is expected for commercially available HAS units. Finally, A new profluorescent dinitroxide, BTMIOA (9,10-bis(1,1,3,3- tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl-5-yl)anthracene), was synthesised and shown to be a powerful probe for detecting changes during the initial stages of thermo-oxidative degradation of polypropylene. This probe, which contains a 9,10-diphenylanthracene core linked to two nitroxides, possesses strongly suppressed fluorescence due to quenching by the two nitroxide groups. This molecule also showed the greatest protective effect on thermo-oxidativly aged polypropylene. Most importantly, BTMIOA was found to be a valuable tool for imaging and mapping free-radical generation in polypropylene using fluorescence microscopy.

Neste trabalho foi sintetizado o corante (E)-2-[3-[4-(difenilamina)-fenil]-1-(p-tolil)- alilideno]-malononitrila (DFTAM), a partir da reação de condensação entre 4- (difenilamino)-benzaldeído e 2- [1- (4- metilfenil)-etilideno]-malononitrila, com catálise básica de piperidina. O produto obtido foi purificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e caracterizado pelas técnicas de espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C e 1H e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. Para estudar suas propriedades fotofísicas, espectros de absorção e emissão de fluorescência, decaimento de fluorescência e espectro de absorção de transientes foram feitos em diferentes solventes, variando-se a polaridade e viscosidade do meio. Duas bandas de absorção foram observadas, uma em 303 nm e outra em cerca de 490 nm, a qual apresentou deslocamento batocrômico com o aumento da polaridade do solvente. Para essa região de excitação a banda de emissão variou entre 517 e 630 nm, com o aumento da polaridade do meio. Os decaimentos de fluorescência mostraram duas componentes, uma na ordem de picossegundos e a outra de nanossegundos. Os experimentos de absorção de transientes apresentaram três espécies, uma mais longa (maior que 10 ms) e duas outras de cerca 2 e 22 &mu;s. Surfactantes catiônicos, não iônico, e aniônico também foram usados para produzir micelas e fazer os experimentos já citados. Pôde-se observar que o corante interagiu com as micelas, melhorando sua fluorescência e aumentando o tempo de vida do estado singleto. Por fim, acompanhou-se in situ, através da técnica de microscopia TIRF, a reação de formação de DFTAM a nível single molecule com catalise básica de nanopartículas de MgO e lamínulas de vidro funcionalizadas com piperazina. Através da intermitência de fluorescência dos filmes feitos de ambas as amostras, observou-se a formação de moléculas do corante através de ciclos de catálise da piperazina. / In this project the synthesis of (E) -2- [3- [4- (diphenylamine) phenyl] -1- (p-tolyl) - allylidene] -malononitrile (DFTAM) dye, from the condensation reaction between 4- (diphenylamino) benzaldehyde and 2- [1- (4-methylphenyl) ethylidene]-malononitrile using piperidine basic catalysis has been achieved. The dye was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance 13C and 1H and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. To study DFTAM photophysical properties, absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, fluorescence decay and transient absorption spectrum were recorded in solvents with different polarity and viscosity. Two absorption bands of DFTAM were observed, the first one at 303 nm was solvent independent while the second one at about 490 nm, had bathochromic shift with increasing polarity of the medium. In the visible region of excitation the maximum of the dye emission band observed varied between 517 and 630 nm, upon increasing solvent polarity. Fluorescence decays showed two distinct components, a fast one in picosecond time scale and a slow one in nanoseconds. Transient absorption experiments indicated the presence of three species with different lifetimes, one longer than 10 ms and the other two with lifetimes about 2 and 22 &mu;s. Cationic, nonionic, anionic surfactants were also used to produce micelles for easy solubilization of DFTAM. It was observed that the dye interacted with the micelles, improving its fluorescence yield and lifetime. Finally, the DFTAM formation reaction was monitored in situby TIRF wide field microscopy technique at single molecule level. The basic catalysis was tested for MgO nanoparticles and glass surface functionalized with bound piperazine. Through the fluorescence intermittency time trace obtained from TIRF movies, the discrete formation of dye molecules was only observed in the case of piperazine catalytic cycles.

3 Selectively substituted cyclodextrins for analytical and pharmaceutical applications Abstract This thesis is focused on the selective modification of cyclodextrins, and its primary aim is the preparation and characterization of mono- and persubstituted derivatives of cyclodextrins in a regioselective and straightforward manner. The work is divided into two main parts describing synthetic strategies and applications of modified cyclodextrins with one or several substituents, respectively. The first section deals with the introduction of a single chromophoric moiety on the cyclodextrin scaffold such as cinnamyl, rhodaminyl, fluoresceinyl and eosinyl groups. The complete set of monocinnamyl-α-cyclodextrin regioisomers has been prepared by direct alkylation, and the self-assembling properties of the corresponding regioisomers were thoroughly investigated by dynamic light scattering and NMR experiments. These investigations revealed that the different isomers (mono-6-O-, mono-2-O- and mono-3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrin) form distinct supramolecular species through intermolecular association. A fast method for the unambiguous identification of the pure regioisomers has also been developed based on a series of 2D NMR measurements. Xanthene-modified β-cyclodextrins, other representatives of monosubstituted...

Настоящая работа состоит из 3 глав, заключения и списка используемых источников. Работа посвящена разработке способа селективного вольтамперометрического определения хлорамфеникола с использованием производных карбазола в качестве агентов молекулярного распознавания. Обоснована актуальность детектирования хлорамфеникола – антибиотика водного экотоксиканта. Рассмотрена альтернатива биологическим рецепторам оригинальными органическими молекулами для электрохимических и флуорометрических методов детектирования хлорамфеникола, а также подходы к электроосаждению рецепторного слоя. В работе изучена возможность применения оригинальной органической молекулы производного карбазола для определения хлорамфеникола. Приведены аналитические характеристики разработанного селективного способа определения хлорамфеникола. / This work consists of 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used. The work is devoted to the development of a method for selective voltammetric determination of chloramphenicol using carbazole derivatives as molecular recognition agents. The urgency of detecting chloramphenicol, an antibiotic of an aquatic ecotoxicant, is substantiated. An alternative to biological receptors with original organic molecules for electrochemical and fluorometric methods for detecting chloramphenicol, as well as approaches to electrodeposition of the receptor layer, are considered. The possibility of using an original organic molecule of a carbazole derivative for the determination of chloramphenicol has been studied. The analytical characteristics of the developed selective method for the determination of chloramphenicol are given.

Le domaine de la microscopie de fluorescence a connu une réelle révolution ces dernières années, permettant d'atteindre des résolutions nanométriques, bien en dessous de la limite de diffraction prédite par Abbe il y a plus d’un siècle. Les techniques basées sur la localisation de molécules individuelles telles que le PALM (Photo-Activation Light Microscopy) ou le (d)STORM (direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) permettent la reconstruction d’images d’échantillons biologiques en 2 et 3 dimensions, avec des résolutions quasi-moléculaires. Néanmoins, même si ces techniques nécessitent une instrumentation relativement simple, elles requièrent des traitements informatiques conséquents, limitant leur utilisation en routine. En effet, plusieurs dizaines de milliers d’images brutes contenant plus d’un million de molécules doivent être acquises et analysées pour reconstruire une seule image. La plupart des outils disponibles nécessitent une analyse post-acquisition, alourdissant considérablement le processus d’acquisition. Par ailleurs la quantification de l’organisation, de la dynamique mais aussi de la stœchiométrie des complexes moléculaires à des échelles nanométriques peut constituer une clé déterminante pour élucider l’origine de certaines maladies. Ces nouvelles techniques offrent de telles capacités, mais les méthodes d’analyse pour y parvenir restent à développer. Afin d’accompagner cette nouvelle vague de microscopie de localisation et de la rendre utilisable en routine par des expérimentateurs non experts, il est primordial de développer des méthodes de localisation et d’analyse efficaces, simples d’emploi et quantitatives. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé dans un premier temps une nouvelle technique de localisation et reconstruction en temps réel basée sur la décomposition en ondelettes et l‘utilisation des cartes GPU pour la microscopie de super-résolution en 2 et 3 dimensions. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis au point une méthode quantitative basée sur la visualisation et la photophysique des fluorophores organiques pour la mesure de la stœchiométrie des récepteurs AMPA dans les synapses à l’échelle nanométrique. / The field of fluorescence microscopy has witnessed a real revolution these last few years, allowing nanometric spatial resolutions, well below the diffraction limit predicted by Abe more than a century ago. Single molecule-based super-resolution techniques such as PALM (Photo-Activation Light Microscopy) or (d)STORM (direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) allow the image reconstruction of biological samples in 2 and 3 dimensions, with close to molecular resolution. However, while they require a quite straightforward instrumentation, they need heavy computation, limiting their use in routine. In practice, few tens of thousands of raw images with more than one million molecules must be acquired and analyzed to reconstruct a single super-resolution image. Most of the available tools require post-acquisition processing, making the acquisition protocol much heavier. In addition, the quantification of the organization, dynamics but also the stoichiometry of biomolecular complexes at nanometer scales can be a key determinant to elucidate the origin of certain diseases. Novel localization microscopy techniques offer such capabilities, but dedicated analysis methods still have to be developed. In order to democratize this new generation of localization microscopy techniques and make them usable in routine by non-experts, it is essential to develop simple and easy to use localization and quantitative analysis methods. During this PhD thesis, we first developed a new technique for real-time localization and reconstruction based on wavelet decomposition and the use of GPU cards for super-resolution microscopy in 2 and 3 dimensions. Second, we have proposed a quantitative method based on the visualization and the photophysics of organic fluorophores for measuring the stoichiometry of AMPA receptors in synapses at the molecular scale.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.

A number of novel isoindoline nitroxides have been synthesised using a variety of synthetic techniques. Several carbon-carbon bond forming methodologies, including the first examples of Heck and Sonogashira coupling applied to the isoindoline nitroxide class, were utilised to give novel robust aromatic frameworks. Palladium-catalysed Heck coupling of brominated nitroxides and ester-substituted olefins generates novel nitroxides possessing extended conjugation. Hydrolysis of the nitroxide esters gave the corresponding carboxylic acids, which showed enhanced water solubility. Sonogashira coupling of an iodo-isoindoline nitroxide gave several novel alkynesubstituted nitroxides in high yield. Subsequent coupling of a deprotected ethynyl nitroxide with aromatic iodides gave acetylene-linked nitroxides and an acetylene linked nitroxide dimer. A butadiyne linked dinitroxide was successfully synthesised via Eglinton oxidative coupling of two ethynyl nitroxides. The synthesis of a novel water-soluble dicarboxy nitroxide was achieved by base hydrolysis of a dinitrile. Functional group interconversion furnished anhydride and imide substituted nitroxides from the diacid. Subjecting the imide to the Hofmann rearrangement gave an unexpected brominated amino-carboxy nitroxide. The dicarboxy nitroxide and the brominated amino-carboxy nitroxide were both shown to have a protective effect on Ataxia-Telangiectasia cells, indicating a possible role as antioxidants in the treatment of this disease. A fluorescein nitroxide was successfully synthesised through the condensation of the anhydride substituted nitroxide and resorcinol. After limited success using a variety of other techniques, Buchwald-Hartwig amination was able to furnish a rhodamine nitroxide, via a triflate-fluorescein nitroxide. The extended aromatic nitroxides possess suppressed fluorescence and we have described these systems as profluorescent. The profluorescent nitroxides were found to have significantly lower quantum yields than the non-radical analogues and displayed a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity upon radical trapping, making them useful probes for free radical reactions.