Abstract Problem Formal Volunteers in volunteer based organizations drop out at a fast pace due to many reasons like lack of interest what they are doing, conflict among volunteers, lack of motivation, job dissatisfaction due to prolonged volunteering etc.  which is causing to improper functioning of these organizations and reaches a point where these volunteer based organizations find it difficult to function properly. The author in this study tries to address this particular issue of this drop out of formal volunteers. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the factors which helps in the retention of formal volunteers in a volunteer based organization for a longer period. Method The research in this paper is done in a qualitative way with primary data collected in the form of participant observation and open interview in two voluntary organizations. The collected data is analyzed in content analysis. The secondary data is collected in the form of necessary documents provided by the participating organizations. Results Many factors were found to influence retention of volunteers namely Job satisfaction, Motivation, Public Service Motivation, Organizational Commitment, Mission Attachment, Work load, Relationship with Coworkers, Justice of Organization, Flexible Timing, Training & Orientation.  Conclusions Recommendations to improve retention is mentioned and a future model is also proposed. The result obtained from this research can be generalized to other form of small scale volunteer organizations where the major employees are formal volunteers.

Software is used in more and more aspects of our lives, so its correctness is more and more important. Its verification is thus a good idea. Now there are not many tools for verification of programs in the C++ language and most of them cannot verify all required properties. Because of this we decided to extend GMC, which was already able to verify C code, with support of the C++ language. However the C++ language is very vast, so the goal of this work is implementation of only the basic language features (inheritance, constructors, destructors, virtual methods and exceptions). The support of all those features have been implemented except for exceptions, which are implemented only partially. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / John M. Hatcliff / High-integrity applications are safety- and security-critical applications developed for a variety of critical tasks. The correctness of these applications must be thoroughly tested or formally verified to ensure their reliability and robustness. The major properties to be verified for the correctness of applications include: (1) functional properties, capturing the expected behaviors of a software, (2) dataflow property, tracking data dependency and preventing secret data from leaking to the public, and (3) robustness property, the ability of a program to deal with errors during execution. This dissertation presents and explores formal verification and proof technique, a promising technique using rigorous mathematical methods, to verify critical applications from the above three aspects. Our research is carried out in the context of SPARK, a programming language designed for development of safety- and security-critical applications. First, we have formalized in the Coq proof assistant the dynamic semantics for a significant subset of the SPARK 2014 language, which includes run-time checks as an integral part of the language, as any formal methods for program specification and verification depend on the unambiguous semantics of the language. Second, we have formally defined and proved the correctness of run-time checks generation and optimization based on SPARK reference semantics, and have built the certifying tools within the mechanized proof infrastructure to certify the run-time checks inserted by the GNAT compiler frontend to guarantee the absence of run-time errors. Third, we have proposed a language-based information security policy framework and the associated enforcement algorithm, which is proved to be sound with respect to the formalized program semantics. We have shown how the policy framework can be integrated into SPARK 2014 for more advanced information security analysis.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, October 2012. / Unable to load abstract.

This study examines how paralegal training in Lesotho was designed and managed. It analyses the content of the training and methods used. An assessment is made of how the participants used the training in the field. Since the inception of paralegal training in 1993 in Lesotho, no systematic and consolidated analysis lias been done to present a story on the existence o f the paralegal training programme. Paralegal training in this context is defined as the training of community-based people who are given skills to help disadvantaged individuals and groups to fight for thcirrights through the legal system. The legal profession adopted the use o f "barefoot lawyers" to address the imbalance in the accessibility o f legal services and facilities. Internationally the use of paralegals has taken root. In Lesotho the use of paralegals is fairly new, so there is the need to explore mis approach. There are two organisadons involved in paralegal training - the Community Legal Resource and Advice Centre (CLRAC) and the Lesotho Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA). Both serve urban and rural populations. Lesotho being a case in point, this is a study aimed at obtaining in-depth information to highlight the paralegal training programme in Lesotho. It sought to ask critical questions about who were recruited as paralegal trainees, which topics were handled in the paralegal training programme, what training methods were used and what responsibilities paralegals fulfil after training. The outcome of this study has already contributed towards establishing a common content and methodology by presenting a systematic analysis of differences and common issues. The methods used to compile the Lesotho case study of paralegal training were reference to files and reports kept by CLRAC and FIDA,in house interviews and observations and interviews with paralegals and village leaders. Forty paralegals, who were trained by the two organisations, were involved in the study. They were identified from the districts o f Module's Hock, Mafeteng, Thaba-Tseka, (the three districts where CLRAC operates), Teyateyaneng and Quthing (two o f the three districts where FIDA operates). An interview schedule was developed which was used lo collect the information from the different respondents who were available during data collection phase of the study. The outcome of this study is that paralegal work is useful. There is the need to train more people as paralegals and to design the paralegal training programme in such a way that it responds to problems within a given context of rural and urban settings.

Este trabalho reflete os esforcos realizados no estudo das principais técnicas automaticas de verificacao de sistemas que podem ser modelados em Maquinas de Estados Finitas, em particular as que normalmente se enquadram dentro da denominacao de model checking (verificacao de modelos). De modo a permitir ao leitor uma compreensao das vantagens e desvantagens de cada tecnica, os fundamentos teoricos de cada uma delas sao apresentados e ilustrados atraves de exemplos. Alem de uma apresentacao da teoria associada a cada tecnica, esta dissertação ainda apresenta dois estudos de caso de interesse bastante pratico: a verificacao de propriedades de um sistema de manufatura originalmente modelado atraves de uma rede de Petri e a verificacao de propriedades do intertravamento de uma seção metroviaria. Os dois estudos de caso utilizam tecnicas denominadas simbolicas. No primeiro estudo de caso, propoe-se que as invariantes obtidas da equação de estado sejam acrescentadas ao modelo a ser verificado, o que permite a obtenção de ganhos de desempenho na verificacao. O segundo estudo de caso e resolvido a partir da utilizacao de um procedimento proposto nesta dissertacao. Este procedimento permite a verificacao de algumas propriedades de seguranca sem que a verificacao se inviabilize devido a explosao no numero de estados. A utilizacao deste procedimento permite a verificacao de propriedades de uma secao de intertravamento com cerca de 2000 variaveis digitais em questao de poucos segundos.A principal conclusao a que este trabalho chega e consequencia dos resultados positivos observados nos estudos de caso: o model checking simbólico parece possuir um amplo campo de aplicacoes ainda por ser mais bem explorado / This work is the result of the efforts oriented to the study of the main automatic verification techniques for systems that can be modeled as Finite State Machines, in particular of those techniques which are generally called as model checking. In order to make the reader able to understand the pros and cons of each technique, the theory associated to each one is presented, as well as some examples. This work also presents two case studies of practical interest, both of each were solved with techniques which are called symbolic. The first one is the verification of some properties of a manufacturing system originally modeled by a Petri net. In order to improve the verification performance, it is proposed that the model to be verified be enlarged with the inclusion of the invariants calculated with the help of the state equation. The second case study is the verification of some safety properties of an interlocking system of a subway section. The verification is carried out with the help of a procedure which is proposed in this work. The aim of such a procedure is to bypass the state explosion problem, in order to make the verification feasible. It was possible to verify an interlocking system with about 2000 digital variables in a matter of few seconds. The main conclusion of the work comes from the positive results reached by both case studies: it seems to be a large number of applications yet to be explored in which symbolic model checking may be considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Fernanda da Silva.pdf: 1028974 bytes, checksum: 14ca9b4cdc8533f2d797909be602ef92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Creativity is a trait that has been widely recognized and required in social contexts, highlighting, among these, the educational context. This study aimed to evaluate the creativity of children that attending different contexts of education, being: (1) exclusively context of formal education and (2) both formal and non-formal context, to verify the existence of differences in creative performance groups according to the frequented context and the influence of sex, grade, type of ONG (non-governmental organization) and time in non-formal context. The study included 100 subjects, of both sexes, with 48 females and 52 males, aged between nine and 11 years of age (M = 10.7, SD = 0.80), 3rd to 6th grade of elementary school. The participants were selected by convenience in three contexts of education, being a school, representing the context of formal education (n=51) and two institutions of non-governmental organizations to represent the context of non-formal education (n=49), being 26 by institution 1 and 23 by institution 2). The Creativity Figural Child Test (Nakano, Primi & Wechsler, 2011) was used and consisted of three stimuli incomplete activities that must be answered in the form of drawings. The instrument evaluates 12 creative features grouped in four factors (Enrichment Ideas, Emotionality, Cognitive Aspects and Creative Preparation). The results showed that gender, grade and educational context did not exert significant influence in any of the creative factors. In creative features, the gender variable exerted a significant influence on Unusual Perspective (F = 4,.67, p ? 0,03 ) and Originality (F = 6,79, p ? 0,01) both in activity 2, sex interaction with series on Originality in activity 2 (F = 3,22, p? 0,02), sex x context for Internal Perspective in activity 2 (F = 4,75, p ? 0,03) and Perspective Uncommon in the same activity (F = 5,68, p ?0,01). The interaction between sex and series exerted influence on Internal Perspective (F = 4,40, p ? 0,03) and Originality in activity 2 (F = 5,56; p? 0,02). We also found that the ONG variable exerted a significant influence on the Movement characteristic (F = 6,88; p ? 0,01) in activity 2, time of permanence and ONGs had significant influence on Development (F = 3,32, p ? 0, 04), Use of context (F = 3,68; p ? 0,03) and Movement (F = 10,00, p ? 0,00) in activity 2, and variable time exerted significant influence in Movement (F = 5 , 26, p ? 0,00) and Fluency (F = 3,16, p ? 0,05) in activity 2. These findings allowed to discuss and reflect on the importance of both education contexts for the development of creative performance, although much still has to be done. Conclude how much still has to develop on creativity in educational contexts, as in non-formal education, so little space that is explored in Brazilian research. / A criatividade ? uma caracter?stica que tem sido bastante reconhecida e exigida nos contextos sociais, destacando-se, dentre esses, o contexto educacional. Assim, este estudo buscou avaliar a criatividade de crian?as que frequentam diferentes contextos de educa??o, sendo: (1) exclusivamente contexto de educa??o formal e (2) simultaneamente contexto formal e n?o formal, visando verificar a exist?ncia de diferen?as no desempenho criativo dos grupos de acordo com o contexto freq?entado e a influ?ncia das vari?veis sexo, s?rie, tipo de ONG e tempo de perman?ncia no contexto n?o formal. Participaram deste estudo 100 sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 48 do sexo feminino e 52 do sexo masculino, com faixa et?ria entre nove a 11 anos de idade (M=10,7; DP=0,80), de 3? a 6? s?rie do Ensino Fundamental, selecionados por conveni?ncia em tr?s contextos de educa??o, sendo, uma escola, representando o contexto de educa??o formal (n=51) e duas institui??es do tipo ONG para representar o contexto de educa??o n?o formal (n=49; institui??o 1: n=26 e institui??o 2: n=23). Para avalia??o da criatividade foi utilizado o Teste de Criatividade Figural Infantil (Nakano, Wechsler & Primi, 2011), composto por tr?s atividades de est?mulos incompletos que devem ser respondidos sob a forma de desenhos. Permite avaliar 12 caracter?sticas criativas agrupadas em quatro fatores (Enriquecimento de Ideias, Emotividade, Prepara??o Criativa e Aspectos Cognitivos). Os resultados mostraram que as vari?veis sexo, s?rie e contexto educacional n?o exerceram influ?ncia significativa em nenhum dos fatores criativos, j? em rela??o as caracter?sticas criativas, a vari?vel sexo exerceu influ?ncia significativa sob Perspectiva Incomum (F=4,67; p?0,03) e Originalidade (F=6,79; p?0,01) da atividade 2, a intera??o sexo x s?rie influenciou Originalidade na atividade 2 (F=3,22; p?0,02), sexo x contexto para Perspectiva Interna na atividade 2 (F=4,75; p?0,03) e para Perspectiva Incomum na mesma atividade (F=5,68; p?0,01), sexo x s?rie x contexto em Perspectiva Interna na atividade 2 (F=4,40; p?0,03) e Originalidade na atividade 2 (F=5,56; p?0,02). Tamb?m verificou que, a vari?vel ONG exerceu influ?ncia significativa sob a caracter?stica Movimento (F=6,88; p?0,01) da atividade 2, tempo x ONG apresentou influ?ncia significativa em Elabora??o (F=3,32; p?0,04), Uso de Contexto (F=3,68; p?0,03) e Movimento (F=10,00; p?0,00) da atividade 2; e a vari?vel tempo exerceu influ?ncia significativa sob Movimento (F=5,26; p?0,00) e Flu?ncia (F=3,16; p?0,05), da atividade 2. Tais achados permitiram discutir e refletir a respeito da import?ncia dos dois contextos de educa??o para o desenvolvimento do desempenho criativo, embora muito ainda tenha que ser trabalhado nesses meios. Conclui-se o quanto ainda se tem para desenvolver a respeito de criatividade em diferentes contextos de educa??o, como em educa??o n?o formal, espa?o que ? t?o pouco explorado em pesquisas brasileiras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silene Fontana.pdf: 2971789 bytes, checksum: 112cf870f1abdfe58c8524941a82ea9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze, by means of two case studies, some movement for the construction of the curriculum of Full-Time Education in an educational context formed by a partnership between two institutions: an elementary school, which includes the formal dimension of education and an Urban Social Center (USC), a socioeducative institution that represents the dimension of the non-formal education, both located in the city of Barretos (SP, Brazil). This study was developed from the participation in the full time project when it was observed that the movements toward the organization of the aforementioned school allowed to infer at first a bias between the formal and non-formal, which was consolidated later on in a diffuse perception of the process and the project, which caused an opening to better understand what is the full time school in the formal and non-formal dimensions. This research was developed from two case studies, C1 and C2, in an elementary school from 1st to 5th grade and an Urban Social Center (USC), which caters to that school unit a full time project. The choice of these institutions occurred because of their location: a neighborhood of lower socioeconomic class of a city in the state of São Paulo. This study brought together teachers, the school principal, and USC educators. The results for the first case study showed that most participants understand the Full Time School (FTS) as a supplementary period of learning. On the overall, the teachers and the school principal pointed out more negative aspects (N=25) than positive ones (N=22) and most report not seeing differences between those students who attend full-time and those who attend part-time school. No differences were noticed regarding the average grades of full-time students and part-time ones. In Case 2, three of the USC educators reported the FTS as being a place where the student stays all day long, and three others as a fully equipped place to meet the needs of students and a place that facilitates the students daily routines and their safety. The main positive aspect mentioned in relation to the FTS was the safety sensation that the school provides for working parents who do not have a place where to leave their children. As a negative aspect, they point out the lack of interaction between parents and children and the students fatigue. The USC offers children/teens dance workshops, physical education and drama. From these studies, it was possible to evaluate the results on the operation of the program or project and on tutoring classes aimed at strengthening the students' learning of their curricular subjects. Moreover, the results also pointed out scarce equipment and teaching resources, and insufficient spaces for the students to rest and have recreation. Thus, it was concluded that, comparing what was intended with the full time school with what the literature on this subject shows, the USC, considered as such, was classified as a non-formal education center / O presente trabalho objetiva analisar, por meio de dois estudos de caso, alguns movimentos realizados para a construção do currículo da Educação de Tempo Integral em um contexto educacional formado pela parceria entre duas instituições: uma escola de ensino fundamental, que compreende a dimensão formal da educação e um Centro Social Urbano (CSU), instituição socioeducativa que representa a dimensão não formal da educação, ambos localizados na cidade de Barretos (SP). Este estudo desenvolveu-se a partir da participação no projeto de tempo integral ao observar que os movimentos em direção à organização da referida escola permitiram inferir, inicialmente, um viés entre o formal e o não formal, que se consubstanciou, mais tarde, em uma percepção difusa do processo e do projeto, o que provocou uma abertura para compreender melhor o que é a escola de tempo integral, nas dimensões do formal e do não formal. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida, partir de dois estudos, E1 e E2, em uma escola de ensino fundamental de 1º ao 5º ano e em um Centro Social Urbano (CSU), que atende à referida unidade escolar, com projeto integral. A escolha dessas instituições ocorreu pelo fato de localizaram-se em um bairro de classe socioeconômica baixa de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Participaram professores e diretor da escola e educadores do CSU. Os resultados referentes ao Estudo 1 mostraram que a maioria dos participantes entendem a Escola de Tempo Integral (ETI) como um período complementar ao aprendizado da escola. Na avaliação total, os docentes e diretor apontaram mais aspectos negativos (N=25) do que positivos (N=22) e a maioria relata não ver diferenças entre os alunos que frequentam o período integral e o parcial. Quanto às médias das notas dos alunos de período integral e parcial, não se notou diferenças. No Estudo 2, três dos profissionais do CSU relataram ser a ETI um local em que o aluno permanece o dia inteiro, e outros três um local totalmente equipado para suprir as necessidades dos alunos e um local que facilita o dia a dia e a segurança do aluno. O principal aspecto positivo citado em relação à ETI foi a segurança que a escola fornece aos pais que trabalham e não têm um local para deixar o filho. E, como aspecto negativo, a falta de convivência entre pais e filhos e o cansaço dos alunos. O CSU oferece às crianças/adolescentes oficinas de dança, educação física e teatro. A partir desses Estudos, foi possível avaliar os resultados sobre o funcionamento do programa ou do Projeto e sobre as oficinas curriculares de reforço que visavam retomar o conteúdo aplicado no currículo básico. Além disso, os resultados apontaram também os escassos equipamentos e recursos pedagógicos, além de insuficientes espaços para descanso e lazer dos alunos. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que, cotejando o que se pretendia com escola de tempo integral com o que a literatura sobre o tema aponta, o CSU, considerado como tal, passou a ser classificado como um local de educação não formal

Esta pesquisa aborda aspectos da cultura escolar e de centros de ciências na perspectiva da transformação de saberes que utilizam a física solar com a finalidade de discutir aspectos de física moderna no ensino médio. Em parceria com professores em atuação, o objetivo foi fundamentar a utilização de Sequências de Ensino e Aprendizagem (SEA) que incorporassem elementos da sala de aula com atividades em um centro de ciências, levando em conta o saber docente e as especificidades de ambas as instituições. O centro de ciências em questão é o Observatório Dietrich Schiel do Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da USP. Assumimos como instrumento de validação das SEA a noção de transposição didática e sobrevivência dos saberes (CHEVALLARD 1991) e as regras da transposição didática (ASTOLFI et al. 1997b). Tomamos como metodologias de pesquisa a abordagem qualitativa, circundadas por uma estratégia metodológica por nós elaborada chamada de \"Ciclos de Reflexão\". Adotamos como instrumentos de análise dos dados coletados a noção de losango didático, suas dimensões epistêmica e pedagógica (MÉHEUT e PSILLOS 2004). Nossos resultados indicam que as SEA se adequam às regras da transposição didática e sobrevivência dos saberes em sua validação. Evidenciam também que as atividades desenvolvidas favoreceram o trabalho docente em suas dimensões didática e epistêmica na parceria centro de ciência-escola. Concluímos que, nas escolas em que os trabalhos foram desenvolvidos, as SEA e a parceria estabelecida podem ser consideradas satisfatórias e de convívio harmonioso dentro da proposta curricular do Estado de São Paulo para o 3º ano do ensino médio, possibilitando a integração da escola com o centro de ciências e favorecendo a discussão de tópicos de física moderna e física solar no ensino médio. / This research focuses a curriculum innovation and the introduction of modern physics in the Brazilian high school based on the partnership between formal and informal education. We established the construction and use of a Teaching Learning Sequence (TLS) that incorporates classroom elements with activities in a science center, taking into account the teaching knowledge and the specificities of both institutions. The TLS elaborated were based on teaching with emphasis on the content, in this case the teaching of modern physics using solar physics in different collaborative contexts. The concerned science center was Dietrich Schiel Observatory, in the University of Sao Paulo\"s Center for Scientific and Cultural Dissemination, Brazil. The methodology used in the construction and implementation of the TLS was entitled \"cycles of reflection\", understood as a continuous research actions that provide, at every stage of investigation, didactic and pedagogical support for the teacher-researcher partnership. We used a qualitative research methodology and adopt the rules of the didactic transposition as tool for validation of the TLS. The data were analyzed using the didactic rhombus notion, with its epistemic and pedagogical dimensions. Our results indicate that the TLS obey the rules of didactic transposition and the activities favored teaching in their didactic and epistemic dimensions. We conclude that the TLS and the partnership can be considered satisfactory enabling the integration between school and science center, favoring to insert modern physics and solar physics in high school.

Em função da adequação reduzida da educação formal para atender às necessidades do estudante e da sociedade, este trabalho apresenta o livro-texto de natureza auto-instrutiva como elemento central de transição gradativa para uma educação menos formal. Nesse sentido, procura-se apresentar as características, vantagens e limitações dos sistemas educativos formais e não formais e o papel do \"livro para aprendizagem\" no planejamento e implantação de sistemas não formais, como um material instrucional criado com base nos princípios científicos da aprendizagem. O arcabouço teórico que sustentou tais princípios formou-se principalmente a partir de quatro autores, considerados como referência obrigatória aos estudiosos da ciência educacional. Dib; Bloom; Kolb; Felder. A escolha do tema contabilidade introdutória deve-se a sua importância como um pilar de sustentação ao curso de ciências contábeis, comprovado pelos inúmeros livros disponíveis no mercado, e pela experiência profissional do pesquisador, como contador e como docente da disciplina em questão. A partir das características verificadas nos livros-textos existentes e de idéias desenvolvidas na revisão da literatura foi proposto um modelo de referência que contivesse os atributos funcionais desejáveis num livro-texto que atenda às características de um ensino menos formal. Para tanto foram analisados 10 livros de contabilidade introdutória das principais editoras com o intuito de verificar a presença ou ausência desses atributos, e quando presentes em que grau. Com a presente pesquisa espera-se oferecer uma contribuição a elaboração de livros-textos aplicados ao ensino de contabilidade introdutória, evidenciar sua importância em termos de auto-aprendizagem e finalmente sugere-se a inclusão de objetivos instrucionais, seleção e organização de conteúdos; recursos utilizados; recursos complementares mínimos necessários que um livro-livro deve contemplar na busca de alternativas inovadoras em educação. / According to the suitable reduction of formal education to supply the society and the students\' needs, this article presents the text-book with self-instructive nature as a central element of gradual transition for a less formal education. This way, it tries to show the features, advantages and limitations from formal and non-formal educational systems and the \"book for learning\" role on planning and introduction of non formal systems, as an instructional material created with base on learning scientific principles. The theoretical framework, which supported such principles, was created mainly from four authors, considered as an obligatory reference for those who study the educational science. Dib; Bloom; Kolb; Felder. The theme introductory accountancy was chosen due to its importance as a pillar for the course of accountancy science. It was confirmed by the countless books available in the market and by the researcher\'s professional experience, as an accountant and as a professor of the referred subject. From the features checked on the existing text-books and from ideas developed on the literature review, a reference pattern was proposed, which had the desirable functional attributes in a book that attends the features of a less formal teaching. Therefore, ten books of introductory accountancy were analysed with the intention of verifying the presence or absence of these attributes, and whether present, in which degree. With such research, it is offered some contribution to the preparation of text-books applied to the introductory accountancy teaching, showing its importance in terms of self-learning and it finally suggests the inclusion of instructional purposes, contents selection and organization, used resources, minimum complementary resources needed in a text-book for searching innovating alternatives in teaching.