The purpose of the study was to cover the impact of variable frequency drives in to-day's industry. A partial aim was also to study perspectives regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the variable frequency drive, its function based on sustainability, production efficiency and demand. The study was based on a qualitative research method, and the empirical material has been based on six semi-structured interviews from industries that currently use variable frequency drives. The results and parts of the study’s purpose were analysed based on previous research and theoretical perspectives. The results mainly show that variable frequency drives contribute to energy savings in our industries. Energy saving was also seen as one of the component's main ad-vantages, followed by the fact that it was considered cost effective in relation to its long lifetime. The cost and complexity of the product were identified as the compo-nent's disadvantages. In relation to sustainability, variable frequency drives mainly match with two of the goals in Agenda 2030, sustainability goals 9 and 12. In this regard, the variable fre-quency drives energy saving is central to the product from a sustainability point of view. In relation to production efficiency, variable frequency drives were found to be more energy efficient, and for that reason affect the process flow for the better, which indicates increased production efficiency. The component was considered as a flexible production solution that enables flow control, as well as maintaining a con-sistent quality of the production flow. Based on the results of the study, the demand that exist today for variable frequency drives only seems to increase. It is stated that there is a great demand today, while depending on the nation, it only seems to be expanding.

This thesis includes three topics. The first topic is a low-variation 1 MHz clock generator. The second one is a high sensitivity linear voltage-to-frequency converter. The last one is a high-PSR bias circuit for NTSC SYNC separation. All of the circuits can be applied to related consumer electronic products. The low-variation 1 MHz clock generator includes a bias circuit which automatically compensates the drifting caused by temperature variations. Furthermore, the circuit contains neither BJTs nor diodes to reduce the area cost. The frequency variation is measured to be less than 2.55\% in the range of 0¢J~90¢J. The high sensitivity linear voltage-to-frequency converter is mainly constructed by a window comparator[11]. We analyze and improve the performance of accuracy to achieve both high accuracy and high sensitivity. The accuracy error is less than 1% and sensitivity is 84 KHz/V in the voltage range of 0.1V~0.8V. The high-PSR bias circuit for NTSC SYNC Separation is implemented by a bandgap reference which is controlled by a feedback loop to reduce the interference of the environment. The measurement variation of the bandgap reference is less than 1\% when the variation of power supply is 10\%. The sensitivity of the bandgap reference to temperature is measured to be 0.0006V/¢J.

The first topic of this thesis is to propose a novel voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) to provide high sensitivity. The VFC circuit is composed of one current mirror, one current multiplier, and voltage window comparators. The proposed VFC tracks the variations of the stored charge of a built-in capacitor. The voltage window comparator monitors the voltage of the capacitor to determine whether the output is pulled high or pulled down. The worth-case linear range of the output frequency of the proposed VFC is 0 to 55 MHz provided that the input voltage is 0 to 0.9 V. The error is less than 9% while the power dissipation is 0.218 mW. The second topic is to carry out a novel CMOS current-mode high- speed sense amplifier (SA). The proposed SA is composed by cascading a current-mode sense amplifier and a voltage-mode sense amplifier. The small input impedance of the current-mode amplifier alleviates the loading effect on the bitlines of SRAM cells such that the sensing speed is enhanced. The voltage-mode amplifier is responsible for boosting the logic levels to full swing. The worst access time of the proposed design is found to be less than 1.26 ns with a 1 pF load on outputs. The power dissipation is merely 0.835 mW at 793 MHz.

Disertacijoje siekiamas tikslas: sudaryti trifazio asinchroninio variklio matematinius modelius fazinėje koordinačių sistemoje, esant įvairiems variklio apvijų jungimo būdams, sukurti modelį tiesiaeigio asinchroninio variklio dinamikos tyrimui, jo pagrindu sudaryti kompiuterinius modelius dažniu valdomiems asinchroniniams varikliams tirti. / The aim of dissertation is to develop mathematical and computer models of induction motor in phase coordinate system at various ways of stator windings connection, transform this model for investigation of dynamics of linear induction motor, and carry out computer models for investigation of frequency-controlled induction motors.

Disertacijoje keliamas tikslas - sudaryti trifazio asinchroninio variklio matematinį modelį, kuris ne tik adekvačiai aprašo nesimetriškų asinchroninių variklių dinamiką, bet ir kurio greitaveika būtų didesnė už universalaus elektrodinaminio modelio greitaveiką, ši modelį pritaikyti įvairiems variklio apvijų jungimo būdams, jo pagrindu sudaryti kompiuterinius modelius dažniu valdomiems asinchroniniams varikliams tirti. Pirmajame skyriuje aptariami šiuo metu dažniausiai naudojami asinchroninių variklių modeliai, aptariami jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Nesimetriško asinchroninio variklio matematinio modelio fazinėje koordinačių sistemoje lygtys išvestos antrajame skyriuje. Trečiasis skyrius skirtas kompiuteriniams asinchroninio variklio modeliams. Sudarytas universalus, t. y. visiems variklio apvijų jungimo atvejams tinkamas, programinis asinchroninio variklio modelis. Sudarytas Simulink paketui tinkamas objektinis asinchroninio variklio modelis. Ketvirtasis skyrius skirtas valdomų elektros pavarų modeliams. Sudaryti algoritmai inverterio-variklio ir lygintuvo-inverterio-variklio sistemų imitavimui. Pateikti šių sistemų imitavimo rezultatai. Sudarytas Simulink paketui tinkamas srovės kanalo metodu valdomos dažninės pavaros modelis. Darbo pabaigoje pateiktos išvados. / The aim of dissertation is to develop mathematical and computer models of induction motor in phase coordinate system at various ways of stator windings connection, transform this model for investigation of dynamics of linear induction motor, and carry out computer models for investigation of frequency-controlled induction motors. Chapter 1 discusses mathematical models of induction motors, their advantages and shortcomings. Mathematical model of induction motor in phase coordinate system applicable to consider non-symmetry of motors is derived in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is devoted for computer models of induction motors. Universal algorithm of programmed motor model is elaborated and presented. Objective Simulink motor model is developed. Chapter 4 is devoted for models of controlled electric drives. Algorithm to simulate system inverter-motor is carried out and results of simulation are presented. Model of system rectifier-inverter-motor with changeable structure was proposed and simulations of transients are discussed. Model of drive, controlled by current channel is developed. General conclusions of the research are made.

Automatic cutting machine can cut wires and cables to user-defined length at a specified number of pieces. These equipments are usually custom-made for needs of the requested application and they are not very spread out tools on the Czech market. This described device is specified for efficiency-rise in the production of heat-resistant cables. These prepared cables are used for internal connection of the resistors.

The project deals with frequency changer, which of the three-phase power network 230 V~ 50 Hz or three-phase power network 400 V~ 50 Hz mains frequency changed to another frequency. This device will be used for three-phase asynchronous motor 400 V~ power of 1 kVA at a frequency of 50 Hz mains.

Tunnelbanan är ett mycket viktigt transportmedel i Stockholm som är igång större delen av dygnet. Tunnelbanans Röda och Blå linjer använder sig av ett äldre signalsystem från 60-talet. Det system som används för signaleringen av de två linjerna är av typen växelströmspårledning med kodning och använder reläställverk. Spårledningarna som detekterar positionen av olika tåg på spåret använder frekvensen 75 Hz. Vid konverteringen av frekvensen 50 Hz till 75 Hz, uppstår koldamm och värmeförluster till utrymmet från frekvensomformaren. Koldammet som avges i luften riskerar att påverka reläfunktionaliteten när det tränger in i relähöljet och sätter sig på ytan för reläkontakterna i utrymmet bredvid frekvensomformare. Trafikförvaltningen har planer på att upprusta Röda linjens signalsystem för att kunna använda dess signalsystem i ytterligare 25 år. Spårledningssystemet positionerar och ger hastighetsbesked till tågen. En litteraturstudie har genomförts kring uppbyggnad av spårledningssystemet och tidigare forskning har utförts kring frekvensomformare för att hitta en ny frekvensomformare som inte riskerar reläfunktionaliteten. Genom faktainsamling från Trafikförvaltningen har nya lämpliga frekvensomformare som kunde ersättas mot de befintliga undersökts. Statiska frekvensomformare har analyserats. Enligt kraven från Trafikförvaltningen identifierades fyra produkter från olika leverantörer. Ingen av de statiska frekvensomformare var direkt kompatibel med befintligt system med anledningen av att systemet är byggd för ett roterande frekvensomformare. ”HZ-50-1105” från GoHz denna modell finns i 1-fas in- respektive 1-fas utmatning. ”FR-D 700” från Mitsubishi och ”Micromaster 440” från Siemens som hade lika användnings funktion det gjorde att de var lik varandra. ”ACS-150” från ABB denna modell hade som max märkeffekt upp till 4 kVA, vilket passar bara för frekvensomformare med märkeffekt 2.5 kVA. De olika typerna av statiska frekvensomformare belastade nätet på ett asymmetriskt sätt. Därför var det viktigt att kunna fördela lasten så jämnt som möjligt på varje fas. Det var svårt att kunna rangordna de valda produkterna utan det bara visades vilka valmöjligheter som fanns vid utbytet av roterande frekvensomformare. Användningen av statiska frekvensomformare eliminera de risker som en roterande frekvensomformare orsakar. Statiska frekvensomvandlare generera olika frekvenser med större noggrannhet samt de har en kortare driftsättnings tid men belastar de nätet asymmetriskt jämfört med roterande frekvensomformare. / The subway is a very important means of transport in Stockholm and is in operation most of the day. The Red and Blue lines of the metro use an older signal system from the 60s. The system used for the signaling of the two lines is of the type AC power line with coding and uses relay switches. The track circuit that detects the position of different trains on the track use the frequency 75 Hz. When converting the frequency 50 Hz to 75 Hz, carbon dust and heat losses is released to the space from the frequency converter. The carbon dust emitted into the air risks affecting relay functionality as it enters the relay housing and settles on the surface of the relay contacts in the space next to the frequency converter. The Traffic Administration have plans to upgrade the Red Line's signaling system in order to use the existing signaling system for another 25 years. The track circuit system positions and gives speed messages to the trains. A literature study has been conducted on the construction of the track circuit system and previous research has been conducted on frequency inverters to safely find a new frequency inverter that does not risk relay functionality. Through fact-finding from the Traffic Administration, new suitable frequency converters that could be replaced with the existing ones were investigated in this research. Static frequency converters were chosen to be investigated. According to the requirements of the Traffic Administration, four products were identified from different suppliers. None of the static frequency converters was directly compatible with existing systems because the system was built for a rotary frequency converter. "HZ- 50-1105" from GoHz this model is available in 1-phase input and 1-phase output respectively. "FR-D 700" from Mitsubishi and "Micromaster 440" from Siemens which were equal in and out connection. "ACS-150" from ABB this model had a maximum rated power up to 4 kVA, which is only suitable for frequency inverters with a rated power of 2.5 kVA. The various types of static frequency inverters loaded the network in an asymmetrical way. Therefore, it was important to be able to distribute the load as evenly as possible on each phase. It was difficult to be able to rank the selected products without just showing the choices that existed when replacing rotary frequency converters. However, the use of static frequency inverters eliminates the risks of a rotating frequency converter. Static frequency converters can more accurately generate different frequencies and they have a shorter commissioning time; however, they load the network asymmetrically compared to rotating frequency converters.

This thesis examines the development of DC-DC converters that are suitable for Module Integrated Converters, (MICs), in grid interactive photovoltaic (PV) systems, and especially concentrates on the study of the half bridge dual converter, which was previously developed from the conventional half bridge converter. Both hard-switched and soft-switched half bridge dual converters are constructed, which are rated at 88W each and transform a nominal 17.6Vdc input to an output in the range from 340V to 360Vdc. An initial prototype converter operated at 100kHz and is used as a base line device to establish the operational behaviours of the converter. The second hard-switched converter operated at 250kHz and included a coaxial matrix transformer that significantly reduced the power losses related to the transformer leakage inductance. The soft-switched converter operated at 1MHz and is capable of absorbing the parasitic elements into the resonant tank. Extensive theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are provided for each converter. All three converters achieved conversion efficiencies around 90%. The progressive increases in the operation frequency, while maintaining the conversion efficiency, will translate into the reduced converter size and weight. Finally different operation modes for the soft-switched converter are established and the techniques for predicting the occurrence of those modes are developed. The analysis of the effects of the transformer winding capacitance also shows that soft switching condition applies for both the primary side mosfets and the output rectifier diodes.

My diploma thesis deals with the basic principle of the frequency inverter and his construnction. In the next section are analyze the basic properties and characteristics of the using equipment. The main part of this thesis is to investigate the dynamic properties of asynchronous electric motor controlled by a frequency inverter using STARTER. The results of experiments are compared and analyzed.