The use of cutting fluids in machining process is very essential for achieving desired machining performance. Due to the strict environmental protection laws now in effect, there is a wide-scale evaluation of the use of cutting fluids in machining. Consequently, minimal quantity lubrication (MQL), which uses very small quantity of cutting fluids and still offers the same functionality as flood cooling, can be considered as an alternative solution. This thesis presents an experimental study of face milling of automotive aluminum alloy A380 under four different lubrication/cooling conditions: dry cutting, flood cooling, MQL (Oil), and MQL (Water). Experiments were design using Taguchi method for design of experiments. Empirical models for predicting surface roughness and cutting forces were developed for these four conditions in terms of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Optimization technique using Genetic Algorithms (GA) was used to optimize performance measures under different lubrication/cooling conditions, based on a comprehensive optimization criterion integrating the effects of all major machining performance measures. Case studies are also presented for two pass face milling operation comparing flood cooling condition with MQL. The comparison of the results predicted by the models developed in this work shows that the cutting force for MQL (Oil) is either lower or equal to flood cooling. The surface roughness for MQL (Oil) is comparable to flood cooling for higher range of feed and depth of cut. A comparison of the optimized results from the case studies, based on value of utility function, shows that the optimum point for two pass face milling operation having MQL (Oil) as finish pass has highest utility function value.

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This master thesis focuses on analysing the origins of residual stress in material caused by face milling. Representatives of three groups of aluminum alloys (5000, 6000, 7000) are compared by measurements. For measuring of the residual stress in aluminum alloys, the hole-drilling method was used by applying tensometric rosettes. In order to determine the influence of the used milling cutters', flatness of the machined surface was analyzed by comparative method. The thesis concludes with a discussion and an overall evaluation of the results.

Compacted Graphite Iron offers mechanical properties in between of gray cast iron and ductile iron. Thus,the material is seen as a hopeful alternative for engine cylinder blocks and heads satisfying environmentaland performance objectives. Nevertheless, CGI is more difficult to machine than conventional gray castiron due to the presence of MnS and thin wall section of probing high strength. This problem of CGI thenled to the initiation of large Optima Sweden project to study machinability and optimization of related toCGI.The thesis is centered on a study of tool life, cutting force and MRR with regards to machining parametersmainly feed rate and cutting speed for CGI milling. Tool life is measured; flank-wear is observed andcompared between several combinations of cutting parameters.Similarly cutting forces were measured using LMS software for full factorial design experiments. Extensivemachining experiments were carried out. Machining tests was done based on Design of Experiment (DoE)for high cutting data and lower data are performed separately. Comparison is made for tool life and cuttingforces. After data collection, analysis of tool life and force has been followed. Once the data is analyzedand checked its consistency. An approximate model is developed using MODDE software. Further, multiobjective optimization of tool life and Material removal rate (MRR) using cutting parameters mainly feedrate and cutting speed are investigated. Working on optimal parameters will allow for CGI is to becompetitive in manufacturing with gray CI, aluminum alloy, magnesium.Keywords: Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI), face milling, tool life, MRR, optimization, cutting force

Machining components out of tolerances is of no use in competitiveproduction. The machining system sets the limitations of dimensionalaccuracy and surface quality of a machined component. The capabilityof the machining system describes these limits in terms of specifiedvalues. This thesis deals with machining system capability analysismainly focused on machine tool static and dynamic stiffness.The influence of stiffness and flexibility on machining systemcapability is analytically and experimentally investigated. Theexperimental work presented in the thesis complies with the theoriesand shows the relation between machine tool capability and theoutcome on the machine component.The concept of capability analysis by elastic linked system andthe currently available tools for such an evaluation is presented anddiscussed. The basis of elastic linked system analysis is the use ofmeasurements under loaded condition. The machine tool is loadedwith a known force creating a test condition closer to real machining,compared to current methods of unloaded machine tools. Twomeasurement tools for elastic linked system capability analysis areexplained in the thesis: Loaded Double Ball Bar and ContactlessExcitation and Response System.The thesis consists of an analytical base and an experimental casestudy on spiral bevel gear face milling. The experiments are discussedand compiled with the given theories. / <p>QC 20130513</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RamsesOCL_DISSERT.pdf: 6940131 bytes, checksum: ccaad3b0fc7afbcfa4cdd535d7f2c612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / This work presents the results, analyses and conclusions about a study carried out with objective of minimizing the thermal cracks formation on cemented carbide inserts during face milling. The main focus of investigation was based on the observation that milling process is an interrupted machining process, which imposes cyclic thermal loads to the cutting tool, causing frequent stresses changes in its superficial and sub-superficial layers. These characteristics cause the formation of perpendicular cracks from cutting edge which aid the cutting tool wear, reducing its life. Several works on this subject emphasizing the thermal cyclic behavior imposed by the milling process as the main responsible for thermal cracks formation have been published. In these cases, the phenomenon appears as a consequence of the difference in temperature experienced by the cutting tool with each rotation of the cutter, usually defined as the difference between the temperatures in the cutting tool wedge at the end of the cutting and idle periods (&#61508;T factor). Thus, a technique to minimize this cyclic behavior with objective of transforming the milling in an almost-continuous process in terms of temperature was proposed. In this case, a hot air stream was applied into the idle period, during the machining process. This procedure aimed to minimize the &#61508;T factor. This technique was applied using three values of temperature from the hot air stream (100, 350 e 580 oC) with no cutting fluid (dry condition) and with cutting fluid mist (wet condition) using the hot air stream at 580oC. Besides, trials at room temperature were carried out. Afterwards the inserts were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, where the quantity of thermal cracks generated in each condition, the wear and others damages was analyzed. In a general way, it was found that the heating of the idle period was positive for reducing the number of thermal cracks during face milling with cemented carbide inserts. Further, the cutting fluid mist application was effective in reducing the wear of the cutting tools. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados, an?lises e conclus?es de um estudo realizado com objetivo de minimizar o processo de forma??o e evolu??o de trincas de origem t?rmica em insertos de metal duro usados no fresamento frontal. O foco principal da pesquisa baseou-se na observa??o de que, por ser um processo de corte interrompido, o fresamento imp?e um carregamento t?rmico c?clico ? ferramenta de corte, conduzindo a frequentes varia??es de tens?es nas camadas superficial e sub-superficial de seu gume cortante. Tal caracter?stica leva ? forma??o de trincas no substrato, perpendiculares a aresta de corte, as quais auxiliam na acelera??o do desgaste e no fim de vida da ferramenta. Muitos trabalhos foram publicados sobre o assunto enfatizando a ciclagem t?rmica imposta pelo processo de fresamento como a principal causa da forma??o das trincas t?rmicas. Neste caso, o fen?meno surge como conseq??ncia da diferen?a de temperatura sofrida pela ferramenta de corte a cada giro da fresa, normalmente definida pela diferen?a entre as temperaturas no gume cortante imediatamente ao final das fases ativa e inativa (fator &#61508;T). Assim, prop?s-se neste trabalho uma t?cnica que visa amenizar esta ciclagem t?rmica caracter?stica, por aproximar o fresamento frontal de um processo quase cont?nuo do ponto de vista t?rmico. Neste caso, um jato de ar quente foi aplicado na fase inativa da fresa durante todo o processo de usinagem, com objetivo de minimizar o fator &#61508;T. Esta t?cnica foi aplicada usando tr?s valores de temperatura do jato de ar, 100, 350 e 580 ?C na condi??o a seco e 580?C na condi??o com fluido de corte aplicado por n?voa. Al?m disso, tamb?m foram realizados ensaios a temperatura ambiente. Ao final dos ensaios de fresamento, os insertos foram conduzidos a um microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura, onde a quantidade de trincas t?rmicas geradas em cada condi??o, o desgaste e demais avarias foram analisadas. De maneira geral, observou-se que o aquecimento da fase inativa forneceu resultados positivos na redu??o da quantidade de trincas t?rmicas no fresamento frontal com insertos de metal duro. Al?m disso, a aplica??o de fluido de corte por n?voa foi eficaz na diminui??o do desgaste das ferramentas de corte ensaiadas.

Diploma thesis is focused on the application of PVD coatings for face milling. The theoretical part, systematically, deals with the division of coating methods. PVD method is stressed here. Treatment of material before coating is described as well. The machine, the machine tool and cutting material is described in the experimental section. The aim of the work was comparison of coating exchangeable cutting tips (VBD) to uncoated ones. Based on experiment, it is clear that the use of PVD coatings resulted in reduction of cutting powers and lifetime was increased.

This diploma thesis is aimed on durability of PVD and CVD coatings for symmetrical face milling. The theoretical part describes the characteristics of cemented carbides, milling technology and the characteristics of the coating methods. The experimental part describes the machine tool, used tools, workpiece material and cutting conditions. The aim of the work was to measure the cutting forces and tool wear during the milling. Based on experiment, it is clear that the PVD coatings with nano-layers achieves to the longer life in comparison with others and generally, that the using of coatings leads to reduction of cutting powers and lifetime was increased.

Visto o alto custo gasto nas linhas de usinagem com processos de rebarbação e a crescente demanda na utilização do ferro fundido vermicular, principalmente em motores diesel, este trabalho visou investigar as rebarbas formadas no fresamento de faceamento em uma face similar à face de fogo de um bloco de motor de ferro fundido vermicular FV450. Foram utilizados insertos de metal duro em fresas de facear com 100 mm de diâmetro. Os ensaios foram divididos em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi estudada a influência da geometria da ferramenta e a formação da rebarba remanescente. Na segunda etapa foram aplicados os melhores resultados obtidos durante os ensaios da primeira etapa. Um planejamento fatorial completo foi utilizado para a determinação da quantidade de ensaios desta etapa, variando-se a velocidade de corte, o avanço, a profundidade de corte e o desgaste de flanco. A medição da rebarba foi realizada em duas posições diferentes na borda da peça em questão, gerando assim dois ângulos diferentes de saída da ferramenta da peça. Verificou-se que a altura da rebarba foi menor quando se utilizou insertos de geometria mais positiva. O desgaste e o ângulo de saída da peça interferiram de forma significativa no tamanho da rebarba. Também verificou-se a redução da rebarba com o aumento do avanço e da velocidade de corte e com a diminuição da profundidade de corte. Através do software STATISTICA 8.0 foram obtidos os valores dos efeitos principais e das interações, juntamente com o intervalo de confiança e erro padrão. Por fim o planejamento adotado permitiu a elaboração de um modelo empírico capaz de predizer a altura da rebarba. / Since the high cost spent on machining lines with deburring processes and the growing demand in the use of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI), especially in diesel engines, this work aims to investigate the burr formation mechanisms during face milling of CGI FV450, in a face similar to the combustion face of an engine cylinder block. Carbide inserts were used in a 100 mm of diameter milling cutter. The tests were divided into two stages. In the first stage the following variables were studied: tool geometry and milling with remaining burrs from previous milling. In the second stage, were applied the best results obtained during the tests of the first stage. A Complete Factorial Planning was used to specify the amount of experiments, varying cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and the flank wear. The burrs measurement was performed in two different positions of the workpiece exit border, generating two different exit angle from the workpiece. It was found that the burr height was lower with more positive geometry. The wear of the tool and exit angle from the workpiece interfered significantly the burr height. It was observed the decrease of the burr height with the increase of the feed rate and cutting speed and with the decrease of the cutting depth. Through the software STATISTICA 8.0 values were obtained for main effects and interactions, along with confidence intervals and standard error. Finally, the plan adopted allowed the development of an empirical model capable of predicting the burr height.

Visto o alto custo gasto nas linhas de usinagem com processos de rebarbação e a crescente demanda na utilização do ferro fundido vermicular, principalmente em motores diesel, este trabalho visou investigar as rebarbas formadas no fresamento de faceamento em uma face similar à face de fogo de um bloco de motor de ferro fundido vermicular FV450. Foram utilizados insertos de metal duro em fresas de facear com 100 mm de diâmetro. Os ensaios foram divididos em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi estudada a influência da geometria da ferramenta e a formação da rebarba remanescente. Na segunda etapa foram aplicados os melhores resultados obtidos durante os ensaios da primeira etapa. Um planejamento fatorial completo foi utilizado para a determinação da quantidade de ensaios desta etapa, variando-se a velocidade de corte, o avanço, a profundidade de corte e o desgaste de flanco. A medição da rebarba foi realizada em duas posições diferentes na borda da peça em questão, gerando assim dois ângulos diferentes de saída da ferramenta da peça. Verificou-se que a altura da rebarba foi menor quando se utilizou insertos de geometria mais positiva. O desgaste e o ângulo de saída da peça interferiram de forma significativa no tamanho da rebarba. Também verificou-se a redução da rebarba com o aumento do avanço e da velocidade de corte e com a diminuição da profundidade de corte. Através do software STATISTICA 8.0 foram obtidos os valores dos efeitos principais e das interações, juntamente com o intervalo de confiança e erro padrão. Por fim o planejamento adotado permitiu a elaboração de um modelo empírico capaz de predizer a altura da rebarba. / Since the high cost spent on machining lines with deburring processes and the growing demand in the use of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI), especially in diesel engines, this work aims to investigate the burr formation mechanisms during face milling of CGI FV450, in a face similar to the combustion face of an engine cylinder block. Carbide inserts were used in a 100 mm of diameter milling cutter. The tests were divided into two stages. In the first stage the following variables were studied: tool geometry and milling with remaining burrs from previous milling. In the second stage, were applied the best results obtained during the tests of the first stage. A Complete Factorial Planning was used to specify the amount of experiments, varying cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and the flank wear. The burrs measurement was performed in two different positions of the workpiece exit border, generating two different exit angle from the workpiece. It was found that the burr height was lower with more positive geometry. The wear of the tool and exit angle from the workpiece interfered significantly the burr height. It was observed the decrease of the burr height with the increase of the feed rate and cutting speed and with the decrease of the cutting depth. Through the software STATISTICA 8.0 values were obtained for main effects and interactions, along with confidence intervals and standard error. Finally, the plan adopted allowed the development of an empirical model capable of predicting the burr height.