The level of trade in Nigeria has been declining in recent years. This decline is attributable to the inaccessibility of trade finance particularly by Nigerian SMEs which are the principal contributors to economic activity in Nigeria. Factoring has been identified as a veritable tool for providing sustainable and accessible trade finance particularly for SMEs. Factoring is a financial service where an enterprise sells its accounts receivables (in the form of invoices) to a factor at a discount in return for immediate cash and a range of services including credit protection, accounts receivable bookkeeping and collection services. Despite the prospects factoring bears for improving trade financing in Nigeria, the awareness, availability and use of factoring as a trade financing product in Nigeria has remained very low. One key reason for the poor state of factoring in Nigeria is the absence of a robust and facilitative legal and regulatory framework for factoring in Nigeria. This research therefore analyses the legal and regulatory framework for factoring in Nigeria to assess the extent to which it facilitates and promotes the use and provision of factoring as an alternative trade financing tool in Nigeria. This paper commences by exploring the concept of factoring and examining the role of factoring as an alternative trade financing tool in Nigeria. This research analyses the legal and regulatory framework for factoring in Nigeria by examining the current framework and the proposed framework – the Nigerian Factoring Bill. This research goes further to comparatively analyze the legal and regulatory framework for factoring in Nigeria against modern best practices for factoring law and regulation to extract valuable lessons for Nigeria. Finally, this research proffers useful recommendations for improving and strengthening the Nigerian legal and regulatory framework for factoring in order to promote and facilitate the use and provision of factoring services in Nigeria. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa) / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmo_Aparecido_Brito.pdf: 695533 bytes, checksum: 04b09170987489c9ccb2db5addd5a873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-19 / The present study it is dedicated to analyze the performance of the Controllership in the companies who if also dedicate to the activity of factoring in Brazil, verifying the information used in these companies and your structure. The origins of the companies of factoring since the first indications had been studied in this work in the commercial activities as also the occured transformations with passing of the years the form of performance in many countries and the beginning of the activity in Brazil. One analyzed the concepts of some authors, the regulation, the aspects tributaries, the operation, the sources of captation of resources and to the end the relations with the banks and its main customers, small the e average companies. The bibliographical survey also approached the Controllership since its origin, in countable science, being analyzed its concepts and its functions, as also the necessary characteristics and the attributions of the responsible professional for the conduction of this administrative unit. The importance of the controls was boarded also, as instrument of improvement of the management of risks of the companies of factoring. And finally the research evidenced the use of functions and also the existence of departments of Controllership, that are responsible for a great amount of information for the managers. The existence of as many information demonstrates the good technological level of these companies, also was verified who the biggest concern in the companies of factoring is with the insolvency, what it generates great challenges for the area of management of risks / The present study it is dedicated to analyze the performance of the Controllership in the companies who if also dedicate to the activity of factoring in Brazil, verifying the information used in these companies and your structure. The origins of the companies of factoring since the first indications had been studied in this work in the commercial activities as also the occured transformations with passing of the years the form of performance in many countries and the beginning of the activity in Brazil. One analyzed the concepts of some authors, the regulation, the aspects tributaries, the operation, the sources of captation of resources and to the end the relations with the banks and its main customers, small the e average companies. The bibliographical survey also approached the Controllership since its origin, in countable science, being analyzed its concepts and its functions, as also the necessary characteristics and the attributions of the responsible professional for the conduction of this administrative unit. The importance of the controls was boarded also, as instrument of improvement of the management of risks of the companies of factoring. And finally the research evidenced the use of functions and also the existence of departments of Controllership, that are responsible for a great amount of information for the managers. The existence of as many information demonstrates the good technological level of these companies, also was verified who the biggest concern in the companies of factoring is with the insolvency, what it generates great challenges for the area of management of risks. / O presente estudo dedica-se a analisar como ?? a atua????o da Controladoria nas empresas que se dedicam a atividade de factoring no Brasil, verificando as informa????es utilizadas nessas empresas e tamb??m a sua estrutura. Foram estudadas neste trabalho as origens das empresas de factoring desde os primeiros ind??cios, nas atividades comerciais, como tamb??m as transforma????es ocorridas com o passar dos anos, a forma de atua????o em diversos pa??ses e o in??cio da atividade no Brasil. Analisou-se os conceitos de v??rios autores, a regulamenta????o, os aspectos tribut??rios, a operacionaliza????o, as fontes de capta????o de recursos e ao final as rela????es com os bancos e com suas principais clientes, as pequenas e m??dias empresas. O levantamento bibliogr??fico abordou tamb??m a Controladoria desde a sua origem, na ci??ncia cont??bil, sendo analisados os seus conceitos e suas fun????es, como tamb??m as caracter??sticas necess??rias e as atribui????es do profissional respons??vel pela condu????o desta unidade administrativa. Foi abordada tamb??m a import??ncia dos controles, como instrumento de melhoria da gest??o de riscos das empresas de factoring. E finalmente na pesquisa, constatou-se a utiliza????o de fun????es e tamb??m a exist??ncia de departamentos de Controladoria, que s??o respons??veis por uma grande quantidade de informa????es para os gestores. A exist??ncia de tantas informa????es demonstra o bom n??vel tecnol??gico dessas empresas, foi tamb??m verificado que a maior preocupa????o nas empresas de factoring ?? com a inadimpl??ncia, o que gera grandes desafios para a ??rea de gest??o de riscos.

by Choi Ying-Fai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 123-124.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004 / It aims at analyzing the activities of the Factoring working companies and describes the raising of that parallel segment, as well as its activities and its main operational, economical, legal, tax-contributory characteristics. It is stated that those activities have been developed in a context of dynamical and structural changes in the National Financiai System, and the same is verified internationally when promoting alterations in the traditional procedures of the banks in Brazil, from the 'Post-Real 'period. In addition, it justifies the assumption that the raising of the Factoring working companies has been essential for the development of small companies. Finally, it considers the repercussion of the restructuring of the National Financiai System to the Factoring activities. It includes a case study involving factoring local companies (in the State of Espírito Santo) aiming at checking if among those companies, there are 'disguised ' ones, which would be the ones that focus on pecuniary operations, thus, making evident the practice of 'enterprising speculation' / Analisa as atividades das empresas operadoras de Factoring e descreve resumidamente o surgimento deste segmento paralelo, suas atividades e suas principais características no âmbito operacional, econômico, legal e fisco-tributário. Relata que o desenvolvimento dessas atividades ocorre num contexto de mudanças na dinâmica e na estrutura do Sistema Financeiro, de forma semelhante ao que se verifica em termos internacionais, ao promover alterações na forma tradicional de atuação dos bancos no Brasil a partir do período pós-Real. Busca justificar a assertiva de que o advento das empresas operadoras de Factoring foi essencial para o desenvolvimento de pequenas empresas e, finalmente, apura se o programa de reestruturação do sistema financeiro repercutiu nas atividades de Factoring. Inclui um estudo de caso envolvendo empresas locais de fomento mercantil (no estado do Espírito Santo) com o objetivo principal de constatar se dentre estas existem instituições 'camufladas', quais sejam, aquelas que visam somente operações pecuniárias, assim evidenciando a prática da 'agiotagem empresarial'.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1991-11-11T00:00:00Z / Trata da importância das operações de fomento comercial ('factoring') no contexto empresarial, particularmente o segmento da micro, pequena e média empresa. Aborda as origens, evolução, formas operacionais, características, aspectos legais, custo e fontes de recursos das operações de fomento comercial.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1995-02-22T00:00:00Z / É uma exposição das operações de factoring em diversos mercados mundiais. Trata dos principais mercados do factoring, seus aspectos operacionais e suas principais características. Começa com o desenvolvimento do factoring moderno no início do século nos E.U.A., abordando também Europa, Ásia, Oceania e América Latina e finalizando com o atual estágio das operações de factoring no Brasil. Conclui com a comparação do factoring praticado no Brasil e nos demais países, apontando as principais especificidades brasileiras.

This master´s thesis presents factoring as one of the tools of active interaction of credit risk, which creates new chances of supplier’s access to financial resources. The thesis proves the advisability of this modern way of financing in the selected company. Advisability is assessed by comparing the costs of factoring with its contributions. At the conclusion, other possible ways of improvement of present company’s credit management are suggested, that the would contribute to general transparation of the administration and debt collection.

From the time of the Greeks, primality testing and factoring have fascinated mathematicians, and for centuries following the Greeks primality testing and factorization were pursued by enthusiasts and professional mathematicians for their intrisic value. There was little practical application. One example application was to determine whether or not the Fermat numbers, that is, numbers of the form F;, = 2'" + 1 were prime. Fermat conjectured that for all n they were prime. For n = 1,2,3,4, the Fermat numbers are prime, but Euler showed that F; was not prime and to date no F,, n 2 5 has been found to be prime. Thus, for nearly 2000 years primality testing and factorization was largely pure mathematics. This all changed in the mid 1970's with the advent of public key cryptography. Large prime numbers are used in generating keys in many public key cryptosystems and the security of many of these cryptosystems depends on the difficulty of factoring numbers with large prime factors. Thus, the race was on to develop new algorithms to determine the primality or otherwise of a given large integer and to determine the factors of given large integers. The development of such algorithms continues today. This thesis develops both of these themes. The first part of this thesis deals with primality testing and after a brief introduction to primality testing a new probabilistic primality algorithm, ALI, is introduced. It is analysed in detail and compared to Fermat and Miller-Rabin primality tests. It is shown that the ALI algorithm is more efficient than the Miller-Rabin algorithm in some aspects. The second part of the thesis deals with factoring and after looking closely at various types of algorithms a new algorithm, RAK, is presented. It is analysed in detail and compared with Fermat factorization. The RAK algorithm is shown to be significantly more efficient than the Fermat factoring algorithm. A number of enhancements is made to the basic RAK algorithm in order to improve its performance. The RAK algorithm with its enhancements is known as IMPROVEDRAK. In conjunction with this work on factorization an improvement to Shor's factoring algorithm is presented. For many integers Shor's algorithm uses a quantum computer multiple times to factor a composite number into its prime factors. It is shown that Shor's alorithm can be modified in a way such that the use of a quantum computer is required just once. The common thread throughout this thesis is the application of factoring and primality testing techniques to integer types which commonly occur in public key cryptosystems. Thus, this thesis contributes not only in the area of pure mathematics but also in the very contemporary area of cryptology.

This diploma thesis is concerned with a financial tool called factoring. It involves an assignment of account receivables before their maturity date onto the factoring company and thus taking over their administration while providing immediate cash to the original creditor in order to sustain liquidity. Legislation of this method of financing is not yet fully resolved therefore it is crucial to focus primarily on the ecnomic substance of individual contracts. Basically, there are two major types of factoring: recourse and non-recourse depending on the level of assumed risk, together with transfer of ownerwhip of the account receivable. This fundamental distinction is inevitable for correct financial reporting which should reflect not only the accounting principles but also it should respect other implications, such as taxation.

This thesis deals with factoring as a short-term debt financing. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses financial analysis of the company, working capital financing and enterprise receivables management, including the possibility of funding claims. The widest part is devoted to the description of factoring, factoring types, features, advantages and disadvantages. We also describe the course of a typical factoring case from the beginning to the end of the contract. Part of this work is devoted to a description accounting for factoring and comparison in factoring and revolving credit. Last part shows the factoring financing impact in specific firm on financial analysis indicators. The positive impact of factoring in the increase primarily reflected the Company's liquidity and payment behavior of customers.