Orientador: Heraldo Luiz Giacheti / Banca: Giulliana Mondelli / Banca: Roger Augusto Rodrigues / Resumo: Para a avaliação da contaminação dos solos em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos é fundamental conhecer a permeabilidade desses solos, quantificada pela condutividade hidráulica (k). Pesquisas anteriores avaliaram a contaminação que ocorre no Aterro de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos de Bauru/SP, e sugerem valores de K para os solos que ocorrem no local. O objetivo desta pesquisa é dar continuidade aos estudos de investigação neste aterro, buscando encontrar valores representativos de K para os diferentes tipos de solos que ocorrem na área, empregando técnicas de ensaios em campo e laboratório. No laboratório foram realizados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica em permeâmetros de parede rígida e flexível a carga variável e constante em amostras indeformadas. Em campo, foram conduzidos ensaios de recuperação em poços de monitoramento (Slug Test), zona saturada, e ensaios de condutividade com o permeâmetro de Guelph na zona não saturada. Quatro tipos de solos são encontrados na região do aterro, coluvião, aluvião e residual de arenito. No laboratório, utilizando permeâmetros de parede rígida, foi possível encontrar valores médios de K para o colúvio e o alúvio, sendo estes, respectivamente, k=2,6x10-6, 2,0x10-5 m/s. Paro o solo residual e para o arenito utilizou-se de permeâmetros de parede flexível para a realização dos ensaios, com saturação por contra pressão, obtendo-se os valores de k=1,2x10-7 e 3,3x10-8 m/s, respectivamente. No campo para o solo residual encontraram-se valores de K de 3,7x10-7 m/s na zona saturada e de 3,4x10-7 e 1,3x10-7 m/s para a zona não saturada. No solo coluvionar obteve-se um valor de K de 5,3x10 na zona não saturada. No aluvião encontrou-se grande variação de K com a profundidade, obtendo-se um valor médio para a zona saturada d 7,9x10-7 m/s. Já, para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the assessment of soil contamination caused by solid waste disposal sites it is essential to investigate the soils permeability, quantified by the hydraulic conductivity (k). Previous research has assessed the contamination that occurs in the Brazil/SP Municipal Solid Waste disposal site, and suggested K values for the soils that occur at this site. The objective of this research is to continue the investigation studeies at the site, aiming to find representative K values for all the different soil types that occur in the area, using both laboratory and in situ testing techniques. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were performed in rigid and flexibe wall permeameters by variable and constant head on undisturbed soil samples. Slug Tests in monitoring wells (saturated zone) and hidraulic conductivity tests with the Guelph permameter (unsaturated zone) were carried out in situ. Four types of soils are found in the site: colluvium, alluvium, sandstone and residual sandstone. The average K values for the colluviam and alluvium determined in the rigid wall permeameter were qual to 2.6x10-6 and equal to 2.0x10-5 m/s, respectively. The flexibe wall permeameter was used to carry out lab tests in the residual soil and sandstore, using backpressure saturation, obtaining the K values equal to 1.2 x 10-7 and equal to 3.3x10-8 m/s, respectively. A K value of 3.7x10-7 m/s for the residual soil was determined in situ in the saturated zone and K values of 3.4x10-7 and 1.3x10-7 m/s were determined in the unsaturated zone. For the colluvium soil, a K value of 5.3x10-6 m/s in the unsatured zone was determined. The K values varied with depth in the Alluvium, and the average valeu for the saturated zone was 7.9x10-7 m/s. It was not possible to carry out in situ tests in the residual soil. The representative K value were equal to 5.3x10-6, 1.1x10-4 and 1.2x10-7... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

High-Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) is a powerful separation process that has great potential for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly for the removal and recovery of paramagnetic colloidal particles. The chief advantages of HGMS are that the separation is reversible and potentially selective. However, these advantages are compromised if non-magnetic filtration mechanisms influence significantly the capture of particles. The objective of this study was to identify the chief mechanisms responsible for the removal of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) from water by an HGMS process. This objective was achieved by measuring the effects of applied magnetic induction, collector radius, and fluid velocity on the removal efficiency (RE) of a stainless-steel filter column. These factors were tested on the removal of bare Fe2O3 particles and particles treated with a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). The results were compared to the predictions of a trajectory model which simulates particle capture by a magnetic force. The experimental results show that non-magnetic force mechanisms are primarily responsible for the removal of bare Fe2O3 particles for the experimental conditions used in this work. For these particles, the three factors tested had no significant effect on the RE, and 90.1% of the particles were removed without a magnetic force. These results differed sharply from modeling predictions. However, the magnetic force mechanism is primarily responsible for the removal of surfactant-treated Fe2O3 particles. The three factors investigated had a marked effect on the RE, and only 10.8% of the particles were removed without a magnetic force. An increase in magnetic induction from 0.2 to 0.5 T increased the RE from 79.9 to 93.4 %; a decrease in wire radius from 49 to 15 Ym increased the RE from 60.2 to 93.4%, and a decrease in fluid velocity from 0.5 to 0.1 cm/s increased the RE from 69.5 to 95.3%. These results agreed closely with the model predictions.This study demonstrates that by reducing the effect of attractive non-magnetic forces on filtration, surfactant treatment of colloidal particles can potentially preserve and enhance these two key advantages, i.e., regeneration and selectivity of HGMS processes.

South Africa is facing numerous challenges that pertain to increasing water deficit and pollution of water resources. Only 40 out of 821 wastewater treatment works in South Africa achieved Green Drop certifications in the 2010 Green Drop assessments (DWA, 2011). This is not only threatening net water availability but also human health. South African water sources are comprised of 77 % surface water, 14 % return flows and 9 % groundwater (van Vuuren, 2009). This study was therefore intended to explore the quality, quantity and treatability of corn wet milling effluent resulting from Tongaat Hulett Starch Pty Ltd (THS) operations. THS is a major producer of corn derived starch and glucose in Africa. Amongst its three corn wet milling plants in Gauteng (Kliprivier, Germiston and Meyerton) and one in Western Cape (Bellville), 600000 tonnes of maize were processed in the 2011/2012 financial year. The objective of the study was to establish the wastewater footprint of the corn wet milling process. To achieve this, qualitative and quantitative characterisation studies were completed on effluents generated from the Germiston and Meyerton corn wet milling plants, respectively. This characterisation study was focused on volumetric and organic load analyses of the various sections of the corn wet milling process. A full scale anaerobic digestion treatability study of the Meyerton plant effluent was also conducted. The study results indicated that the combined effluent discharged to the Municipal sewer averaged between 2.9 and 3.1 m3/tonne of corn processed. The effluent generated resulted in an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of between 6211 and 7790 mg/L, with suspended solid concentrations of between 635 and 899 mg/L. From the full scale anaerobic treatability study, a minimum of 87 % COD removal at organic volumetric loading rates (OLR) of between 0.3 and 3.9 kg COD/m3.d was achieved. It was concluded that corn wet milling effluent can be categorised as high strength in terms of COD concentrations. This type of effluent proved to be amenable to anaerobic digestion treatment. Anaerobic pretreatment of corn wet milling effluent can proportionately reduce pollution loading into the receiving municipal conventional wastewater treatment systems. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 217-247).

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The food and beverage industry generates large volumes of wastewater annually. The disposal of factory effluent from the fruit processing industry has always been a cause of concern to both the fruit processors and controlling bodies responsible for effluent management. Traditional disposal of wastewater into sewerage works has become undesirable due to its economical and environmental impacts. Therefore, on-site anaerobic treatment of wastewater has received considerable interest due to lower capital outlays and energy recovery possibilities. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish an operational treatment profile for an anaerobic pond system treating fruit-processing wastewater. The specific activity of the microbial populations was also monitored to determine the effect of the fruit processing seasons (peak and off-peak season). The biogas production potential at various temperatures was also assessed to determine the viability of methane recovery. The influence of the processing and environmental conditions on the ponds’ performance was established by monitoring various process parameters. The results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels decreased during the off-peak season but the pond pH remained relatively stable between 6.0 and 6.4 during the entire year. Pond alkalinity was found to be dependent on the regular lime dosing to maintain the necessary alkalinity. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations indicated that the microbial populations of the pond were functioning well. However, a decrease in microbial activity and VFA concentrations were observed at the lower temperatures during the winter months. The temperature profile of the pond showed that the pond temperature was impacted by the fluctuations in the ambient air temperature. The general trend established by the operational treatment profile clearly showed the impact of the peak and off-peak season. The sludge activity of the anaerobic pond was evaluated to determine the effect of the apple-processing peak and off-peak season on the specific activity of the acidogenic and methanogenic populations within the sludge. An activity test using four different test media was used during the activity assays. Sludge samples were taken at four different sampling positions across the pond’s sludge bed. The sludge was also subjected to a biogas formation study, which was designed to simulate pond conditions on laboratory scale in order to evaluate the biogas production potential of the anaerobic pond. The cumulative biogas volume and total CH4 composition showed little or no difference between the four sludge sampling sites. A major difference was found between the activity of the microbial populations during the peak and off-peak seasons. The overall trend regarding the biogas production rate (SB) and the methane production rate (SM) values showed an increased activity during peak-season and a decreased activity during off-peak season. For the biogas formation test the highest incubation temperature (25°C) resulted in the most biogas being produced, followed by 18°C, and with 10°C resulting in the lowest biogas volume. The biogas formation tests indicated that microbial activity and therefore biogas production was dependent on especially favourable temperature conditions. The pond and activity of the microbial populations are therefore influenced by factors like environmental changes such as decreased air temperatures and substrate changes such as decreased COD concentrations during the off-peak season. This in turn influences the rate of biogas production as well as the methane production rate. The theoretical CH4 calculations and estimates based on the results obtained during the biogas formation tests indicated that CH4 recovery from the anaerobic pond would definitely be a worthwhile consideration. If it were assumed that the estimated CH4 volumes (based on only 15% of the pond volume for practical reasons) obtained could be applied as an energy source, the minimum yearly savings in coal usage would amount to about R 665 000. This study was valuable in evaluating the factors such as pond conditions, pond activity and air temperatures and the effect on the biogas production potential as well as more importantly, CH4 production for the purpose of energy recovery.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The distillery industry generates large volumes of heavily polluted wastewater and thus effective wastewater treatment is essential. It has been reported that a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of more than 90% can be achieved when wine distillery wastewater (WDWW) is treated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The first objective of this study was to investigate UASB treatment of WDWW and to try to enhance the efficiency by using ozonation treatments. Secondly, the impact of grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) on UASB granules was determined. The third objective was to determine whether ozonation and enzymatic treatment combinations might improve the biodegradability of GDWW and thus make GDWW more amenable to UASB treatment. It was found that UASB treatment combined with ozonation improved the WDWW treatment efficiency. When diluted WDWW (chemical oxygen demand COD = 4 000 mg.L-1) was ozonated (dose = 47 mg.L-1) in a 50 L venturi circulating contactor system, the COD reduction was 7%. When WDWW was treated in a laboratory-scale UASB reactor (substrate pH = 7.0, COD = 4 000 mg.L-1 and organic loading rate (OLR) = 4.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1), the COD reduction was 92%. When the UASB treatment was combined with either pre- or postozonation, the COD reduction was 94 and 96%, respectively. When UASB treatment was combined with pre- and post-ozonation, a COD reduction of 98% was achieved. The activity of the UASB granules was also found to improve over time, despite the addition of the ozonation treatment. It has been reported that operational problems occur when GDWW is treated in an UASB reactor as a result of the encapsulation of the granules. This was confirmed when granules from a full-scale UASB treating WDWW became encapsulated in a layer after being exposed to GDWW (COD = 4 000 mg.L-1) for 24 d. The results showed that the lipid content of the granules increased from 1.25 to 60.35 mg lipid.g-1 granule over the 24 d exposure period. Therefore, granules exposed to GDWW were encapsulated in a lipid-rich layer and as a result the contact between the GDWW and microbial consortium in the granules was reduced. The operational problems found during the industrial UASB treatment of GDWW were ascribed to the encapsulation of the granules. Combinations of ozonation (dose = 1 476 mg.L-1) generated in a 2 L bubble column and enzymatic treatments (1% FogFreeTM (FF) dosage and 2 d incubation at 35°C) were found to improve the biodegradability of GDWW. This improvement was in terms of lipid reduction in GDWW, granule activity and visual appearance of the encapsulating layer of the granules. The highest lipid reduction (90%), highest granule activity, lowest lipid content of the granules (3.74 ± 0.10 mg.g-1 granule) and best visual appearance were achieved in ozonated GDWW treated with 1% FF, followed by just ozonation. The higher lipid reduction and subsequent higher granule activity were ascribed to the reduction in lipids which resulted in the fact that fewer lipids were available to encapsulate the granules. As a result of the lipid reduction, the granule activity improved and the GDWW was made more amenable to UASB treatment. This study proved that UASB treatment combined with ozonation led to an enhancement of the treatment efficiency of WDWW. It was also found that the cause of the operational problems during UASB treatment of GDWW was as a result of the granules being encapsulated in a lipid-rich layer. It was established that treating GDWW prior to UASB treatment improved the biodegradability of GDWW. The data from the study showed that high lipid reduction in the GDWW directly led to better granule activity, lower granule lipid content and a thinner encapsulating layer. Based on the data from this study, it is recommended that GDWW be ozonated prior to other treatments because it can be done inline and the costs would be lower than that of enzymatic treatments.

A borra de café, gerada em grande quantidade na produção de café solúvel, tornou- se um problema por se tratar de um resíduo industrial, porém por apresentar um alto teor de lipídios, em torno de 20%, uma alternativa comercial viável é a extração e a utilização desse óleo Este trabalho teve por objetivo extrair e caracterizar a fração lipídica da borra de Café Robusta e Arábica por dois processos: por Soxtec utilizando como solvente éter de petróleo, e por meio pressurizado usando etanol. Os rendimentos da extração por meio convencional soxhlet (soxtec, extrator da marca FOSS), foram em média 19,18% e 22,16% para as qualidades Robusta e Arábica, respectivamente. Por meio pressurizado o rendimento obtido foi 18,1% para a qualidade Robusta. Realizou-se a transesterificação dos óleos da borra de café para posterior caracterização do perfil lipídico do óleo da borra, utilizando cromatografia gasosa com espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A transesterificação via catálise ácida mostrou-se mais eficiente na conversão dos triagliceróis em ésteres, já que na catálise básica favorece a reação de saponificação devido elevado teor ácidos graxos livres. Foram identificados como componentes majoritários o Palmitato de metila em torno de 30% e o Linoleato de Metila em torno de 40% nas duas espécies de café avaliadas. / The coffee grounds generated in large quantities in the production of instant coffee, has become a problem because it is an industrial waste. For the present a lipid content of about 20%, is the extraction of this oil for varied purposes. This study aimed to extract and characterize the lipid fraction of Robusta coffee grounds and Arabica for two extraction processes: extraction Soxtec as solvent petroleum ether, and pressurized by using ethanol as a solvent. It carried out the transesterification of oils from the coffee grounds through acidic and basic, for further characterization of the lipid profile of the oil sludge using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The hot extraction yields were on average 19.18% and 22.16% for Robusta and Arabica quality, respectively, whereas the yield obtained by the pressure was 18.1% Robusta quality. The transesterification via acid catalysis was more efficient in conversion of triagliceróis esters, as in base catalysis favors a saponification reaction because high free fatty acids content. The majority were identified as methyl palmitate around 30% Methyl linoleate and around 40% in about two species.

Os processos industriais de produção têxtil têm como característica o uso de grandes volumes de água durante as etapas de lavagem e tingimento de tecido, resultando em efluentes com enorme diversidade e complexidade química. A presença de corantes dissolvidos no efluente é bastante visível e problemática, considerando sua recalcitrância e cinética de degradação lenta. Neste trabalho, o fungo ascomiceto L. theobromae MMPI foi avaliado quanto à capacidade de remoção de cor do efluente sintético contendo corante azul reativo e de efluente industrial. Os ensaios com efluente sintético foram realizados em incubadora orbital shaker e em biorreator com cuba de 5 L. O meio foi suplementado com MgSO4.7H2O 2 g L-1, K2HPO4 2 g L-1, autoclavado (121o C/15 min), e acrescido de sacarose, nitrato de amônio e velocidade de agitação de acordo com delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), temperatura 28o C, inóculo padronizado e tempo para retirada das amostras de 72 h. A eficiência de remoção de cor variou de 31,58% até 91,60% e a produção de biomassa de 0,40 g L-1 a 8,70 g L-1. Foi observada ainda, a produção de um exopolissacarídeo (EPS) na ordem de 0,66 g L-1 a 9,70 g L-1. Na análise das estimativas dos efeitos (p<0,05) apenas o efeito linear da concentração de sacarose (p<0,000) e o efeito quadrático da concentração de nitrato de amônio (p<0,018) se mostraram significativos. O modelo obtido foi avaliado através da ANOVA, apresentando coeficiente de regressão elevado considerando um sistema biológico (R2 0,8483). Este modelo foi validado através de experimento a posteriori, indicando excelente correlação entre o valor preditivo (74,8%) e o valor observado (73,8%). Os ensaios em biorreator ratificaram o comportamento observado em incubadora shaker, obtendo-se 86% de descoloração do efluente sintético ao final de 72 horas de tratamento e 91,3% de descoloração ao final de 168 horas de tratamento para o efluente industrial. Após 168 h de incubação observou-se atividade enzimática de lacase (0,0563 U / ml). Os ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Artemia salina indicaram que a CL50 foi de aproximadamente 14,72% (v / v) para o efluente bruto, enquanto que o efluente submetido ao tratamento de oito dias o valor aproximado foi de 4,98% (v / v). Diversos autores relacionam os processos de descoloração a atividade enzimática, no entanto os resultados obtidos sugerem que a remoção de cor está relacionada a adsorção do corante na biomassa produzida. Estudos posteriores devem ser realizados para o melhor entendimento e confirmação de que a remoção de cor não está associada a biossíntese de enzimas degradadoras de estruturas fenólicas como as lacases. / The industrial processes of textile production are characterized by the use of large volumes of water during the steps of washing and dyeing fabric, resulting in effluent with enormous diversity and chemical complexity. The presence of dye dissolved in the effluent is quite noticeable and problematic, considering its recalcitrance and slow degradation kinetics. In this work, the fungus ascomiceto L. theobromae MMPI were evaluated for the ability to color removal from synthetic effluent containing blue dye reactive and industrial effluent. The tests with synthetic effluent were performed in incubator orbital shaker and in bioreactor with tub of 5L. The media was supplemented with MgSO4.7H2O 2 g L-1, K2HPO4 2 g L-1, autoclaved (121 C/15 min), plus sucrose, ammonium nitrate and stirring speed according to central composite design (CCDR), temperature 28 C, inoculum standardized and time to withdrawal of samples 72h. The color removal efficiency ranged from 31.58% to 91.60% and the biomass yield 0.40 g L-1 to 8.70 g L-1. It was still observed the production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the range of 0.66 g L-1 to 9.70 g L-1. In the analysis of estimated effects (p <0.05) only the linear effect of sucrose concentration (p <0.000) and quadratic effect of the concentration of ammonium nitrate (p <0.018) were significant. The model was evaluated by ANOVA, with high regression coefficient considering a biological system (R2 0.8483). This model was validated by experiment retrospectively, indicating excellent correlation between the predictive value (74.8%) and the observed value (73.8%). The tests in bioreactor ratified the behavior observed in an incubator shaker to give 86% decolorization of synthetic effluent at the end of 72 hours of treatment of discoloration and 91.3% at the end of 168 hours of treatment for industrial effluent. After 168 h of incubation was observed laccase enzyme activity (0.0563 U / ml). The acute toxicity tests with brine shrimp showed that the LC50 was approximately 14.72% (v / v) for the raw wastewater, while the effluent subjected to the treatment eight days was approximately 4.98% (v / v). Several authors relate the processes of bleaching enzyme activity, however the results suggest that the color removal is related to the adsorption of the dye in the biomass produced. Further studies should be performed for better understanding and confirmation that the color removal is not associated with the biosynthesis of phenolic structures degrading enzymes such as laccases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jesus_ls_me_bauru_prot.pdf: 14176477 bytes, checksum: 1b3c89c43f22dd709d61a808988b4abe (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para a avaliação da contaminação dos solos em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos é fundamental conhecer a permeabilidade desses solos, quantificada pela condutividade hidráulica (k). Pesquisas anteriores avaliaram a contaminação que ocorre no Aterro de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos de Bauru/SP, e sugerem valores de K para os solos que ocorrem no local. O objetivo desta pesquisa é dar continuidade aos estudos de investigação neste aterro, buscando encontrar valores representativos de K para os diferentes tipos de solos que ocorrem na área, empregando técnicas de ensaios em campo e laboratório. No laboratório foram realizados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica em permeâmetros de parede rígida e flexível a carga variável e constante em amostras indeformadas. Em campo, foram conduzidos ensaios de recuperação em poços de monitoramento (Slug Test), zona saturada, e ensaios de condutividade com o permeâmetro de Guelph na zona não saturada. Quatro tipos de solos são encontrados na região do aterro, coluvião, aluvião e residual de arenito. No laboratório, utilizando permeâmetros de parede rígida, foi possível encontrar valores médios de K para o colúvio e o alúvio, sendo estes, respectivamente, k=2,6x10-6, 2,0x10-5 m/s. Paro o solo residual e para o arenito utilizou-se de permeâmetros de parede flexível para a realização dos ensaios, com saturação por contra pressão, obtendo-se os valores de k=1,2x10-7 e 3,3x10-8 m/s, respectivamente. No campo para o solo residual encontraram-se valores de K de 3,7x10-7 m/s na zona saturada e de 3,4x10-7 e 1,3x10-7 m/s para a zona não saturada. No solo coluvionar obteve-se um valor de K de 5,3x10 na zona não saturada. No aluvião encontrou-se grande variação de K com a profundidade, obtendo-se um valor médio para a zona saturada d 7,9x10-7 m/s. Já, para... / In the assessment of soil contamination caused by solid waste disposal sites it is essential to investigate the soils permeability, quantified by the hydraulic conductivity (k). Previous research has assessed the contamination that occurs in the Brazil/SP Municipal Solid Waste disposal site, and suggested K values for the soils that occur at this site. The objective of this research is to continue the investigation studeies at the site, aiming to find representative K values for all the different soil types that occur in the area, using both laboratory and in situ testing techniques. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were performed in rigid and flexibe wall permeameters by variable and constant head on undisturbed soil samples. Slug Tests in monitoring wells (saturated zone) and hidraulic conductivity tests with the Guelph permameter (unsaturated zone) were carried out in situ. Four types of soils are found in the site: colluvium, alluvium, sandstone and residual sandstone. The average K values for the colluviam and alluvium determined in the rigid wall permeameter were qual to 2.6x10-6 and equal to 2.0x10-5 m/s, respectively. The flexibe wall permeameter was used to carry out lab tests in the residual soil and sandstore, using backpressure saturation, obtaining the K values equal to 1.2 x 10-7 and equal to 3.3x10-8 m/s, respectively. A K value of 3.7x10-7 m/s for the residual soil was determined in situ in the saturated zone and K values of 3.4x10-7 and 1.3x10-7 m/s were determined in the unsaturated zone. For the colluvium soil, a K value of 5.3x10-6 m/s in the unsatured zone was determined. The K values varied with depth in the Alluvium, and the average valeu for the saturated zone was 7.9x10-7 m/s. It was not possible to carry out in situ tests in the residual soil. The representative K value were equal to 5.3x10-6, 1.1x10-4 and 1.2x10-7... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A primeira etapa do presente trabalho consistiu em caracterizar um efluente lácteo industrial (soro de queijo) em termos microbiológicos e físico-químicos visando à obtenção de um consórcio de microrganismos para a sua biodegradação. Foram determinadas a contagem padrão de bactérias heterotróficas e a contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras de acordo com as metodologias oficiais, e a caracterização físico-química foi realizada em termos do teor de proteínas, cinzas, lipídios, carboidratos, pH e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). O consórcio microbiano foi obtido em biorreator operando em batelada e contendo 1,5L do efluente, a 200rpm, aeração de 1vvm e temperatura de 28 - 30oC. Os cultivos foram realizados em duplicata durante onze dias, sendo realizado um pulso de 150mL do efluente (10% do volume útil do biorreator) no sétimo dia do cultivo. Foram obtidas concentrações iniciais de 3x109UFC/mL e 8x104UFC/mL para contagem total de bactérias e de fungos e leveduras, respectivamente. O efluente apresentou uma DQO inicial de 64.000mgO2/L, pH 5,0, e concentrações correspondentes a 5g/100mL de carboidratos, 0,8g/100 mL de proteínas e 0,6g/100 mL de lipídios. Os cultivos do efluente no biorreator demonstraram um aumento da concentração de bactérias ao longo do tempo, atingindo 1x1013UFC/mL após oito dias, enquanto que as concentrações de fungos filamentosos e de leveduras foram inibidas. Foi observada uma redução da DQO de 47 a 63,5% após 11 dias de cultivo, demonstrando a potencialidade da utilização do consórcio microbiano no tratamento do efluente. Ensaios qualitativos demonstraram a presença das enzimas: lipase, amilase, protease e celulase no extrato metabólito do consórcio microbiano. No entanto, foram obtidos baixos valores de atividade lipolítica quando comparados com a atividade da enzima comercial, sendo observado ainda que a atividade decresce ao longo do tempo. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi avaliada a hidrólise enzimática de material flotado, obtido a partir do processo de flotação em coluna do efluente, utilizando a técnica de planejamento de experimentos. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o desempenho de uma lipase comercial (lipolase), sendo investigados os efeitos da agitação e da concentração de enzima sobre a hidrólise. Foi realizada a análise estatística considerando os efeitos significativos para um nível de confiança de 95%. Concentrações maiores de enzima dentro da faixa investigada (1 a 7%) maximizam a hidrólise de óleos e gorduras do material flotado, bem como para níveis de agitação entre 100 e 150rpm. Em todos os experimentos houve a liberação de ácidos graxos no meio em percentuais próximos a 100% apenas após 4 horas de reação. Vale salientar ainda que percentuais de liberação de ácidos graxos superiores a 92% foram obtidos para toda a faixa de concentração testada. Uma agitação de 150rpm foi utilizada em um segundo planejamento experimental, avaliando-se a concentração da enzima comercial associada a um consórcio microbiano, sendo verificado que a adição do consórcio não influenciou de maneira positiva o aumento do teor de ácidos graxos livres no meio. / The first step of the present work was characterizing a dairy effluent in terms microbiological and physical-chemical used to obtain a microbial consortium for its biodegradation. Microbiological characterization was performed by total heterotrophic bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts count according to the official methodologies. Physical-chemical characterization was accomplished by content of protein, ash, lipids, carbohydrates, pH and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Microbial consortium was obtained in batch using a bioreactor containing 1,5L of dairy effluent, at 200 rpm, 1vvm, at 28 - 30oC. Cultivations were performed in duplicate for eleven days, being applied a pulse of 10% (v/v) of effluent on the seventh day of the experiment. Cellular growth kinetics, chemical oxygen demand concentration and lipolytic activity were determined. Initial concentrations of bacteria and fungi and yeasts were equal to 3x109CFU/mL and 8x104CFU/mL, respectively. Effluent presented a COD of 64.000mgO2/L, pH 5,0 and concentrations of 5g/100mL of carbohydrates, 0,8g/100mL of protein and 0,6g/100mL of lipids. Cultivations showed an increase on the bacteria concentration, reaching 1x1013CFU/mL after eight days, while filamentous fungi and yeast concentrations were inhibited. An reduction of COD concentration in the range of 47 to 63,5% was observed after eleven days of cultivation, demonstrating the potentiality of use of microbial consortium for effluent treatment. Qualitative assays showed the presence of the enzymes lipase, amylase, protease and cellulase in the metabolic extract of the microbial consortium. However, low values of lipolytic activity were obtained as compared to the commercial enzyme, being observed that activity decreases along time. In the second step of this study, was evaluated the enzymatic hydrolysis of floated material, obtained from the column flotation of a dairy industry, using the technique of experimental design. Initially, performance was evaluated by a commercial lipase (lipolase), being investigated the effects of agitation and enzyme concentration on hydrolysis. A statistical analysis was performed considering the significance of effects to a confidence level of 95%. Higher enzyme concentrations in the range investigated (1 to 7%) maximize the hydrolysis of oils and fats in the floated material, and to agitation levels between 100 and 150rpm. In all experiments, fatty acids were released in rates near to 100% only after 4 hours of reaction. Moreover, rates of released fatty acids were greater than 92% in all the concentration range tested. An agitation of 150rpm was used in a second experimental design, evaluating the concentration of commercial enzyme associated with a microbial consortium. The kinetic monitoring of the process showed that the addition of the consortium did not influence in a positive manner the increase the content of free fatty acids.