The Baynespruit, a stream running through the city of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal, is blighted by chronic, severe solid and liquid waste pollution in the form of sewage, industrial effluent and household garbage. It drains a large residential area, then flows through the city's main industrial area before reaching a low-income neighbourhood whose residents are unable to use the water for recreation and small-scale agricultural irrigation due to its polluted state. Both the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and the local Msunduzi Municipality have been largely unsuccessful in their attempts to use regulatory means to address the situation over the past two decades. Bodies such as the Msunduzi Catchment Management Forum (MCMF) have little representation from industry and have been equally unable to initiate effective action. One possible way to work toward reducing pollution problems is to involve all stakeholders in a co-operative participatory process; a key element is therefore the use of incentives and the removal of barriers to participation. The aim of this research was to analyse past initiatives that have tried to address pollution in the Baynespruit, gain an understanding of stakeholders’ views of the problems and their relative importance, and identify economic, situational, developmental and socio-cultural barriers and incentives to participation in a multi-stakeholder process. To accomplish this, the research methodology included a number of different qualitative techniques as part of a case study approach. The main research tool used was a semi-structured interview conducted with individual stakeholders from government agencies and parastatals, industry, local residents and members of NGOs; the use of historical print media coverage and both participant and direct observation complemented the interview data. Though the details of past initiatives were difficult to trace due to the loss of institutional memory at both the agency and NGO level, they appear to have suffered from a lack of communication, accountability and inclusiveness among key stakeholders. Most of the stakeholders interviewed have an understanding of the various pollution problems affecting the Baynespruit and the consequent threat to human health, and there was general agreement that a mix of education, monitoring and enforcement was necessary to solve these problems. There was also broad support for a multi-stakeholder process, with all subjects stressing the need for action, not just discussion, as well as real engagement on the part of their fellow stakeholders. For local residents, building a network of contacts and partnerships could address many of the economic, developmental and socio-cultural barriers they face, and strengthen their effectiveness in fostering participation among other stakeholders. While barriers to industry participation in pollution reduction included problems such as a lack of consequences for polluting, and the feeling that it was ‘not their problem’, powerful economic and situational incentives, such as pressure from corporate customers and the public, remain largely unexploited. A lack of resources in the form of time, staff and equipment, as well as unsuccessful past experiences which have created a reluctance to prosecute or release information, were the major impediments preventing staff at regulatory agencies and parastatals from motivating other stakeholders to participate, though they were aware of the potential for increase effectiveness offered by participatory processes. It is hoped that by recommending ways to maximise incentives and reduce barriers, this research will assist the recently-established Baynespruit Conservancy, which is involving all interested parties in an effort to address the serious pollution problems in the stream. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The presence of heavy metal ions in waste streams is one of the most pervasive environmental issues of present times. A rotating biological contactor (RBC) was used to investigate the potential capacity of microbial biofilms in remediation of the metal ion species from a mixed metal contaminated effluent solution containing Cr+3 , Pb+2 and Cu+2 , each at a concentration of 200 mg r1 • In the first part of this study the effectiveness of various support materials for the development of microbial biofilms capable of removing heavy metals from a synthetic effluent was investigated. EDX analysis showed that none of the support matrices investigated, viz. gravel, polyester batting and sand, adsorbed metal ions on their surfaces; hence, metal adsorption was due purely to microbial activities. The biofilms attached more firmly and uniformly to polyester batting than to gravel and sand. The characteristics of polyester batting which made it a superior support matrix were its surface roughness and porous hydrophilic nature, which provided a larger surface area for the adhesion of microorganisms and attraction of nutrients during the biofilm development process. The selective accumulation of metal ion specIes by various microbial populations grown as biofilm using polyester batting as support matrix in separate compartments of a single-stage RBC bioreactor was examined. Lead ions were readily accumulated by almost all the microbial biofilms tested. Fungus-dominated biofilms selectively accumulated chromium ions whereas biofilms comprising mainly bacteria more readily accumulated copper ions from the mixed metal contaminated effluent solution. However, where interactions between the bacterial and fungal components were encouraged the mechanical stability of the biofilms was enhanced so that large amounts of all three metal ion species were removed by this biofilm. The combined effect of a series of bench-scale columns containing liquid humic acid and a three stage RBC bioreactor on the removal of metal ion species from a mixed metal contaminated effluent was investigated. After seven days of treatment the combined system had removed approximately 99% of the Cr+3, 98% of the Pb+2 and 90% of the Cu+2 ions from the mixed metal contaminated synthetic effluent. Complexation of the metal ions with humic acid was the predominant factor accounting for approximately 68-86% Cr+3 , 70-86% Pb+2 and 53-73% Cu+2 removal levels within the columns. A large proportion of the remaining Cr+3 and Pb+2, but not of the Cu+2, was removed in compartment 1 of the RBC. This suggested that the presence of the former two metals in solution might have reduced the removal of the Cu+2 ions from the system. The removal of substantially large amounts of the competing ions chromium and lead during the initial stages of the treatment process meant that copper was successfully taken up in the second and third RBC compartments. Hence, the economy of the treatment process was improved as larger quantities of the metal ions were removed in a shorter period of time than was possible when using the individual treatments (humic acid-metal complexation and biofilm adsorption) separately. More than 75%,92% and 86% of the adsorbed Cr+3 , Pb+2 and Cu+2 ions, respectively, were recovered from the three RBC bioreactor compartments following repeated washing of the biofilms with 0.1 M HCI. This relatively easy desorption suggested that the metal ions were simply adsorbed onto the surfaces of the biofilm cells rather than being taken into the cytoplasm of the cells. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 61-62).

O presente estudo teve por objetivo geral delinear o atual panorama de gerenciamento de resíduo de construção e demolição (RCD) e a geração de resíduos de gesso (RGs) no estado do Paraná, identificando as principais potencialidades de aproveitamento do resíduo de gesso no que se refere à logística reversa. Paralelamente realizou-se o diagnóstico do gerenciamento de RCD e RG nos 20 maiores municípios geradores de resíduo do estado do PR, por meio da aplicação de questionários auto preenchidos. O RCD da cidade de Cascavel foi caracterizado segundo NBR 10.004 e o RG, por sua vez foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades físico-químicas (Composição Química, Massa específica, Massa unitária, Análise Granulométrica, Análise Termogravimétrica, e Absorção de Água). Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico fez-se a compilação dos principais estudos voltados ao aproveitamento/reciclagem do RG. Com base no levantamento sobre os potenciais receptores de resíduos de gesso no Estado Paraná, que poderiam absorver os RGs como matéria-prima, foram projetados fluxos para a logística reversa do gesso, sendo realizada a análise econômica para o aproveitamento do RG como matéria-prima na produção de cimento. Com base no estudo realizado, o panorama de gerenciamento de RCD no estado do Paraná leva a concluir que o gerenciamento de RCD ainda é um desafio. Na maioria dos municípios somente uma parte dos RCDs é coletada e encaminhada a unidades de disposição adequadas. A reciclagem de RCD é incipiente e as políticas voltadas ao gerenciamento de RCD estão em fase de amadurecimento. Em relação aos RGs, não há separação deste resíduo e a logística reversa seguida de reaproveitamento/reciclagem é praticamente inexistente. A amostragem dos RCDs gerados no município de Cascavel demonstrou uma composição de RCD parecido com a maioria dos municípios brasileiros (“Classe A” 86,29 %; “Classe B” 12,36%; “Classe C” 0,29 % e “Classe D” 1,05 %). Em relação à caracterização do RG comum e acartonado, os resultados indicam que RG possuem propriedades físico-químicas compatíveis com a matéria-prima natural (Gipsita), o qual pode ser reaproveitado como material de construção a partir de processos simples de tratamento. Entre as principais formas de reaproveitamento/reciclagem identificadas no presente estudo, a utilização como matéria-prima na indústria do cimento é a alternativa mais concreta no momento, já que as cimenteiras demonstram interesse na utilização desse material. Paralelamente esta alternativa possui mercado consumidor certo (cimenteiras) que demanda grandes volumes. No entanto, existe a necessidade de uma regularidade no envio das cargas de RG às cimenteiras, com garantia de fornecimento desse material, em volume e periodicidade de envio. Nesse sentido, maiores volumes sendo recebidos e processados poderiam diluir os custos e reduzir o preço da tonelada do gesso reciclado, o que demonstra que a necessidade de se trabalhar com regiões, bem como considerar a alternativa do reaproveitamento local. / The present study, had as general objective to design the current construction and demolition waste (CDW) and the generation of gypsum waste (WG) in the state of Paraná, identifying the main potential of the use of plaster residue in relation to reverse logistics. At the same time, the diagnosis of CDW and GW management was carried out in the 20 largest municipalities that generate waste in the State of Paraná, through the application of self-filled questionnaires.The CDW of Cascavel was characterized according to NBR 10.004 and the WG, was characterized as physicochemical properties (Chemical Composition, Specific Mass, Unit Mass, Particle Size Analysis, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Water Absorption). Through a bibliographical survey was made the compilation of the main studies related to the use / recycling of the GW. Based on the survey on the potential receptors for WG in the State of Paraná, which could absorb GW as feedstock, was elaborated flows for the reverse logistics of gypsum, made the economic analysis for the use of WG as raw material in the production of cement. Based on the study, the CDW management landscape in the state of Paraná leads to the conclusion that the management of CDW is still a challenge in the state. In most municipalities only a portion of the CDW are collected and destined to adequate disposal units, and CDW recycling is incipient and the policies aimed at the management of CDW are in the process of maturing. There is no separation of GW and reverse logistics followed by reuse / recycling is practically non-existent. The CDW sampling generated in the municipality of Cascavel showed an CWD composition similar to most Brazilian municipalities (Class A 86.29%, Class B 12.36%, Class C 0.29% and Class D 1.05%).In relation to the characterization of the WG, the results indicate that have physicochemical properties compatible with the natural Gypsum, which can be reused as construction material from simple treatment processes. Among the main forms of reuse / recycling identified in the present study, the use as in the cement industry is the best alternative at the moment, since the cement plants show interest in the use of this material and are located in regions close to the generation sites studied here. At the same time, this alternative has a certain consumer market (cement industries) that demands large volumes. Economic viability studies have demonstrated that the WG processing received in Cascavel for use in cement manufacturing may be a viable alternative.However, there is a need for regularity in the send of WG loads to cement plants, with a guarantee of supply of this material, in volume and periodicity of shipment. In this sense, larger volumes being received and processed could dilute costs and reduce the price of the tonne of recycled gypsum, which demonstrates the need to work with regions as well as consider the alternative of local reuse.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A mandioca (Manihot esculenta) é a terceira cultura mais importante do país na alimentação básica da população. A produção de farinha de mandioca gera um efluente denominado manipueira que contem elevada quantidade de matéria orgânica e cianeto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), turbidez e cianeto da manipueira por tratamentos físico-químico e biológico. No tratamento físico-químico por coagulação-floculação, três planejamentos fatoriais completos foram realizados para investigar os fatores: pH, tanino e o polímero sintético auxiliar da floculação (Polipan) sobre as variáveis respostas: DQO, turbidez e cianeto. A eficiência máxima de remoção de DQO foi 91 % a pH 8,0, na presença de tanino 1,0 mL/L e Polipan 0,030 ppm. A maior remoção de turbidez (75 %) foi determinada a pH 8 e tanino 0,8 mL/L, na ausência do Polipan para diminuir os custos do tratamento. Nessas condições, a redução máxima de cianeto foi de 12 %. Nos tratamentos biológicos aeróbios durante 48 h, as eficiências máximas de redução de DQO 88 % e de turbidez 69 % foram determinadas na presença de consórcio microbiano 20 % v/v, cloreto de amônio 5 - 6 % e a pH 8,0. Para os tratamentos físico-químico e biológico, os resultados obtidos mostram que o pH 8 foi fator chave para remoção de compostos orgânicos e do cianeto da manipueira. Os tratamentos da manipueira por coagulação-floculação e por consórcio microbiano diminuem a carga orgânica desse efluente antes de ser lançado nos recursos hídricos / Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the third most important crop in the basic food of the Brazilian population. The production of cassava flour generates an effluent, called manipueira, containing high organic matter and cyanide. The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and cyanide from cassava wastewater by physical-chemical and biological treatments. In the physicalchemical treatment by coagulation-flocculation, three full factorial designs were carried out to investigate the factors: pH, tannin concentration and the flocculation polymer (Polipan) concentration on the response variables: COD, turbidity and cyanide. The maximum efficiency for COD removal was 91 % at pH 8.0 in the presence of tannin 1.0 mL/L and Polipan 0.030 ppm. The highest removal of turbidity (75 %) was determined at pH 8 and tannin 0.8 mL/L in the absence of Polipan to reduce the costs of treatment. Under these conditions, the maximum removal of cyanide was 12 %. In the aerobic biological treatment for 48 h, the maximum efficiencies for COD reduction of 88 % and for turbidity reduction of 69 % were determined in the presence of the microbial consortium 20 % v/v, ammonium chloride 5 6 % and at pH 8.0. For the treatments, physical-chemical and biological, the results show that pH 8 is a key factor for removal of organic compounds and cyanide from cassava wastewater. The treatments of the manipueira by coagulation-flocculation and by microbial consortium decrease the pollution of this effluent before being launched in the water resources

Programa de mestrado interinstitucional UTFPR/IFAM - MINTER/MANAUS / Na construção civil tem-se procurado mecanismos por meio de novas técnicas que possibilitem viabilizar a sustentabilidade dessa atividade produtiva, espeitando às questões ambientais e a tendência de escassez dos recursos naturais. A indústria da construção civil tem buscado na reciclagem dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) uma forma de atenuar o impacto ambiental e buscar uma fonte alternativa de matéria-prima. Associado a essa preocupação, grandes centros consumidores da região Amazônica, como Manaus, utilizam agregados para produção de concretos e argamassas minerados dos leitos dos rios e trazidos de grandes distâncias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a obtenção de blocos de argamassa celular para alvenarias, utilizando agregados de RCD em substituição aos agregados convencionais. Os blocos de argamassa celular são largamente utilizados na Europa como elementos de alvenaria devido à capacidade de isolamento térmico e acústico, parâmetros esse de grande relevância para um elemento construtivo também em regiões de clima quente. Em Manaus existem empresas que constroem habitações com argamassa celular monolítica, ou seja, todas as alvenarias da residência são moldadas em uma única etapa. Assim, após obtenção e caracterização da fração cinza de RCD, foi utilizada uma composição comercial de argamassa celular para analisar a substituição dos agregados alternativos pelo RCD. Com isso buscou-se também obter uma dosagem mais econômica, com resistência mecânica exigida pela norma brasileira para blocos e minimizar o impacto ambiental de argamassas celulares convencionais. Os resultados técnicos foram favoráveis, com potencial para consumir agregados de RCD, contribuindo assim na gestão ambiental desse resíduo da construção civil. / In building construction, we have searched for mechanisms through new technologies which enable the sustainability of this productive activity, respecting the environmental issues and the shortage of natural products. Civil construction industry has searched for construction and demolition recycling (RCD) as a way of mitigating the environmental impact and a way of seeking for an alternative source of raw material. Associated with this concern, large consumer centers in the Amazon region, such as Manaus, have been using aggregates to produce concrete and mortar mined from the riverbeds and brought from great distances. This work aims to study the acquisition of blocks of masonry mortar cell, using clusters of RCD as a substitute for conventional aggregate. The blocks of mortar cell are widely used in Europe as masonry units due to their thermal and acoustic isolation abilities, which constitute very important parameters for building elements in warm climates. In Manaus, there are companies that build houses with mortar and monolithic cells, i.e., all the walls of the residence are molded in a single step. Thus, after obtaining and characterizing the ash fraction of RCD, we used a commercial composition of mortar cell to analyze the substitution of the alternative aggregates by RCD. With this procedure we searched to obtain a more economic dosage with the strength required by the Brazilian standard blocks and minimize the environmental impact of conventional mortar cells. The technique results were positive, with the potential of consuming RCD aggregates, thus contributing to the environmental management of this civil construction waste.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um compósito cerâmico e uma tecnologia de laboratório para a produção de materiais de construção com maior percentual de lodo galvânico, lodo de anodização do alumínio, areia de fundição e argila taguá. Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados com 20 g e 16 g em molde de 20 x 60 mm e prensados utilizando-se uma uniaxial de 10 MPa. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados a temperaturas de 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 e 1250°C durante 6 horas. Foram realizadas análises de densidade, perda ao fogo, FRX, DRX, MEV/EDS, TGA/DSC, retração linear após queima, absorção de água, resistência de ruptura à flexão e lixiviação, a fim de caracterizar as matérias primas e o material cerâmico desenvolvido. A concentração destes resíduos, utilizados como matérias-primas, variou nos seguintes limites: lodo galvânico 0-10%, lodo de anodização do alumínio 0- 75%, areia de fundição de 0-20% e a argila Taguá de 0-80%. Os valores de resistência de ruptura à flexão na composição 1 a 900 °C alcançaram 5,87 MPa e a 1250 °C alcançaram 12,99 MPa, na composição 7 a 900 °C – 1,40 MPa, e a 1250 °C – 26,82 MPa. Através de métodos de MEV, observou-se que a temperatura de 900 °C a interação das particulas é mecânica e a temperatura de 1250 °C esta interação tornou-se coesa e a argila funde-se transforma-se em um material semelhante ao vidro. Os resultados do ensaio de lixiviação apontaram que os materiais cerâmicos após a sinterização apresentaram traços de Pb, Cu, Al e Fe, tendo imobilizado apenas parte dos metais pesados analisados, o que os classifica como resíduos perigosos. Em comparação com as normas brasileiras, no quesito resistência, as cerâmicas atenderam aos parâmetros para uso em blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria estrutural nas categorias A, B e C e tijolos maciços comuns para alvenaria, respectivamente, no entanto, a imobilização de metais pesados carece de ajustes para que se alcance um material cerâmico ambientalmente amigável. / The main objective of this study is to develop a ceramic composite and laboratory technology for the production of building materials with higher percentage of galvanic sludge, aluminium anodizing sludge, foundry sand and clay Taguá. The bodies of proof (CPs) were made with 20 g and 16 g in 20 x 60 mm mould and with uniaxial press of 10 MPa. The CPs were sintered at temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250° C for 6 hours. Density analyses were performed, fire loss, FRX, DRX, SEM/EDS, TGA/DSC, linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, flexural strength and leaching in order to characterize raw materials and developed ceramic material. The concentration of these residues, that were used as raw materials, varied in the following boundaries: galvanic sludge 0-10%, aluminium anodizing sludge 0- 75%, 0-20% foundry sand and clay Taguá of 0-80%. The values of flexural strength in composition 1 were 900 °C reached 5.87 MPa and 1250 °C reached 12.99 MPa, and composition 7 to 900 °C – 1.40 MPa, and 1250 °C – 26.82 MPa. SEM to the temperature of 900 °C showed the interaction of particles is mechanical and to the one of 1250 °C exhibited the cohesive interaction and clay fusion produced a material similar to glass. The results of the leaching indicated that the ceramic materials after sintering showed traces of Pb, Cu, Al and Fe, having immobilised just part of heavy metals present in the composition, which classifies it as hazardous waste. In comparison with the Brazilian standards, resistance aspect met the requirement for use in ceramic blocks for structural masonry in categories A, B and C, and solid bricks for masonry, respectively, however, the immobilization of heavy metals requires adjustments to achieve an environmentally friendly ceramic material.

CAPES; Fundação Araucária / O controle biológico e a adição de matéria orgânica ao solo representam as principais alternativas para o controle do nematoide-de-galhas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o efeito do subproduto sólido da indústria vinícola (SSIV) sobre o desenvolvimento, in vitro, de Pochonia chlamydosporia e o efeito da associação do SSIV a esse fungo no manejo de Meloidogyne javanica em tomateiros, em casa de vegetação. Para avaliar o efeito direto do SSIV sobre o desenvolvimento do fungo, adicionaram-se as concentrações (0; 5; 10; e 15%) do extrato aquoso do SSIV em meio de cultivo batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) fundente. Em seguida, a mistura foi vertida em placas de Petri e um disco de meio de cultivo ‘Corn Meal Ágar’ (CMA) colonizado pelo fungo foi colocado no centro de cada placa. Em outro estudo avaliou-se o efeito dos compostos voláteis do SSIV sobre o desenvolvimento de P. chlamydosporia. Para isto, utilizaram-se placas de Petri bipartidas, adicionando em um dos compartimentos as concentrações do SSIV (0,000; 0,065; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,500 g placa-1) e 2 mL de água destilada esterilizada placa-1. No centro do outro compartimento contendo meio de cultivo BDA, adicionou-se um disco de meio de cultivo CMA colonizado pelo fungo. As placas dos dois estudos foram armazenadas em câmara de crescimento, no escuro, a 21°C. Os dois estudos foram realizados duas vezes. Após 14 dias avaliaram-se o diâmetro das colônias e a produção de conídios do fungo. O SSIV reduziu de 9 a 21% o crescimento do fungo nos dois estudos, bem como reduziu a produção de conídios no primeiro estudo. Em casa de vegetação, avaliou-se a associação do SSIV (30 g kg-1 de substrato) às concentrações de P. chlamydosporia com clamidósporos (500; 1.500; 2.500; 3.500; 4.500; e 5.000 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato) ou sem clamidósporos (2,5; 5; 10; e 15 g de inóculo do fungo kg-1 de substrato). Três tratamentos foram utilizados como controle em cada ensaio: adição de P. chlamydosporia (5.000 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato ou 15 g de inóculo do fungo kg-1 de substrato), adição de SSIV (30 g do SSIV kg-1 de substrato) e apenas o substrato. Em seguida, cada saco contendo 4 kg de substrato esterilizado e os respectivos tratamentos foi infestado com 6.000 ovos de M. javanica kg-1 de substrato, homogeneizado e umedecido até 60% de capacidade de campo e armazenado por 14 dias no escuro, a 25 ºC. Depois, o substrato foi transferido para vasos de polipropileno de 500 mL, e uma muda de tomateiro foi transplantada para cada vaso. Após 60 dias foram avaliados a altura, a massa da parte aérea e das raízes frescas e o número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide. A associação do SSIV ao fungo, independentemente do tipo de inóculo do fungo, potencializou o desenvolvimento dos tomateiros e o controle do nematoide. As concentrações mais indicadas do fungo para se associar ao SSIV foram 3.500 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato e 15 g do inóculo sem clamidósporos kg-1 de substrato, pois, além de controlarem efetivamente o nematoide, também proporcionaram o desenvolvimento dos tomateiros. Conclui-se que a associação do SSIV ao fungo P. chlamydosporia potencializa o manejo do nematoide-de-galhas. / The biological control and the addition of organic matter to the soil represent the main alternatives for the control of root-knot nematode. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of solid wine industry by-product (SSIV) on the development, in vitro, of Pochonia chlamydosporia and the effect of combining this fungus with the SSIV on the management of Meloidogyne javanica in tomatoes grown in a greenhouse. To evaluate the direct effect of the SSIV on fungal development, concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) of the aqueous SSIV extract were applied to potato-dextrose-agar (BDA) culture medium. The mixture was then poured into Petri dishes and a disk of 'Corn Meal Agar' (CMA) culture medium colonized by the fungus was placed in the centre of each plate. A further study evaluated the effect of volatile SSIV compounds on the development of P. chlamydosporia. For this, twopart Petri dishes were utilised, to one of the compartments the concentrations of SSIV (0.000, 0.065, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 g plate-1) and 2 mL plate-1 sterile distilled water were added. To the other compartment, which contained BDA culture medium, a disc of CMA culture medium colonised by the fungus was added in the centre. The plates from the two studies were stored in a growth chamber in the dark at 21 °C. The two studies were performed twice. After 14 days, the diameter of the colonies and the production of fungal conidia were evaluated. The SSIV reduced fungal growth by 9 to 21% in the two studies, and reduced conidia production in the first study. In the greenhouse, the combination of SSIV (30 g kg-1 of substrate) with the concentrations of P. chlamydosporia with chlamydospores (500; 1,500; 2,500; 3,500; 4,500; and 5,000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate) or without chlamydospores (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 g of inoculum of fungus kg-1 substrate) were evaluated. Three treatments were used as controls in each assay: the addition of P. chlamydosporia (5,000 chlamydospores g-1 substrate or 15 g of inoculum of fungus kg-1 of substrate), the addition of SSIV (30 g SSIV kg-1 of substrate) and only substrate. Following this, each bag containing 4 kg of sterilised substrate and the respective treatments were infested with 6,000 M. javanica eggs kg-1 of substrate, homogenized, moistened until 60% of field capacity and then stored for 14 days in the dark at 25 °C. The substrate was then transferred to 500 ml polypropylene pots, and one tomato seeding was transplanted into each pot. After 60 days the height, the shoot and fresh root masses, and the numbers of nematode galls and eggs were evaluated. The combination of SSIV and the fungus, independent of the type of fungal inoculum, increased the development of the tomato plants and the control of the nematodes. The fungal concentrations most recommended to combine with the SSIV were 3,500 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate and 15 g of inoculum without chlamydospores kg-1 of substrate, because, besides controlling effectively the nematode, they also improved the development of the tomato plants. It was concluded that the combination of SSIV and the fungus P. chlamydosporia improves the management of this root-knot nematode.

Cada vez mais, os resíduos industriais são vistos como uma fonte alternativa de materiais a serem utilizados na construção civil. Dessa maneira, realizou-se a pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar a utilização de resíduos da Caustificação: dregs, grits e lama de cal, originados de uma fábrica de celulose Kraft do Espírito Santo, utilizando cal residual como ligante. Os teores de dregs variaram entre 0 e 45 %, os de grits de 0 à 45 %, os de lama de cal de 0 à 30 % e a cal residual variou entre 10 e 25 %. Os corpos de prova cilíndricos de 20 x 20 mm apresentaram valores máximos de resistência à compressão uniaxial, no 3° dia de cura de 5,9 MPa, no 7° dia de 7,9 MPa, no 14° dia de 9,3 MPa, no 60° dia de 18,5 MPa e no 180° dia de 19,3 MPa. Através dos métodos de Fluorescência de Raio-X, Difração de Raio-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva foram determinadas as interações físico-química dos componentes das misturas iniciais e os processos de formação das estruturas dos novos materiais. O aumento dos valores das propriedades mecânicas observadas durante a cura ocorre em função da dissolução das superfícies das partículas sólidas dos componentes em ambiente alcalino, ocasionando à síntese das novas formações amorfas e cristalinas, especialmente da calcita. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram concluir que os resíduos da Caustificação associados ao Resíduo da Produção de Cal podem ser utilizados como matéria prima em compósitos destinados à construção civil. / Increasingly the industrial wastes are used with alternative source of raw material in the civil construction. Thus, the study was conducted with the objective to analyze the use of wastes from chemical recovery of Kraft pulp production: dregs, grits and cal mud, generated for one Kraft pulp industry of Espírito Santo, Brazil, and waste from the lime production using as a binding agent. The concentration of dregs varied between 0 and 45 %, grits - between 0 and 45%, cal mud – between 0 and 30 % and waste of lime production ranged between 10 and 25%. The maximum values of materials for uniaxial compressive strength on the 3-rd day of curing was 5.89 MPa, on the 7-th day – 7.95 MPa, on the 14-th day – 9.35 MPa, on the 60-th day – 18.52 MPa and on the 180-th day it reached the value of 19.34 MPa. Through the methods X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy were determined physical-chemical interaction of the components to initial mixtures and the processes for structures formation of new materials, which can explain the values of mechanical properties during curing. They occurred due to dissolving of the solid particles surfaces of the components in an alkaline environment and to synthesis of new formations, amorphous and crystalline, especially of calcite. The results of the study indicate that the waste from chemical recovery can be used in the production of composites for civil construction.

Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados resíduos da produção de alumínio e ferro. Resíduo de bauxita, que também é chamado de rejeitos de bauxita ou lama vermelha, e escória siderúrgica são os principais resíduos da indústria metalúrgica. Também foi utilizada areia de fundição, que é um resíduo do processo de fundição. Estes três componentes foram utilizados em conjunto para desenvolver material cerâmico de construção. A idéia principal era usar apenas resíduos industriais, sem materiais naturais tradicionais. Os residuos de vidro e as cinzas de madeira foram adicionados às composições para deminuir o ponto de fusão das amostras. Na pesquisa, 24 composições foram queimadas a 800-1225°C e suas propriedades foram estudadas. As características mecânicas das amostras foram analisadas através do teste de resistência à flexão, medindo-se a absorção de água, densidade e retração linear. As propriedades físico-quimicas foram estudadas por XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapeamento, DTA e TGA. O principal motivo para os resultados elevados de resistência à flexão (19,78 MPa) das amostras foi identificado como o desenvolvimento de novas formações amorfas. Como resultado da pesquisa, algumas composições foram sugeridas para a produção específica de materiais de construção. Composições contendo lama vermelha (40- 100%), escória siderúrgica (0-50%), areia de fundição (0-50%), resíduo de vidro (0-20%) e cinzas de madeira (0-20%), atenderam normas e regulamentos brasileiros para materiais de construção, podem substituir materiais cerâmicos tradicionais, que envolvem a enorme exploração de recursos naturais. / In the presented research were used residues of aluminum and iron production. Bauxite residue, which is also called bauxite tailings or red mud, and blast furnace slag are the key wastes of metallurgical industry. There was also used foundry sand, which is a residue of casting process. These three components were used together to develop ceramic construction material. The main idea was to use industrial wastes only, no traditional natural materials. The waste glass and wood ash were added to the compositions in order to decrease melting point of the samples. In the research 24 compositions were sintered at 800-1225°C and their properties were studied. Their mechanical characteristics were analyzed using flexural strength test, measuring water absorption, density, and linear shrinkage. Physicochemical properties were studied by XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapping, DTA, and TGA. The main reason for high results of flexural strength (19.78 MPa) of the samples was identified as a development of new amorphous formations. As a result of research, some compositions were suggested for specific construction materials production. Compositions containing red mud (40-100%), blast furnace slag (0-50%), foundry sand (0-50%), waste glass (0-20%), and wood ash (0-20%), according to Brazilian Norms and regulations for construction materials, may substitute traditional ceramic materials, which involve enormous exploration of natural resources.