Pesquisa realizada para analisar o compósito de solo de decapagem (SD) considerado resíduos nas jazidas de minérios, em especial de calcário do município de Almirante Tamandaré, da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba neste trabalho, juntamente com o lodo e sedimentos de dragagem marinha do Porto de Antonina, no Estado do Paraná, e o uso cal virgem comum, como aglomerante pertencente à região de Almirante Tamandaré. Foram utilizados vários teores dos materiais para a determinação de 12 (doze) compósitos. Para o solo de decapagem os teores variaram entre 30% a 60%, para o material de dragagem os teores variaram entre 20% a 50% e o teor de aglomerante de cal virgem comum variou entre 15% a 30%. Foram moldadas idades de cura de 3 dias, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 180 e 365 dias. O aumento da resistência à compressão durante a cura foi proveniente das reações químicas das partículas sólidas das matérias-primas em ambiente alcalino gerando novas formações amorfas. Também foram analisados os materiais nos métodos de MEV com EDS, DRX e FRX, para a obtenção da composição química e formação estrutural dos novos compósitos. Todos os resultados da resistência à compressão uniaxial, com 28 dias de cura ao meio ambiente das 12 (doze) composições, obtiveram resultados médios de 7,7 MPa, atendendo satisfatoriamente a norma NBR 7170:1983 que determina a resistência à compressão igual ou acima de 4,0 MPa, destinada à produção de materiais de construção para alvenaria de vedação, sem fins estruturais. Comprovando o uso desses compósitos em materiais de construção civil, principalmente para os segmentos de blocos ou tijolos de vedações, sem fins estruturais, sem a necessidade de cozimento ou empreendimento de energia calorífica para a cura das peças, contribuindo para o meio ambiente e a sustentabilidade ambiental. / Research conducted to analyze the composite with pickling soil (SD), considered waste in mineral deposits, especially of limestone in the city of Almirante Tamandaré, the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba in this work, along with the sludge and marine dredging sediment from the Port of Antonina, State of Paraná, and use the common quicklime as binder belonging to the same region of Almirante Tamandaré. Various amounts of materials were used for the determination of twelve (12) composites. For the stripping soil content ranged from 30% and 60%, for the dredging material contents ranged from 20% and 50% and binder common quicklime content ranged from 15% to 30%. Were molded curing ages of 3 days, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 180 and 365 days. The increase in compressive strength during curing was derived from the chemical reactions of solid particles of raw materials in alkaline environment generating the new amorphous formations. Also the raw materials were analyzed in the SEM with EDS method, DRX and FRX, to obtain the chemical composition and formation structures of the new composite. All results of the uniaxial compressive strength, with 28 days of curing the environment of the twelve (12) compositions, obtained average results of 7.7 MPa, satisfactorily meeting the NBR 7170:1983 standard that determines the resistance to compression equal or above 4.0 MPa, for the production of building materials for sealing masonry without structural purposes. Proving the use of these composites in construction materials, especially for thread block or brick fences without structural purposes, without the need for cooking or heating energy project for the healing of parts, contributing to the environment and sustainability Environmental.

CAPES / Atualmente há preocupação da sociedade em relação aos impactos gerados pelas indústrias ao meio ambiente. Para produção de celulose e de papel é usada grande quantidade de água, madeira e produtos químicos, sendo gerado efluente nos diferentes processos produtivos da indústria. A matéria orgânica e a cor do efluente do processo Kraft se devem à presença de moléculas derivadas da lignina que são difíceis de serem removidas ou biodegradadas. Com vistas à remedição deste efluente, o presente trabalho busca avaliar a remoção de cor e matéria orgânica residual de efluente de celulose Kraft pré-tratado biologicamente, usando carvão ativado de casca de coco e argila montmorilonita pelo método de adsorção através de delineamentos experimentais. Para remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foram avaliados os fatores: a) pH do efluente; b) massa do material adsorvente no processo de adsorção e c) temperatura. A capacidade de adsorção de matéria orgânica e cor no carvão ativado e argila montmorilonita foram determinados pelo modelo matemático de Langmuir e Freundlich, por meio de ensaios de construção de isotermas de adsorção em efluente Kraft. O efluente foi caracterizado quanto a DQO, DBO5,20, COT e cor verdadeira antes e depois do tratamento terciário. Para o tratamento do efluente foram empregadas duas temperaturas: 25 e 40°C, seguiu-se planejamento fatorial completo 32 em triplicata com ponto central tendo como variáveis pH (5,0; 6,0 e 7,0) e massa de material adsorvente (0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g). O planejamento experimental utilizado permitiu obter os melhores resultados com carvão ativado em 40 °C, pH 7,0 e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 98% de COT, 83% de DQO, 97% de DBO5,20 e 95% de cor verdadeira e para argila em temperatura de 40 oC, pH 7, e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 55% de COT, 50% de DQO, 90% de DBO5,20, e 56% de cor verdadeira. A principal variável responsável pela remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foi a massa de adsorvente seguida do pH. Também foi avaliada a possibilidade de aproveitamento do resíduo obtido a partir do processo de adsorção na incorporação de cinzas de carvão na produção de argamassas com teores de 0,4%, 1,0% e 1,2%; em cimento portland, areia e água com tempos de cura de 7 e 28 dias fazendo testes de resistência à compressão. Para a reutilização da argila foram utilizados 15% de argila do processo de adsorção, 25% de vidro e 60% de argila vermelha, para a confecção de corpos de prova cerâmico à temperatura de 1100 oC a 1150 oC. De modo geral, o processo de tratamento proposto neste trabalho utilizando carvão ativado, demostrou ser boa alternativa comparado com argila montmorilonita para redução de cor e matéria orgânica residual do efluente de processo Kraft, tendo-se em vista a utilização da cinza do carvão utilizado no processo de adsorção como um agregado para formação de argamassas na construção civil e argila utilizada na adsorção como material cerâmico. / Nowadays, there is a concern of society regarding the impacts caused by the industries on the environment. Large amounts of water, wood and chemichal are used to produce cellulose and paper, and contaminated effluents are generated through the various industrial processes associated. The organic matter and the color of the Kraft effluent are due to the presence of lignin-derived molecules that are difficult to be removed or biodegraded. With intent to remediate this effluent, this study aim to evaluate the removal of color and residual organic matter from biologically pretreated Kraft effluent, using activated carbon from coconut shell and montmorillonite clay by adsorption method through experimental designs. For the color and organic matter removal, the following factors were evaluated: a) pH of the effluent; b) the mass of the adsorbent material in the adsorption process and c) temperature. The adsorption capacity of organic matter and color in the activated carbon and in the montmorillonite clay were determined by the mathematical model of Langmuir and Freundlich, by means of isotherm adsorption construction in Kraft effluent.The effluent was characterized by COD, DBO5,20, COT and true color before and after the tertiary treatment. For it treatment two temperatures were employed: 25 °C and 40 °C, followed by a 32 full factorial design with center point in triplicate, using pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and masses of adsorbent material (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g) as variables. The experimental design used showed that the best results with activated carbon are obtained at 40 ° C, pH 7.0 and 1.5 g of adsorbent with removals of 98% of TOC, 83% of COD, 97% of BOD5,25 and 95% of true color. With clay, the best results occurred at temperature of 40 ° C, pH 7, and 1.5 g of adsorbent to remove 55% of COT, 50% of COD, 90% of BOD5,20 and 56% of true color. The main responsible for the removal of color and organic matter was the mass of adsorbent, followed by the pH. It was also evaluated the possibility of using the residue obtained from the adsorption process in the incorporation of carbon ash to produce mortars with levels of 0.4%, 1.0% and 1.2% in Portland cement, sand and water, with curing times of 7 and 28 days, for which compressive strength tests were performed. To reuse the clay, 15% of the clay from the adsorption process was used, together with 25% of glass and 60% of red clay, in order to construct ceramics bodies specimen generated at temperatures from 1100 °C to 1150 °C. The treatment process proposed in this work using activated carbon demonstrated to be, in general, a good alternative compared to montmorillonite clay for the color reduction and residual organic matter removal from Kraft process effluent, while residues from both process can be used as aggregates for mortars and ceramic body production.

O objetivo do trabalho foi sensibilizar moradores e alunos de uma comunidade piloto quanto à correta separação, destinação e valorização dos resíduos sólidos, visando à melhoria nas condições de trabalho e de renda dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da central de triagem. A metodologia principal foi a pesquisa ação, que envolveu três etapas: fase exploratória, de ação e de avaliação. Para embasamento das ações de sensibilização, a fase exploratória contou, primeiramente, com o estudo da dinâmica de trabalho em uma central de triagem. Tal estudo se justifica pelo fato de que uma central de triagem é o elo principal entre a fonte geradora de resíduos sólidos e as indústrias recicladoras. Além disso, foi realizado diagnóstico da percepção de moradores e alunos sobre a separação e a valorização dos resíduos sólidos, em uma um bairro piloto, alvo das ações de sensibilização. Na fase de avaliação, novo estudo do entendimento da comunidade piloto foi feito para compreender se a sensibilização trouxe mudanças de percepção e se houve algum tipo de interferência nos gargalos diagnosticados na central de triagem. Os principais resultados apontaram as etapas de triagem e do rejeito como gargalos, as quais sofrem interferência da segregação nas fontes geradoras e da deficiência dos sistemas de logística reversa para escoamento dos resíduos. As ações de sensibilização com alunos e moradores resultaram em aprimoramento da percepção quanto à importância do envio de materiais limpos e secos à coleta seletiva; ao conhecimento de uma associação de catadores e à importância de destinar resíduos especiais, como lâmpadas fluorescentes, às revendas, diminuindo a recepção de resíduos perigosos na central de triagem. Os resultados servirão para embasar as discussões com a cadeia produtiva visando ao escoamento sustentável dos resíduos, e as ações já foram replicadas no município em toda a rede municipal e estadual de ensino, e em residências atendidas pelo programa das agentes comunitárias de saúde. / The objective of this work was to sensitize residents and students in a pilot community for proper separation, disposal and recovery of solid waste in order to improve working conditions and income of recyclable materials collectors from a sorting center. The main methodology was action research, which involved three stages: exploratory, action and evaluation. The working dynamics study in a sorting center based sensitization actions, in exploratory stage. The main link between the source of solid waste and recycling industries is a sorting center that is why this study is important. Moreover, perception diagnosis of separation and recycling of solid waste was made with residents and students in a pilot neighborhood. New study was done in the evaluation phase to find perception changes and to know if sensitization actions interfered in the sorting center bottlenecks diagnosed. The main results showed that steps of sorting and tailings are bottlenecks, suffering interference from domiciliary segregation and deficiency of reverse logistics systems for waste disposal. Sensitization actions with students and residents improved the perception of sending clean and dry recyclable materials to selective collection. Also improved the knowledge of an association of recyclable material collectors and the importance of devoting hazardous wastes such as fluorescent lamps, to resellers, decreasing the receipt of this kind of waste at the sorting center. The results will be used to support discussions with the producers chain toward sustainable waste disposal. Actions have already been replicated in the city throughout municipal and state schools, and homes served by the program of community health workers.

Esta Tese desenvolveu um instrumento para avaliação de desempenho ambiental no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos industriais. A verificação das práticas considera o transcurso do ciclo de vida do produto por meio de indicadores e índices tendo como parâmetros alicerçadores a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e conceitos afins, como a logística reversa, a Produção mais Limpa e o Ecodesign, além de normas da série ISO 14000 tais como Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, Integração de aspectos ambientais no projeto e desenvolvimento de produtos, Rotulagem ambiental e Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental. O objetivo central da Tese, que foi desenvolver um modelo para avaliação de desempenho ambiental, esta contido neste panorama, o qual recorreu aos recursos da modelagem fuzzy a fim de assessorar as organizações na tomada de decisões. A metodologia, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, embasou a construção do instrumento denominado Índice de Desempenho Ambiental da Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais (IDEA PNRS+L). Este se constitui de 26 indicadores e 23 índices, concebido na forma top-down soft decision tree. O cálculo dos índices, compostos de regras fuzzy, variáveis e suas inferências, incluiu a visão de um grupo de especialistas, em pesquisa de opinião, para ajustar os graus de influência das variáveis de cada índice. Nas simulações, testes e aplicação do instrumento em uma indústria para avaliar as suas potencialidades, o IDEA PNRS+L mostrou-se sensível, mesmo para pequenas variações dos dados de entrada, plausível e confiável, ao reproduzir o comportamento estabelecido em sua concepção. Os parâmetros alicerçadores que constituíram o corpo teórico, concluindo, foram assaz abrangentes e permitiram a construção do instrumento de avaliação de desempenho ambiental IDEA PNRS+L, considerado adequado para a arbitragem das organizações. Concomitantemente, foram recuperadas as normas, concepções de iniciativas governamentais e atitudes profissionais ambientalmente corretas apoiadas em conceitos vanguardistas de produtos e serviços. / This Thesis develops an instrument for evaluating environmental performance in management of industrial solid waste. The practices verification consider the industrial product life-cycle through indicators and indices based on the National Policy on Solid Waste parameters and related concepts such as reverse logistics, Cleaner Production and Ecodesign, and standards like ISO 14000 series such as environmental management systems, integrating environmental aspects in product design and development, environmental labels and Environmental Performance Evaluation. The central Thesis’ aim, that was to develop an environmental evaluating model, contains this panorama, which calls on a fuzzy modeling tool to assist organizations in making decisions. Two methodological research groups covered the dicussions and the instrument construction called Environmental Performance Index of Industrial Solid Waste Management (IDEA PNRS+L): qualitative and quantitative. This fuzzy modeling is composed of 26 indicators and 23 index, conceived in top- down soft decision tree form. The index calculation - composed of fuzzy rules, variables and their inferences - included a group of specialists respondents view, through a survey, to adjust the variables influence degrees of each index. In the simulations, testing and application of the created instrument in an industry to assess their potential, IDEA PNRS+L was sensitive even to small variations of the input data, plausible and reliable, to reproduce the behavior established in the initial configuration. Concluding, the fundamental parameters that formed the theoretical framework were quite comprehensive and allowed the construction of Environmental Performance Evaluation called IDEA PNRS+L, appropriated for industrial arbitration. Simultaneously, the rules, government initiatives concepts and accurated environmentally professional attitudes supported by avant-garde products and services concepts were recuperated.

PhD (Public Health) / Department of Public Health / Medical waste is a special type of hazardous waste generated from healthcare facilities. Mismanagement of this waste has a negative impact on healthcare workers, patients and their relatives, medical waste handlers and the community. South Africa, like many other developing countries, is resource-constrained in the management of medical waste and poor practices have been reported across the country, especially in the urban health facilities that have received more attention from researchers. This study was conducted to explore the practices and challenges of medical waste management in Vhembe District, a largely rural district in Limpopo province and develop intervention strategies for better management of the waste in the District. A convergent parallel approach of mixed method design was adopted to achieve the objectives of this study. The target population included the main stakeholders of medical waste management in the district: the Department of Health, healthcare facilities and the waste management company responsible for the treatment and disposal of medical waste in Limpopo Province. The study population from the Department of Health included representatives from the medical waste management section while the waste management company was represented by the manager of the company in Limpopo Province. The samples for the healthcare facilities were drawn from fifteen randomly selected healthcare facilities in the district and included the administrative heads, medical waste generators and medical waste handlers. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 was a qualitative study during which the administrative heads of the selected healthcare facilities, personnel directly involved in medical waste management at the healthcare facilities as well as the representatives from the Department of Health and waste management company were engaged in in-depth interviews. This phase also involved voice recording, observations, field documentation and taking of relevant pictures. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained. During phase 2 (quantitative study), a semi-structured questionnaire was employed for data collection from medical waste generators and handlers at the healthcare facilities. A total of 229 questionnaires were retrieved from the participants and were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed; Chi-square and Cramer’s V tests were used to determine the associations between dependent and independent variables, as well as the strength of association where significant relationships exist. Statistical significant level was set at p<0.05 and the results are presented in tables and graphs. The results from both phases were interpreted and discussed simultaneously. Respondents and participants were assured of anonymity of their identities and confidentiality of the information they provided. They were given adequate information about the study and only those who volunteered participated in the study after appending their signatures on the informed consent form. In phase 3, the Medical Research Council Framework was used to develop intervention strategies for improved medical waste management in Vhembe District based on the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) and Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) analysis techniques. The study revealed inefficient practices of medical waste management in all the healthcare facilities. Rate of medical waste generation was 338.15kg/day, 19.2kg/day and 15.5kg/day of HCRW from the hospitals, community health centers and clinics respectively. Segregation practices were poor, and only 28.4% of respondents rated their healthcare institutions as being excellent with medical waste segregation. The type of occupation was found to be significantly associated with exposure to training (p=0.000) and the level of knowledge about medical waste management (p=0.000). Also, the use of personal protective equipment was found to be significantly associated with training (p=0.011). Transportation and temporary storage were not done according to the recommendation in the guidelines and incineration was the main means of treatment of the waste. The final product of waste treatment is being disposed into an hazardous waste landfill. The challenges encountered in the process of managing medical waste include lack of adequate funding and budget for medical waste management, ineffective and irregular training of healthcare workers, non-compliance to medical waste management guidelines, insufficient bins, substandard central storage rooms, insufficient personal protective equipment and unavailability of Hepatitis B vaccine. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of medical waste management in Vhembe District were analyzed and specific intervention strategies were developed to improve on the strength, minimize the weakness, take advantage of the opportunity and combat the threats. The developed strategies were validated. This study provides the evidences of poor management of medical waste in Vhembe District, and shows the need for urgent intervention measures to be put in place. We therefore recommend that the intervention strategies proposed here be evaluated and implemented to mitigate the untoward effects of poor medical waste management among healthcare workers and the community as a whole. / NRF

Essa dissertação tem como tema central o Consórcio Intermunicipal para Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos de Curitiba (Conresol) e o projeto intitulado Sistema Integrado de Aproveitamento de Resíduos (Sipar). A análise de conteúdo, por meio da comparação de notícias de jornais e documentos oficiais, buscando relacionar o processo comunicativo do que foi veiculado e o que foi efetivamente feito é o objetivo desse trabalho. A pesquisa é predominantemente exploratória quanto aos objetivos, envolve a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e utiliza-se a análise de conteúdo para tratar os dados coletados. A coleta de dados foi feita no jornal Gazeta do Povo e em acervos de órgãos públicos, tendo como material de análise notícias do referido jornal, leis, processos e atas referentes ao processo de licitação. Após a leitura, análise e disposição em uma linha do tempo, foi feita a análise de conteúdo no material selecionado. Por meio dessa análise, foi constatada a relação entre os atores (empresas, imprensa, estado, prefeituras, cidadãos e órgãos jurídicos) envolvidos no imbróglio do Sipar. Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostram que o instrumento de uma política pública, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (PNRS), não foi efetivamente implantado por interesses particulares e conflitos de entendimento entre os atores terem influenciado diretamente nos acontecimentos. Como conclusão, entende-se que apesar de cumprir o papel esperado, que é veicular informações a respeito de assuntos de interesse público, a imprensa direcionou a cobertura a determinados grupo de interesse, de acordo com o acontecimento. Por fim, por meio da relação dos acontecimentos, a complexidade e a questão de interesses particulares dificultou e impossibilitou a implantação do Sipar. / This dissertation is centered on the Intermunicipal Consortium for Solid Urban Waste Management of Curitiba (Conresol) and the project entitled Integrated System of Waste Utilization (Sipar). Content analysis, by comparing newspaper news and officialdocuments, seeking to relate the communicative process of what was conveyed and what was actually done is the purpose of this work. The research is predominantly exploratory regarding the objectives, involves the bibliographical and documentary research and the content analysis is used to treat the data collected. The data collection was done in the newspaper Gazeta do Povo and in collections of public agencies, having as material of analysis news of said newspaper, laws, processes and minutes referring to the bidding process. After reading, analyzing and arranging in a timeline, content analysis was done on the selected material. Through this analysis, the relationship between the actors (companies, press, state, city halls, citizens and legal bodies) involved in the Sipar imbroglio was verified. The results of this research show that the instrument of a public policy, the National Policy on Urban Solid Waste (PNRS), was not effectively implemented by private interests and conflicts of understanding between the actors directly influencing events. As a conclusion, it is understood that despite fulfilling the expected role, which is to convey information on matters of public interest, the press directed the coverage to certain interest groups, according to the event. Finally, through the relation of events, the complexity and the question of private interests made it difficult and impossible to implement Sipar.