Attityd har setts som en tillförlitlig variabel i syfte att förutspå ett visst beteende. Undersökningar kring etiskt märkta livsmedel har dock funnit att en positiv attityd i många fall inte resulterar i ett positivt köpbeteende. För att utreda om ett sådant attityd-beteende-gap föreligger även gällande Fairtrademärkt kaffe genomför vi en enkätstudie där vi mäter attityden till Fairtrademärkt kaffe och jämför detta resultat med köpbeteendeobservationer. Vi finner en övervägande positiv attityd i enkätundersökningen men trots detta visar observationerna på en låg köpfrekvensen av Fairtrademärkt kaffe. Vi kan således konstatera att ett attityd-beteende-gap existerar i vår studie. Intervjuer genomförs sedan för att utreda tänkbara förklaringar till gapet och vi finner att den mest frekvent förekommande orsaken till gapet är att konsumenten väljer bekvämlighet framför etik och låter därigenom priset och smaken avgöra valet av kaffe vid köptillfället. Brist på information framkommer som en ytterligare orsak till attityd-beteende-gapet samt att konsumentens ofta väljer kaffe rutin- eller vanemässigt.

This paper presents the first cross-country empirical evidence on the determinants of participation in Fairtrade and the impact of the export of Fairtrade certified products on agricultural growth in low- and middle-income countries. Using the number of certified producer organizations per country in 2006-2010 as a proxy for Fairtrade exports, estimation results indicate a small but significantly positive effect on the growth rate of per capita value added in agriculture that is largest in upper middle income countries. Given the particularly poverty-reducing effect of agricultural growth, we find empirical evidence that Fairtrade certification is indeed able to deliver its core values, but misses to target the very poor. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

How often have you walked around in the supermarket trying to decide what product by which brand to choose? The options are many. Some people look for the price tag while others are more influenced by the esthetic appeals of the packaging design. Some people might look for ethical or environmental aspects of the brand. The area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) interests many people today and is a growing concern. We found that consumers consider companies acting ethically while also new jobs among the most important responsibilities by firms today. These factors are making the purchase decision process even harder for consumers. Sweden is one of the most socially responsible countries in the world, making it important for Swedish companies to integrate CSR into the core of their businesses. One example of such integration is Fairtrade, a concept that has grown tremendously during the last decade, while the attention focused on socially responsible behavior by firms has increased. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between Fairtrade and the purchase decision of consumers living in Sweden, to investigate the awareness and perception of Fairtrade and how that ultimately translates into making a purchasing decision. From this we developed the research question: “What factors influences Swedish consumers purchase decision in buying products from Fairtrade Sweden?” The target group of our research is young adults ages 18-30. The nature of our degree project is quantitative with a deductive approach. The research philosophy is objectivism since we do not intervene in any way as we observe the data collected from our survey. Furthermore a positivistic approach is used since we rely heavy on numbers and data rather than words. We received 158 participants in our survey. The theoretical framework consists of theories within the areas of CSR, branding, consumer attitudes-behavior and finally previous empirical studies about Fairtrade. From the theories we have developed a series of hypotheses, which we test statistically using independent-samples t-test and bivariate correlation tests. Statistical support for gender differences between men and women were found and also positive correlations between willingness to pay for Fairtrade products and how often participants purchase Fairtrade products were found. The findings from our research show that the 18-30 year old Swedish consumers find Fairtrade important and the general attitude towards Fairtrade is positive. Most consumers chose Fairtrade to help people and because it makes them feel good. The most common reasons why not to choice Fairtrade is because of the price or that the products simply cannot be found. Women are keener on purchasing and caring about Fairtrade products compared to men.

Syfte: Vår studie tar avstamp i det som tidigare forskning beskrivit som ett gap mellan konsumenters attityd och beteende till etisk konsumtion. Utifrån en efterfråga om ytterligare kartläggning och en upplevd avsaknad av studier som undersöker betydelsen av kunskap för betalningsvilja och konsumtion till fairtrade-produkter har vi därför formulerat följande syfte: "Syftet med studien är att få djupare förståelse för förhållandet mellan konsumenters kunskap om etisk märkning och deras konsumtion samt betalningsvilja för etiskt märkta-produkter." Metod: En enkätundersökning utfördes på Ica Maxi i Gävle där 143 slumpvis valda respondenter deltog. Respondenterna fick besvara frågor angående deras subjektiva ochobjektiva kunskap i avseende till fairtrade och därefter värdesätta priset för märkningen på tre utvalda produkter; banan, kaffe och honung. Utifrån detta kunde ett förhållande utläsas mellan kunskap och betalningsvilja. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av vår undersökning visar ett positiv samband mellan konsumentkunskap och betalningsvilja samt konsumtion. Objektiv kunskap hade en större positiv påverkan på respondenternas betalningsvilja för fairtrade-produkter medan subjektiv kunskap hade större påverkan på uppskattad konsumtion och inställning. Fortsättningsvis kunde vi utläsa en generellt förhöjd betalningsvilja för fairtrade på samtliga utvalda produkter. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi har i denna studie inte mätt respondenternas faktiska betalningsvilja eller faktiska konsumtion. Vidare forskning skulle således kunna undersöka betydelsen av kunskap om etisk märkning för betalningsviljan i verkliga marknadssituationer. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie pekar på vikten av konsumentkunskap för etisk konsumtion. Bidraget är förståelsen för rollen objektiv och subjektiv kunskap spelar för att få konsumenter att inkludera etiskt märkta produkter i deras konsumentval samt  vara villiga att betala det pris premium som vanligtvis föreligger på fairtrade-märkta produkter. / Aim: Our study builds on what previous research has described as a gap between consumers' attitudes and behaviour to ethical consumption. Based on the request for additional mapping and a perceived lack of studies investigating the importance of knowledge to willingness to pay and consumption for fair trade products, we have formulated the following purpose: "The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between consumers' knowledge on ethical labelling and their consumption together with willingness to pay for ethical labelled products." Method: In this study, we performed a quantitative survey at the food store Ica Maxi in Gävle with 143 randomly selected respondents' who completed the questionnaire.The respondents where asked to answer questions regarding their subjective and objective knowledge regarding fairtrade and then price three different food products labelled with fairtrade with the price of the equivalent product without label stated as a reference point. The products were; banana, coffee and honey. Through this we could examine the relationship between knowledge and willingness to pay. Result &amp; Conclusion: The result of our survey show that the level of knowledge affects purchase intent and willingness to pay for fairtrade products. We also found a distinction between subjective and objective knowledge. Subjective knowledge had a more distinct affect on consumption and attitude while objective knowledge affected the willingness to pay to a greater extent. Furthermore it was found that the average willingness to pay for a fairtrade label exceeded the equivalent products without label for all examined products.<img src="file:///page5image1176" /> Further research: In this thesis we did not research the respondents' actual willingness to pay nor actual consumption behaviour. Further research should hence examine the importance of knowledge on ethical labelling for willingness to pay in actual market situations Contribution of the thesis: This study points out the importance of consumer knowledge for ethical consumption. The contribution is additional understanding to therole subjective and objective knowledge plays for consumers to include ethical labelled products in their product choice and also being willing to pay the current market price premium for fairtrade labelled products.

<p>Fairtrade is a certification of products that has grown from the criticism of conventional trade. By increasing the focus on the producers’ economic and social conditions, poverty can be fought and the producers’ voice in the marketplace can be strengthened. Fairtrade City is a certification for municipalities who wish to engage in ethical consumption.</p><p> </p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to understand the Fairtrade City concept and how this can be a tool for working towards sustainable development. To be more concise, we want to answer the following questions: Why does Örebro municipality work with the Fairtrade City certification and how can Fairtrade City be used as tool for working towards sustainable development? The thesis is based on qualitative interviews and e-mail interviews with members of the steering committee for Örebro Fairtrade City and on literature studies.</p><p> </p><p>We have in our thesis identified Örebro Fairtrade City as a result of 1) that Örebro municipality through Fairtrade City wants to change their surrounding environment by engaging in ethical trade 2) that the surrounding environment effects Örebro municipality through isomorphism regarding its way to deal with sustainable development 3) that the municipality through its work with ethical trade becomes legitimized by their surrounding environment. As a tool Fairtrade City is a prepackaged and easily implemented way for municipalities to work with sustainable development.</p>

Fairtrade is a certification of products that has grown from the criticism of conventional trade. By increasing the focus on the producers’ economic and social conditions, poverty can be fought and the producers’ voice in the marketplace can be strengthened. Fairtrade City is a certification for municipalities who wish to engage in ethical consumption.   The purpose of this thesis is to understand the Fairtrade City concept and how this can be a tool for working towards sustainable development. To be more concise, we want to answer the following questions: Why does Örebro municipality work with the Fairtrade City certification and how can Fairtrade City be used as tool for working towards sustainable development? The thesis is based on qualitative interviews and e-mail interviews with members of the steering committee for Örebro Fairtrade City and on literature studies.   We have in our thesis identified Örebro Fairtrade City as a result of 1) that Örebro municipality through Fairtrade City wants to change their surrounding environment by engaging in ethical trade 2) that the surrounding environment effects Örebro municipality through isomorphism regarding its way to deal with sustainable development 3) that the municipality through its work with ethical trade becomes legitimized by their surrounding environment. As a tool Fairtrade City is a prepackaged and easily implemented way for municipalities to work with sustainable development.

Tlolková, M., Development potential of Fair Trade in Czech Republic. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2018. The diploma thesis is focused on fair trade in the Czech Republic. The first part deals with the main ideas and the principle of the functioning of fair trade and its organizations, the way of certification and the conditions for their granting. It exam-ines in more detail the functioning in the Czech environment and describes the prin-ciples and way of incorporating fair trade into social responsibility, communication tools, areas of activity and consumer habits. The survey consists of sources such as annual reports and public surveys and in-depth interviews with employees of fair trade organizations in the Czech Republic. In addition, a comparison is made with foreign entities and the possibilities of further development of fair trade, namely the education of future responsible consumers (Fairtrade Campaign), are proposed and by means of marketing and management methods (SWOT, EFE and IFE matrix, An-soff's matrix, Triple Bottom Line) further recommendations are given, such as set-ting SMART goals and processing more detailed annual reports.

This thesis investigates how discourses of fairness and empowerment are variously constructed and carried within networks of South African Fairtrade wine production. Fairness and empowerment have emerged as central discourses for contemporary conceptualisations of development and governance, particularly in reference to the creation of alternative articulations to conventional/existent trading and economic practices. These discourses have become stabilised into the now institutional discourses of Fairtrade and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE), yet both retain the capacity for resistance and changes to their understandings, practices, materialities and even the core premise which constitutes and is constituted by these. By following four wine networks from South Africa to the UK, the changing ways in which Fairtrade and BEE were articulated through the network, interacting and responding to the changing contexts en route became apparent. Indeed, this thesis is all about following - methodologically and theoretically - drawing a dynamic unfurling into the writing through a chronologically informed, non-chapter based structure, which follows the journey underlying the research. Through the ethnographic interview methodology undertaken, contextuality, complexity and contingency emerged as critical to understanding the operations of the discourses within the wine networks and the power relations attendant on these. A nuanced understanding of the significance of immutability in both discourse and power operations was developed that recognised the necessity of an overarching and stabilised core premise and regulator and yet simultaneous ground-level dynamism and multiplicity. Without the latter, the wine networks are unable to enrol stakeholders, essential to the continuing performance demanded by their relational nature, because they need to be ever contextually relevant. Wine itself presented a lens through which to understand the issues that this presents in the mismatch between common consumer associations between wine and Fairtrade, which means that the latter faces significant challenges to developing this particular ethical market.

This Bachelor's thesis is conducted with semi-structured interviews and texts and is analyzing how the concept empowerment is represented in South Africa. More specifically, this case study investigates, (1) how do the national South-African policy of empowerment, Fairtrade South Africa, and the target group describe what the goal of empowerment is? (2) How do the national South-African policy of empowerment, Fairtrade South Africa, and the target group describe the problem, causes and solutions in relation to empowerment? (3) What are the similarities and differences of the actors' representations of empowerment, and what implications may potential conflicts have for the prospect to successfully achieve the national goal of black empowerment? This research has a qualitative approach and uses implementation theory in relation to representation. The content analysis of our data illustrates that the representations of empowerment made by the different actors in the implementation process have many differences and yet not many similarities. The analysis illustrates that three main conflicts are evident when comparing the different actors' representations of empowerment. These are related to critical thinking, the conflicting individual and collective perspectives, and if the problem of disempowerment is caused by past or present structures. These conflicts in the three actors' representations of empowerment can cause bias and delay or possible failure in the policy implementation of black empowerment, yet all actors agreed on the goal of empowerment to be self-determination.

This thesis examines if auditors, managers and workers see certification and auditing as tools to improve working conditions in the Kenyan cut flower industry. It scrutinizes if mentioned stakeholders think that certification has been effective, since the state of working conditions of the industry were brought to attention in 2002 by academics and non-governmental organizations. The study further examines what different stakeholders see as challenges with the certification process as well as with the auditing process. The theoretical framework for the study consists of several theories from previous studies, including Gereffi’s buyer-driven value chain and Barrientos and Smith’s distinction between outcome standards and process rights. The study is partly a literature review but focus of the study is on the findings from ten semi-structured interviews. Among the stakeholder groups there was not one commonly expressed understanding on if certification and auditing had improved the working conditions. All three stakeholders emphasized some positive changes because of certification although they saw remaining challenges with for example freedom of association and increasing the level of wages to becoming living wages. The main findings in the study support Barrientos and Smith’s distinction and certification and auditing are argued not to be effective tools alone to reach improvements in the industry.