京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第23425号 / 医科博第130号 / 新制||医科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 武藤 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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ARF6 et ARF1 sont des petites GTPases de la famille des ARF(s) qui régulent plusieurs voies de signalisation comprenant, la formation et le mouvement des vésicules, la transformation des lipides membranaires et la réorganisation du cytosquelette d’actine. À ce jour, le rôle de la protéine ARF6 et de la protéine ARF1 dans la signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) et des récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) dans les cellules endothéliales est encore très peu étudié. Le but de cette étude a été de caractériser le rôle de la protéine ARF6 dans la migration des cellules endothéliales induite par l’endothéline-1, ainsi que le rôle de la protéine ARF1 dans la sécrétion du monoxyde d’azote (NO) stimulées par le VEGF. Dans cette étude, nous montrons qu’ARF6 est essentielle à la migration des cellules endothéliales induite par l’endotheline-1. L’inhibition de l’expression d’ARF6 par interférence à l’ARN entraîne une activation marquée de la kinase FAK et son association constitutive avec Src. Par ailleurs, cette inhibition affecte l’association entre GIT1 et la kinase FAK. Ceci se traduit par une inhibition du désassemblage des contacts focaux et une augmentation de l’adhésion cellulaire menant à une diminution de la motilité. De plus, nos résultats montrent que la protéine ARF1 est essentielle à l’activation d’eNOS et à la sécrétion du NO suite à l’activation du VEGFR2 dans les cellules endothéliales BAEC. En effet, l’inhibition de l’expression d’ARF1 par interférence à l’ARN entraîne une inhibition du recrutement de la kinase Akt à la membrane plasmique et une inhibition de son activation induite par le VEGF. L’inhibition de l’activation de la kinase Akt par le VEGF conduit à une inhibition de l’activation de eNOS et de la sécrétion du NO. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que les protéines ARF6 et ARF1 sont essentielles à la signalisation de l’ETB et du VEGFR2 pour les processus menant à la migration cellulaire et à la sécrétion du NO respectivement, deux évènements essentiels à l’angiogenèse. / ARF6 and ARF1 are small GTPases of the ARF family(s) that regulate several signalling pathways including vesicles trafficking, lipid membrane remodelling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. To date, the role of ARF6 and ARF1 in GPCR and RTK signalling, in endothelial cells, is little known. In this thesis, we aimed to characterize the role of ARF6 in the migration of endothelial cells induced by Enodothelin-1, and the role of ARF1 in the secretion of NO induced by VEGF. We show that ARF6 is essential for endothelial cell migration induced by endothelin-1. Inhibition of ARF6 expression using RNA interference markedly impaired basal and ET-1 stimulated cell migration. In this condition, FAK is found constitutively associated with Src. In contrast, depletion of ARF6 impairs the ability of GIT1 to form an agonist-promoted complex with FAK, thereby preventing disassembly of focal adhesions. As a consequence, adhesion of ARF6-depleted endothelial cells is increased and their motility is reduced. Furthermore, our result shows that ARF1 GTPase is essential for the activation of eNOS and the secretion of NO following VEGFR2 activation in endothelial cells. Inhibition of ARF1 expression using RNA interference markedly impaired the recruitment of Akt to the plasma membrane and its phosphorylation by the VEGF. As a consequence, the inhibition of Akt leads to an inhibition of eNOS, a well known downstream target, which in turn leads to inhibition of NO production. All together, our results indicate that ARF6 and ARF1 are essential for the ETB and the VEGFR2 signalling leading to cell migration and NO secretion respectively, two required steps for angiogenesis.

<p>Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins primarily mediating interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix. Each receptor is a complex of one α- and one β-subunit with affinity for a diverse set of ligands. A prerequisite for ligand binding, and subsequent events, is the activation of integrins by cytoplasmic signals that confer a large conformational change to the extracellular domain.</p><p>In this thesis, the role of a cytoplasmic threonine-cluster, conserved in several β subunits, in β1-integrin activation was investigated. Phosphorylation of these residues is postulated to regulate β2 and β3 integrin affinity for ligands, but it has not been shown so far to occur for β1. Residue T788, but not T789, was established as a site of critical importance for inside-out activation of β1 integrins by mutagenesis to alanine. In contrast to β1-T788A, a phospho-mimicking mutation, β1-T788D, expressed the conformation sensitive 9EG7-epitope and mediated normal cell adhesion. In addition, the T788D mutation did not interfere with binding of the talin head domain, an interaction important for integrin activation. Thus, phosphorylation of T788 in integrin β1 was concluded to be compatible with inside-out receptor activation, in line with β2 and β3 integrin regulation. </p><p>Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated after integrin ligation and is, together with Src, one of the central players in integrin-mediated events. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is thought to be activated by binding to FAK. However, a novel, major β1-integrin signalling pathway to activate PI3K was identified, which is FAK- and Src-independent.</p><p>Growth factor induced stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) is largely dependent on signals from integrin mediated adhesion to pass checkpoints downstream of Ras. The mechanisms by which β1-integrins mediate Erk-activation were characterized by pin-pointing what phosphorylation sites on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and their effector proteins were FAK-dependent. The results indicated that β1 integrins can promote Erk activation by FAK-dependent mechanisms at the levels of both cRaf and Mek, and in addition, a FAK-independent checkpoint at the level of Mek activation.</p>

Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins primarily mediating interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix. Each receptor is a complex of one α- and one β-subunit with affinity for a diverse set of ligands. A prerequisite for ligand binding, and subsequent events, is the activation of integrins by cytoplasmic signals that confer a large conformational change to the extracellular domain. In this thesis, the role of a cytoplasmic threonine-cluster, conserved in several β subunits, in β1-integrin activation was investigated. Phosphorylation of these residues is postulated to regulate β2 and β3 integrin affinity for ligands, but it has not been shown so far to occur for β1. Residue T788, but not T789, was established as a site of critical importance for inside-out activation of β1 integrins by mutagenesis to alanine. In contrast to β1-T788A, a phospho-mimicking mutation, β1-T788D, expressed the conformation sensitive 9EG7-epitope and mediated normal cell adhesion. In addition, the T788D mutation did not interfere with binding of the talin head domain, an interaction important for integrin activation. Thus, phosphorylation of T788 in integrin β1 was concluded to be compatible with inside-out receptor activation, in line with β2 and β3 integrin regulation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated after integrin ligation and is, together with Src, one of the central players in integrin-mediated events. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is thought to be activated by binding to FAK. However, a novel, major β1-integrin signalling pathway to activate PI3K was identified, which is FAK- and Src-independent. Growth factor induced stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) is largely dependent on signals from integrin mediated adhesion to pass checkpoints downstream of Ras. The mechanisms by which β1-integrins mediate Erk-activation were characterized by pin-pointing what phosphorylation sites on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and their effector proteins were FAK-dependent. The results indicated that β1 integrins can promote Erk activation by FAK-dependent mechanisms at the levels of both cRaf and Mek, and in addition, a FAK-independent checkpoint at the level of Mek activation.

La progression du cancer colorectal procède selon une série de transitions, de la crypte épithéliale normale vers l'adénome conduisant au carcinome primaire in situ et aux métastases généralement localisées au niveau du foie. Ces événements séquentiels sont orchestrés par un ensemble d'altérations géniques et moléculaires (syndromes familiaux HNPCC, FAP et cancers sporadiques CIN-LOH et MSI) qui se traduisent de manière générale par l'activation constitutive de (proto)oncogènes ou par la perte de gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs ou de métastases. Si les récepteurs du TGF-β et leurs réseaux de signalisation associés ont été tout particulièrement incriminés quant à leur rôle péjoratif pendant les phases tardives de la progression des tumeurs solides et des cancers du côlon chez l'homme, les informations concernant le rôle des cytokines BMP apparentées au TGF-β dans ce domaine ne sont que très fragmentaires. Quand ce projet a été initié, une étude attribuait à BMP-7 un rôle anti-inflammatoire dans l'intestin chez le rat, suggérant ainsi que cette cytokine pouvait exercer un rôle direct et bénéfique sur la muqueuse digestive et les cellules épithéliales intestinales en particulier. Les BMP agissent par l'intermédiaire de leurs récepteurs de type II (BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB) , de type I (ALK-2, ALK-3, ALK-6), et des protéines SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD8). Cependant, 50% des cancers du côlon métastatiques présentent une forme mutée de SMAD4. Des mutations germinales dans le gène codant le récepteur ALK-3 sont observées chez 38% des patients atteints de polypose juvénile (JPS). Enfin, 83% des cancers colorectaux présentant une instabilité des séquences microsatellites (MSI) montrent une mutation dans le gène codant le récepteur de l'activine ActR-II. Dans ce contexte, mon projet de thèse a été centré sur l'expression et le rôle de BMP-7 sur la progression des cellules cancéreuses colorectales humaines et dans les tumeurs associées. Nous avons démontré par RT-PCR, immunohistochimie, et en ELISA que BMP-7 et ses récepteurs sont présents dans des cryptes coliques histologiquement normales, les foci de cryptes aberrantes dans la sigmoïdite, les tumeurs colorectales humaines et plusieurs lignées de cellules cancéreuses coliques. Nous avons aussi démontré que BMP-7 est un facteur de dissémination inducteur du " scattering " et de l'invasion cellulaire dans le collagène de type I. Le pouvoir invasif de BMP-7 est indépendant de SMAD4 et de l'oncogène src, mais associé à l'activation différentielle et cyclique des GTPases (Rac1 et RhoA), de la tyrosine kinase FAK (phosphorylation de la tyr925 impliquée dans la signalisation invasive et l'angiogenèse), et des MAPK /SAPK (JNK et ERK1/2). L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que BMP-7 se comporte comme un facteur de dissémination proinvasif, agissant par un mécanisme autocrine et paracrine au niveau des cellules cancéreuses du côlon et du stroma tumoral. Cette cytokine exerce donc des actions divergentes sur la progression des tumeurs coliques humaines, en s'opposant aux processus inflammatoires transitoires (rôle bénéfique), mais en favorisant la néoplasie lors des étapes plus tardives associées à l'acquisition du pouvoir invasif à la transition adénome- carcinome pendant la cancérogenèse (rôle péjoratif). Parallèlement, dans cette thèse, nous avons démontré que l'intégrine α1 fait partie de l'échafaudage moléculaire impliqué dans l'invasion cellulaire dépendant de l'oncogène src. D'une autre part, nous démontrons que le VEGF est un inducteur autocrine de l'invasion cellulaire par les cellules cancéreuses du côlon. Selon ce modèle, le VEGF sécrété par les cellules tumorales au sein de la tumeur primaire agit à la fois sur les cellules cancéreuses et les cellules endothéliales en induisant des signaux de survie, de prolifération et d'invasion nécessaires à la croissance des tumeurs primaires et à la génération des métastases.

ARF6 et ARF1 sont des petites GTPases de la famille des ARF(s) qui régulent plusieurs voies de signalisation comprenant, la formation et le mouvement des vésicules, la transformation des lipides membranaires et la réorganisation du cytosquelette d’actine. À ce jour, le rôle de la protéine ARF6 et de la protéine ARF1 dans la signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) et des récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) dans les cellules endothéliales est encore très peu étudié. Le but de cette étude a été de caractériser le rôle de la protéine ARF6 dans la migration des cellules endothéliales induite par l’endothéline-1, ainsi que le rôle de la protéine ARF1 dans la sécrétion du monoxyde d’azote (NO) stimulées par le VEGF. Dans cette étude, nous montrons qu’ARF6 est essentielle à la migration des cellules endothéliales induite par l’endotheline-1. L’inhibition de l’expression d’ARF6 par interférence à l’ARN entraîne une activation marquée de la kinase FAK et son association constitutive avec Src. Par ailleurs, cette inhibition affecte l’association entre GIT1 et la kinase FAK. Ceci se traduit par une inhibition du désassemblage des contacts focaux et une augmentation de l’adhésion cellulaire menant à une diminution de la motilité. De plus, nos résultats montrent que la protéine ARF1 est essentielle à l’activation d’eNOS et à la sécrétion du NO suite à l’activation du VEGFR2 dans les cellules endothéliales BAEC. En effet, l’inhibition de l’expression d’ARF1 par interférence à l’ARN entraîne une inhibition du recrutement de la kinase Akt à la membrane plasmique et une inhibition de son activation induite par le VEGF. L’inhibition de l’activation de la kinase Akt par le VEGF conduit à une inhibition de l’activation de eNOS et de la sécrétion du NO. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que les protéines ARF6 et ARF1 sont essentielles à la signalisation de l’ETB et du VEGFR2 pour les processus menant à la migration cellulaire et à la sécrétion du NO respectivement, deux évènements essentiels à l’angiogenèse. / ARF6 and ARF1 are small GTPases of the ARF family(s) that regulate several signalling pathways including vesicles trafficking, lipid membrane remodelling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. To date, the role of ARF6 and ARF1 in GPCR and RTK signalling, in endothelial cells, is little known. In this thesis, we aimed to characterize the role of ARF6 in the migration of endothelial cells induced by Enodothelin-1, and the role of ARF1 in the secretion of NO induced by VEGF. We show that ARF6 is essential for endothelial cell migration induced by endothelin-1. Inhibition of ARF6 expression using RNA interference markedly impaired basal and ET-1 stimulated cell migration. In this condition, FAK is found constitutively associated with Src. In contrast, depletion of ARF6 impairs the ability of GIT1 to form an agonist-promoted complex with FAK, thereby preventing disassembly of focal adhesions. As a consequence, adhesion of ARF6-depleted endothelial cells is increased and their motility is reduced. Furthermore, our result shows that ARF1 GTPase is essential for the activation of eNOS and the secretion of NO following VEGFR2 activation in endothelial cells. Inhibition of ARF1 expression using RNA interference markedly impaired the recruitment of Akt to the plasma membrane and its phosphorylation by the VEGF. As a consequence, the inhibition of Akt leads to an inhibition of eNOS, a well known downstream target, which in turn leads to inhibition of NO production. All together, our results indicate that ARF6 and ARF1 are essential for the ETB and the VEGFR2 signalling leading to cell migration and NO secretion respectively, two required steps for angiogenesis.

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de cabeça e pescoço é uma neoplasia maligna que implica em baixas taxas de sobrevida e prognóstico desfavorável. A perda de adesão do epitélio e a migração celular são processos biológicos envolvidos na carcinogênese. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o padrão de expressão da molécula cinase de adesão focal (FAK) e suas formas fosforiladas, FAK-Tyr576 e FAK-Tyr925, em amostras de CEC no centro do tumor (CT) e zona de invasão (ZI) e no tecido epitelial não neoplásico adjacente a estes tumores (EA). De acordo com a graduação histopatológica, 48,1% do total das amostras de CEC são de grau moderado. Segundo o sistema pTNM, 62,9% eram T1 e T2, 64,8% não apresentaram metástase regional e não houve metástase à distância. O tempo máximo de acompanhamento foi de 5,9 anos e obteve-se a proservação final de 46 dos 54 pacientes, onde foi observado que 58,1% apresentaram boa evolução e 41,9% exibiram evolução ruim. A média em anos para que os pacientes obtivessem o status de evolução ruim foi de 5,01. Quanto ao estadiamento clínico, houve maior imunomarcação no estádio IVa quando comparado ao estádio II no EA da FAK Tyr-576 e ocorreu maior expressão no estádio IVb quando comparado ao estádio I no CT da FAK Tyr-576. Os pacientes que apresentaram evolução ruim após o período máximo de acompanhamento tiveram alta expressão no EA e na ZI da FAK Tyr-576 e no CT da FAK Tyr-925. Na ZI, o aumento de expressão da FAK está associado ao aumento da expressão da FAK Tyr-576. À medida que há aumento da expressão no EA há aumento da expressão na ZI na FAK Tyr-576. E quando há aumento da expressão no EA há aumento da marcação na ZI na FAK Tyr-925. Apesar do papel de todas as FAKs fosforiladas não estar claro, mas sabendo-se que são essas FAKs que estão ativas no câncer, a partir dos dados do presente trabalho pode-se sugerir que a avaliação da marcação FAK Tyr -576 no EA, no CT e na ZI venha a fazer parte da rotina no diagnóstico histopatológico e das margens da peça operatória, como norteadores da conduta terapêutica e do protocolo de acompanhamento. / Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck is a malignant neoplasm that implies low rates of survival and poor prognosis. The loss of adhesion and cell migration are biological processes involved in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of expression of focal adhesion kinase molecule (FAK) and its phosphorylated forms, FAK-Tyr576, FAK-Tyr925, in SCC samples in the center of the tumor (CT) and invasion zone (ZI) and non-neoplastic epithelial tissue adjacent to these tumors (EA). According to histopathological grading, 48,1% of SCC samples are moderate. According to the system pTNM, 62,9% were T1 and T2, 64.8%, had no regional metastasis and no distant metastasis. The maximum time of follow up was 5,9 years and was obtained as the final proservation 46 of 54 patients, where it was observed that 58,1% of patients had good prognosis and 41,9% of patients had poor prognosis. The average years for patients to obtain the poor prognosis of status was 5.01. As for clinical staging, there was greater immunostaining in the stadium IVa compared to stage II in EA Tyr-576. And FAK expression was higher in stage IVb when compared to CT in stage I of FAK Tyr-576. Patients with poor prognosis after the maximum follow-up period had high expression in EA and ZI of FAK Tyr-576 and CT of FAK Tyr-925. In ZI, increased expression of FAK is associated with increased FAK Tyr-576 expression. As there is increased expression in EA's increased expression in ZI in FAK Tyr-576. And when there is increased expression in EA's increased marking the ZI in FAK Tyr-925. Despite the role of all phosphorylated FAKs not clear, but given that these are FAKs that are active in cancer, from the present data it can be suggested that the evaluation of expression of FAK Tyr 576 in EA, CT and ZI will be part of the routine histopathological diagnosis and surgical specimen margins, as guiding the therapeutic management and monitoring protocol.

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de cabeça e pescoço é uma neoplasia maligna que implica em baixas taxas de sobrevida e prognóstico desfavorável. A perda de adesão do epitélio e a migração celular são processos biológicos envolvidos na carcinogênese. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o padrão de expressão da molécula cinase de adesão focal (FAK) e suas formas fosforiladas, FAK-Tyr576 e FAK-Tyr925, em amostras de CEC no centro do tumor (CT) e zona de invasão (ZI) e no tecido epitelial não neoplásico adjacente a estes tumores (EA). De acordo com a graduação histopatológica, 48,1% do total das amostras de CEC são de grau moderado. Segundo o sistema pTNM, 62,9% eram T1 e T2, 64,8% não apresentaram metástase regional e não houve metástase à distância. O tempo máximo de acompanhamento foi de 5,9 anos e obteve-se a proservação final de 46 dos 54 pacientes, onde foi observado que 58,1% apresentaram boa evolução e 41,9% exibiram evolução ruim. A média em anos para que os pacientes obtivessem o status de evolução ruim foi de 5,01. Quanto ao estadiamento clínico, houve maior imunomarcação no estádio IVa quando comparado ao estádio II no EA da FAK Tyr-576 e ocorreu maior expressão no estádio IVb quando comparado ao estádio I no CT da FAK Tyr-576. Os pacientes que apresentaram evolução ruim após o período máximo de acompanhamento tiveram alta expressão no EA e na ZI da FAK Tyr-576 e no CT da FAK Tyr-925. Na ZI, o aumento de expressão da FAK está associado ao aumento da expressão da FAK Tyr-576. À medida que há aumento da expressão no EA há aumento da expressão na ZI na FAK Tyr-576. E quando há aumento da expressão no EA há aumento da marcação na ZI na FAK Tyr-925. Apesar do papel de todas as FAKs fosforiladas não estar claro, mas sabendo-se que são essas FAKs que estão ativas no câncer, a partir dos dados do presente trabalho pode-se sugerir que a avaliação da marcação FAK Tyr -576 no EA, no CT e na ZI venha a fazer parte da rotina no diagnóstico histopatológico e das margens da peça operatória, como norteadores da conduta terapêutica e do protocolo de acompanhamento. / Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck is a malignant neoplasm that implies low rates of survival and poor prognosis. The loss of adhesion and cell migration are biological processes involved in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of expression of focal adhesion kinase molecule (FAK) and its phosphorylated forms, FAK-Tyr576, FAK-Tyr925, in SCC samples in the center of the tumor (CT) and invasion zone (ZI) and non-neoplastic epithelial tissue adjacent to these tumors (EA). According to histopathological grading, 48,1% of SCC samples are moderate. According to the system pTNM, 62,9% were T1 and T2, 64.8%, had no regional metastasis and no distant metastasis. The maximum time of follow up was 5,9 years and was obtained as the final proservation 46 of 54 patients, where it was observed that 58,1% of patients had good prognosis and 41,9% of patients had poor prognosis. The average years for patients to obtain the poor prognosis of status was 5.01. As for clinical staging, there was greater immunostaining in the stadium IVa compared to stage II in EA Tyr-576. And FAK expression was higher in stage IVb when compared to CT in stage I of FAK Tyr-576. Patients with poor prognosis after the maximum follow-up period had high expression in EA and ZI of FAK Tyr-576 and CT of FAK Tyr-925. In ZI, increased expression of FAK is associated with increased FAK Tyr-576 expression. As there is increased expression in EA's increased expression in ZI in FAK Tyr-576. And when there is increased expression in EA's increased marking the ZI in FAK Tyr-925. Despite the role of all phosphorylated FAKs not clear, but given that these are FAKs that are active in cancer, from the present data it can be suggested that the evaluation of expression of FAK Tyr 576 in EA, CT and ZI will be part of the routine histopathological diagnosis and surgical specimen margins, as guiding the therapeutic management and monitoring protocol.