Darbo objektas. Danieliai, gyvenantys VĮ Alytaus miškų urėdijos Sudvajų girininkijos Sudvajų, Kalnėnų ir Nemunaičio miškuose. Darbo tikslas. Išsiaiškinti danielių aklimatizacijos eigą VĮ Alytaus miškų urėdijoje. Darbo metodai: • Gyvenamosios aplinkos tinkamumo vertinimas. • Danielių kiekybinė ir kokybinė apskaita. • Laisvėje gyvenančių danielių apskaita pagal ekskrementus. • Danielių žievės laupymo poveikio įvertinimas žėliniams, želdiniams ir medynams. Darbo rezultatai. VĮ Alytaus miškų urėdijos Sudvajų girininkijos Sudvajų, Kalnėnų ir Nemunaičio miškų masyvų plotas yra tinkamas danielių populiacijai gyventi. Gyvenamoji aplinka yra įvertinta 64 balais, o šis balų skaičius parodo, kad danielių gyvenamoji aplinka priklauso vidutinių plotų kategorijai. Šiuo metu Sudvajų, Kalnėnų ir Nemunaičio miškuose gyvenančių danielių populiacijos tankis siekia 11 vnt. / 1000 ha. Tai beveik optimalus tankis, atsižvelgiant į vyraujančią miško sudėtį (gryni pušynai su nedidesne kaip 10 % kitų medžių rūšių priemaiša). Nuo 2007 iki 2011 metų danielių skaičius Sudvajų girininkijoje nuolat didėjo. Per šį laikotarpį danielių, gyvenančių laisvėje, padaugėjo nuo 13 iki 52 vienetų. Pastaruoju laikotarpiu danielių skaičius stabilizavosi ir siekia 49-52 vienetus. Stabilizacijos tendenciją galima paaiškinti iš dalies intensyvesne medžiokle, iš dalies – gyvenamąja aplinka. 2014 metais danielių prieaugis sudarė 6,5 %. Šis rodiklis yra mažesnis už vidutinį. Daugiausia danielių buvo sumedžiota 2012-2013... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of work. Fallow-deer living in Sudvajai, Kalnenai and Nemunaitis forests of Alytus Forest Enterprise Sudvajai Forest District. Aim of work – to examine the course of fallow-deer naturalization in the territory of Alytus Forest Enterprise. Methods of work: • Assessment of the suitability of dwelling surroundings. • Quantitative and qualitative counting of fallow-deer. • Counting of freely-roaming fallow-deer by excrements. • Impact evaluation of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands. Findings of work. The area of Sudvajai, Kalnenai and Nemunaitis forests expanse in Alytus Forest Enterprise Sudvajai Forest District is suitable for the dwelling of fallow-deer population. The dwelling surroundings were rated at 64 points, ascribing the dwelling surroundings of fallow-deer to the category of moderate areas. At this moment in Sudvajai, Kalnėnai and Nemunaitis forests the density of fallow-deer is 11 units / 1000 ha. At 2007-2011 years the number of fallow deers was increased steadily in Sudvajai district. The number of fallow deers, which lived in freedom, was increased from 13 to 52 units. At least time the number of fallow-deer was stabilized and now seeks about 49-52 units. The herd composition is satisfactory. Ratio of males and females is 1 : 2,8. The annual growth rate of fallow-deer was 6,5 % in 2014. The most of fallow-deers were hunted in the season of 2012-2013 years. In this time actual hunting was 26,1 % from abundance. In the... [to full text]

Cultivos de extensa área de produção e manejo intensivo, como a indústria canavieira, demandam maior responsabilidade em relação ao conhecimento da sua contribuição na diminuição ou aumento dos gases de efeito estufa. Dentro do manejo do sistema de produção de cana-de-açúcar existe uma etapa de renovação do canavial, período pós última colheita que antecipa a implantação de um novo cultivo de cana. O estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a contribuição do período de renovação de um canavial em relação aos fluxos de massa e energia dentro do sistema produtivo de cana-de-açúcar, considerando a inserção de um cultivo de soja após período de pousio sobre solo com cobertura de palha e sem cobertura, em um canavial localizado em Piracicaba - SP, Brasil. A obtenção dos fluxos foi realizada com o método \"Eddy Covariance\". Com o solo em pousio e cobertura de palha, o fluxo líquido de CO2 (NEE) médio foi de 2,51 µmolCO2 m-2 s-1 e evapotranspiração média do período de 0,72 mm d-1. O período de pousio com solo sem cobertura teve um NEE de 3,10 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 e evapotranspiração média do período de 2,04 mm d-1. Com a inserção de um cultivo de soja, a área passou a apresentar um comportamento de consumo no lugar da emissão de CO2, com um fluxo médio diário de NEE (da semeadura à maturação de colheita) de -1,47 µmolCO2 m-2 s-1 e evapotranspiração média de 4,52 mm d-1. Para o balanço energético da renovação do canavial, 84,6% da energia disponível no período de pousio sob os dois manejos de cobertura foi utilizada pelo fluxo de calor latente e fluxo de calor sensível, e para o cultivo de soja esta relação foi de 73,4%. Considerando o balanço da troca líquida de CO2 em relação às médias apresentadas, o saldo é positivo, ou seja, a renovação deste canavial foi responsável por maior emissão que consumo de CO2, de acordo com o manejo realizado. O cultivo da soja não compensou a emissão do período em pousio, mas tem potencial de amenizar no total do período. / Crops with extensive production areas and intensive management such as the sugar cane industry demand greater responsibility in relation to the knowledge of their contribution in the reduction or increase of greenhouse gases. Within the management of the sugar cane production system there is a stage of renewal of the cane field, a period after the last harvest that anticipates the implantation of a new sugarcane crop. The objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the renewal period of a sugarcane field in relation to the mass and energy flows within the sugarcane production system, considering the insertion of a soybean crop after fallow period on soil with cover of straw and without cover, in a field located in Piracicaba - SP, Brazil. Flows were obtained using the \"Eddy Covariance\" method. In the fallow soil with straw cover, the mean net CO2 flux (NEE) was of 2,51 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and average evapotranspiration of the period was 0,72 mm day-1. The fallow period without cover had an mean NEE of 3,10 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and average evapotranspiration of 2,04 mm day-1. With the insertion of a soybean crop, the area presented assimilation in place of CO2 emission, with a daily mean of NEE (from sowing to harvest maturation) of -1,47 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and average evapotranspiration of 4,52 mm day-1. For the energy balance of the sugarcane renewal, 84,6% of the available energy in the fallow period under the two cover treatments was used by the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. For soybean cultivation this relation was 73,4%. Considering the balance of the net CO2 exchange in relation to the averages presented, the balance is positive, that is, the renovation of this sugarcane field was responsible for higher emissions than CO2 assimilation, according to the management implemented. The soybean crop did not compensate for the fallow period, but it has the potential to reduce the total balance.

This thesis "Effect of concentrates feeding on slaughter weight and carcass composition in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama)" evaluates the influence of two different sorts of complementary food and a nutritive supplement to slaughter weight and structure of a fatted body. The literature summary is complemented with results of the experiment conducted on The Mnich Farm near Kardašova Řečice in association with The Institute of Animal Science. Ten-month fallow deers were divided into three groups. Each of them was kept separately, one (the control group No.1) was fed only by pasture, the group No.2 and No.3 were fed by complementary food consisting of barley and oat in a ratio of 2/3:1/3 in the amount of 0,4 kg per one head and day. The group No. 3 was extra served by the nutritive supplement containing protected lysine. The animals were weighted at the beginning of the experiment and in the process of slaughter at the age of sixteen months. Fifteen heads of cattle were randomly chosen from every group and they were slaughtered during three days - five at a day from each of group. The animals were transported to the slaughterhouse afterwards where the slaughter preparation was done according to the JUT´s (The Slaughter Preparation of meat stock classification) and the SEUROP´s (The System of Slaughter Preparation of meat stock classification) rules. The differences were statistically compared. Beyond the task the economical evaluation of profitability of complementary food and nutritive supplement admixture to the feeding ration and the slaughter processing effectivity has been made.

This thesis describes experimental work conducted to define factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer, and discusses facets of the Australian venison processing sector with respect to its capacity to improve the quality of venison. Data was collected on 1804 deer slaughtered experimentally (n equals 494) or at commercial works (n equals 1310) in a range of different slaughter systems. The study showed that a number of factors contribute to the expression of ecchymosis in the carcases of slaughtered deer, and the tailoring of slaughter procedures to suit particular slaughter systems is likely to reduce the extent to which ecchymosis occurs. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

On the Canadian prairies, organic production generally includes the use of annual green manure (GrM) crops, which are terminated using tillage to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil. However, in a GrM plough-down year, farmers face loss of income. As an alternative to growing traditional GrM crops, legumes can be grown alone or intercropped with cereals and harvested as green feed forage (GF) for use on-farm or for sale to other producers without depleting soil nitrogen (N) for the subsequent crop. We hypothesized that the GF system would have similar biomass, and N yield, and ultimately would return N into the soil. Furthermore, by intercropping a legume with a cereal, biological N2-fixation will be enhanced in the legume.<p> Field experiments, conducted over two years, were established at Vonda and Delisle, Saskatchewan, Canada. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and four replicates in which field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> cv 40-10 silage pea), oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.cv AC Morgan), and triticale (X <i>Triticosecale</i> Wittmack cv Pika) were grown alone or in combination and managed as GrM or GF. Wheat and tillage fallow served as cropped and uncropped controls, respectively. The tillage fallow-control system was tilled twice in the growing season using a small tractor disc. The intercropped oat was seeded at three densities (50, 100, and 150 plants m-2) to determine whether increasing cereal density stimulated N2-fixation in the field pea.<p> The GrM system was sampled and incorporated (when the field pea was at full bloom) two weeks earlier than the GF system. Consequently, at both sites, all treatments in the GF system consistently yielded more dry matter and accumulated more N than treatments in the GrM system. At the Delisle site, where percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was compared, increasing cereal density did not increase N2-fixation in both management systems. However, pea in the GF system accumulated more than twice the amount of N (kg ha-1) from fixation as compared to pea in the GrM system, presumably because of the longer growth period.<p> Wheat grown following the GrM treatments produced more biomass and accumulated more N than wheat following the GF treatments. Wheat grown after the monoculture field pea as a GrM had greater yield than all treatments. As well, the GrM system returned more N to the soil than did the GF system. The extra two weeks of growth in the GF system resulted in the extraction of significant amounts of nutrients and probably moisture from the soil, which adversely affected yield and nutrient composition of the following wheat crop.<p> Although organic farmers may lose income in the plough-down year, on a longterm soil sustainability basis, the GrM system is a better option than the GF system as it returns nutrients to the soil, thus providing improved plant biomass, and N accumulation of subsequent crops. However, organic farmers growing GF for hay may benefit from the increased productivity of this system on a short-term basis. Thus, farmers pursuing GF options may need to adopt other means of sustaining soil productivity on a longer term. The tilled fallow-control system resulted in high amounts of biomass and N accumulation by the subsequent wheat crop, probably due to the fact that there were no nutrients taken up in the previous year and moisture was conserved in these treatments. However, this system may have less long-term benefits compared to the GrM regime, as no nutrients are returned through ploughing down a crop.

On the Canadian prairies, organic production generally includes the use of annual green manure (GrM) crops, which are terminated using tillage to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil. However, in a GrM plough-down year, farmers face loss of income. As an alternative to growing traditional GrM crops, legumes can be grown alone or intercropped with cereals and harvested as green feed forage (GF) for use on-farm or for sale to other producers without depleting soil nitrogen (N) for the subsequent crop. We hypothesized that the GF system would have similar biomass, and N yield, and ultimately would return N into the soil. Furthermore, by intercropping a legume with a cereal, biological N2-fixation will be enhanced in the legume.<p> Field experiments, conducted over two years, were established at Vonda and Delisle, Saskatchewan, Canada. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and four replicates in which field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> cv 40-10 silage pea), oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.cv AC Morgan), and triticale (X <i>Triticosecale</i> Wittmack cv Pika) were grown alone or in combination and managed as GrM or GF. Wheat and tillage fallow served as cropped and uncropped controls, respectively. The tillage fallow-control system was tilled twice in the growing season using a small tractor disc. The intercropped oat was seeded at three densities (50, 100, and 150 plants m-2) to determine whether increasing cereal density stimulated N2-fixation in the field pea.<p> The GrM system was sampled and incorporated (when the field pea was at full bloom) two weeks earlier than the GF system. Consequently, at both sites, all treatments in the GF system consistently yielded more dry matter and accumulated more N than treatments in the GrM system. At the Delisle site, where percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was compared, increasing cereal density did not increase N2-fixation in both management systems. However, pea in the GF system accumulated more than twice the amount of N (kg ha-1) from fixation as compared to pea in the GrM system, presumably because of the longer growth period.<p> Wheat grown following the GrM treatments produced more biomass and accumulated more N than wheat following the GF treatments. Wheat grown after the monoculture field pea as a GrM had greater yield than all treatments. As well, the GrM system returned more N to the soil than did the GF system. The extra two weeks of growth in the GF system resulted in the extraction of significant amounts of nutrients and probably moisture from the soil, which adversely affected yield and nutrient composition of the following wheat crop.<p> Although organic farmers may lose income in the plough-down year, on a longterm soil sustainability basis, the GrM system is a better option than the GF system as it returns nutrients to the soil, thus providing improved plant biomass, and N accumulation of subsequent crops. However, organic farmers growing GF for hay may benefit from the increased productivity of this system on a short-term basis. Thus, farmers pursuing GF options may need to adopt other means of sustaining soil productivity on a longer term. The tilled fallow-control system resulted in high amounts of biomass and N accumulation by the subsequent wheat crop, probably due to the fact that there were no nutrients taken up in the previous year and moisture was conserved in these treatments. However, this system may have less long-term benefits compared to the GrM regime, as no nutrients are returned through ploughing down a crop.

Lietuvoje danielius parkuose pradėta laikyti nuo XVII – XIX a. Po antrojo pasaulinio karo manoma buvo išnykę. 1976-1977 m. Iki 1988 metu Lietuvoje buvo įrengti 9 aptvarai kuriuose buvo veisiami danieliai ir iš kurių kilo laisvėje Lietuvoje gyvenantys danieliai. Lietuvoje per paskutinius dešimt metų laikotarpį danielių pagausėjo. oficialiais apskaitos duomenimis 1997 metais vienuolikoje rajonų danielių buvo 470, 2008 m. duomenimis dvylikoje rajonų buvo suskaičiuoti 720 danieliai. 1997 m. 5 aptvaruose buvo laikoma 81 danieliai. Aptvarų skaičius per 10 metų smarkiai išaugo. 2007 m. užregistruoti 32 aptvarai kuriuose laikomų danielių skaičius sudarė 1019 individai. Laisvėje esančių danielių populiacija Anykščių rajone didėjo nuo 1993 m. (14 individų) iki 2008 m. (80 individų). Nuo 2007 metų fiksuojami jau ir Utenos (10 danielių) rajone. Danielių padėtis elninių žvėrių gildijoje Anykščių rajone 2005 – 2007 metais sudarė 23,4%; stirnų 74,2%; tauriųjų elnių 2,2%; briedžių 0.1%. Danielių bandos struktūrą sudaro: 24,4% patinai, 54,7% patelės, 21% jaunikliai. Labai svarbus danieliams yra papildomas šėrimas. Beveik pusė (46%) danielių pėdsakų transektose randami 100 metrų atstumu nuo šėryklos, o tolstant mažėja: 500 metrų atstumu – 29%, 1000 metrų atstumu – 25%. Tuo tarpų stirnoms šėrimo įtaka yra mažiau juntama. / In Lithuania, fallow-deer appeared in parks at the 17-19 c. Supposedly they disappeared after the Second World War. In 1976-1977 up to 1988, 9 warrens were set up where fallow-deer were bred which gave start for fallow deer living in freedom in Lithuania. Under the last ten years in Lithuania, fallow deer increased in number. According to official data, in 1997, in eleven districts fallow deer amounted to 470, while in 2008, they amounted to 720 in twelve districts. In 1997, there were 81 fallow deer in 5 warrens. In 10 years the warrens increased intensely in number. In 2007, 32 warrens were registered, where the fallow deer amounted to 1019. The population of fallow deer living in freedom in Anykščiai district has been increasing since 1993 (14 fallow deer) to 2008 (80 fallow deer). Since 2007, they have been registered even in Utena district (10 fallow deer). The amount of fallow deer among cervine animals in Anykščiai district in 2005-2007 made up 23,4%; roes - 74,2%; red deer 2,2%; moose 0.1%. The structure of fallow deer‘s bevy is as follows: 24,4% bucks, 54,7% does, 21% calves. Additional feeding is very important to fallow deer. Almost half (46%) of fallow deer‘s traces in trans-sects are found at the distance of 100 m from feeding place, and the amount is decreasing at the larger distance: at the distance of 500 m – 29%, at the distance of 1000 m – 25%. The impact of feeding on roes is minimal.

Darbo objektas. Danieliai gyvenantys Raseinių urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miške ir aptvare. Darbo tikslas - Ištirti danielių aklimatizacijos eiga Raseinių miškų urėdijoje. Darbo metodai - Gyvenamosios aplinkos tinkamumo vertinimas Danielių kiekybinė ir kokybinė apskaita aptvare prie šėryklos Laisvėje gyvenančių danielių apskaita pagal ekskrementus. Danielių žievės laupymo poveikio įvertinimas žėliniams, želdiniams ir medynams. Darbo rezultatai. Raseinių miškų urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miško masyvo plotas yra tinkamas danielių populiacijai gyventi. Gyvenamoji aplinka yra įvertinta 65 balais, o šis balų skaičius parodo, kad danielių gyvenamoji aplinka priklauso vidutinių plotų kategorijai. Aptvare gyvena I – III amžiaus grupės patinai, ir I – IV amžiaus grupės patelės. Daugiausia gyvena III amžiaus grupės patinų (50% nuo visos bandos), o patelių daugiausia gyvena I ir III amžiaus grupių kurios sudaro 57,2% nuo visų aptvare gyvenančių patelių. Danieliai sėkmingai aklimatizavosi ir veisiasi, kasmet danielių skaičius didėja, 2008 metais laisvėje gyveno13 danielių (2 patinai, 7 patelės, 4 jaunikliai), o 2010 metais laisvėje gyvena 40 danielių (8 patinai, 14 patelių 18 jauniklių). Vidutinis danielių poveikio žėliniams, želdiniams ir tiksliniams medynams laupymo intensyvumas Blinstrubiškių miške yra 5,1%. / Object of work. Fallow-deer living in Blinstrubiškės Forest and enclosure of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District. Objective of work – to examine the course of fallow-deer naturalization in the territory of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise. Methods of work – Assessment of the suitability of dwelling surroundings Quantitative and qualitative counting of fallow-deer in the enclosure by the feeding place Counting of freely-roaming fallow-deer by excrements. Impact evaluation of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands. Findings of work. The area of Blinstrubiškės Forest expanse in Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District is suitable for the dwelling of fallow-deer population. The dwelling surroundings were rated at 65 points, ascribing the dwelling surroundings of fallow-deer to the category of moderate areas. The enclosure contains bucks of age category I – III and does of age category I – IV. Mostly these are bucks of age category III (50 % of the entire herd), and does of age category I and III, comprising 57.2 % of all does living within the enclosure. The fallow-deer have successfully naturalized and keep breeding. The number of fallow-deer increases annually: in 2008 there were 13 fallow-deer living in freedom (2 bucks, 7 does, 4 calves), and in 2010 there were 40 (8 bucks, 14 does, 18 calves). Average impact intensity of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands in Blinstrubiškės forest... [to full text]

Aktuell gibt es für Selen (Se) keine Bedarfsempfehlungen für das Damwild (Dama dama) in Gehegehaltung. Diese Studie soll die typische Se-Aufnahme bei Gehegehaltung von Damwild ermitteln und klären, welche Parameter sich eignen, um die Se-Versorgung des Damwildes zu reflektieren. Dazu wurden 19 Damhirsche in zwei Gruppen unter identischen Bedingungen gehalten. Die Tiere ernährten sich von dem natürlichen Grasaufwuchs und Mischfutter (0,15 mg/kg TS bzw. 1,07 - 1,91 mg/kg TS). In Blut, Plasma und die Organen wurden der Se-Gehalt, die Aktivität der Se-abhängigen Glutathionperoxidase (GPx) sowie teilweise die Gesamt-GPx-Aktivität (gesGPx), die Aktivität der Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) und die Expression verschiedener GPx analysiert. Durch die Se-Supplementierung wurden ein signifikanter Anstieg des Plasma-Se in der Versuchsgruppe und ein moderater Unterschied der Vollblut-Se-Konzentration sowie der Vollblut-GPx-Aktivität zwischen der Kontroll- und der Versuchsgruppe beobachtet (p = 0,08). Außerdem wurde in allen Organen der Versuchsgruppe ein höherer Se-Gehalt als in der Kontrollgruppe festgestellt. In der Hierarchie der untersuchten Organe ist die Niere am höchsten angeordnet, absteigend folgen der Herz- und Skelettmuskel, die Milz und die Leber. Eine Se-Aufnahme von 0,05 - 0,08 mg/kg TS führt beim Damwild nicht zur Ausprägung von Se-Mangelsymptomen und stellt daher eine ausreichende Se-Versorgung dar. Die Empfehlungen zur Se-Versorgung für Damwild sind somit nicht von Hauswiederkäuern zu übernehmen. Im Plasma und im Vollblut scheinen Se-Konzentrationen von 28 - 64 µg/l und 81 - 200 µg/l für eine ausreichende Se-Versorgung zu sprechen, in der Leber Se-Konzentrationen von 270 - 663 µg/kg TS.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.