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The topic of this study is to develop a battery capacity management system. The main purpose is to monitor the state of battery during charging and discharging. Form this, user can know the battery status and to avoid loss of data before sudden system power down caused by a spent battery. Different states of battery were collected in different conditions by a battery measurement system, after which characteristics were analyzed. A fast-charge and residual capacity estimation system was developed according to the battery characteristics. The fast-charge system is a technique that emphasizes not only fastness charging but also safety. In this study a fast-charge end method was adopted to terminate the fast charging state of the battery and the initial state had been estimated before charging. Furthermore, the battery was charged with the optimum method according to the battery initial state. That can recover the capacity of the battery within a short period without causing any side effects from repeated usage. The residual capacity estimation system works by first estimating the initial capacity of the batteries, and then recording the current of batteries continuously using the coulomb counting method to make compensation for the effects of battery aging, environmental temperature, self-discharging, and output current.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1517568 bytes, checksum: a6cac1f3e9aad558237c5fdc4a2cf439 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to experimentally examine the dynamics of sorption during the loading process of natural gas in an adsorptive column, filled with activated charcoal, for storage of natural gas. The column represents an element of a tank car adsorptive multitubular that allows the movement of gas through a heat exchanger external to the dissipation of heat generated in the adsorption bed during the exothermal porous load of gas. A bench trial was mounted and instrumented for the acquisition of thermograms in the column, the pressure drop and mass flow of gas. The experimental results were compared with results of numerical simulation. Depending on the flow rate applied, the time of loading of the system can vary between 50 and 250 seconds. These times are considered satisfactory for rapid loading conditions. Finally, the results show that the velocity of the gas can vary significantly, depending on the pressure and flow applied. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar experimentalmente a dinâmica de sorção durante processo de carga de gás natural em uma coluna adsortiva, preenchida com carvão ativado, para armazenamento de gás natural. A coluna representa um elemento de um tanque automotivo adsortivo multitubular que permite a circulação do gás através de um trocador de calor externo necessário para a dissipação do calor de adsorção gerado no leito poroso durante o processo exotérmico de carga de gás. Uma bancada experimental foi montada e instrumentada para permitir a obtenção de termogramas no interior da coluna, queda de pressão e vazão mássica do gás. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com resultados de simulação numérica. Dependendo da vazão aplicada, o tempo de carga desse sistema pode variar entre 50 e 250 segundos. Esses tempos são considerados satisfatórios para condições de carga rápida. Finalmente, os resultados mostram que a velocidade do gás pode variar significativamente, dependendo da pressão e da vazão aplicada.

This work develops three models for simulation of the high-current operation of Li-ion batteries. Simulation as a tool can provide understanding beyond what experiments can offer. Different types of electrodes such as graphite, silicon, and NMC are modeled to study cell performance and aging under aggressive operating conditions. The first part of this work focuses on the effect of electrode microscale lateral heterogeneity on the degradation of conventional Li-ion batteries, especially for fast-charge applications. The non-uniform pore distribution leads to the nonuniform current density and state of charge (SoC), which can finally result in non-uniform Li plating and aging. The interactions of electrode regions a few mm away from each other with different ionic conductivity are simulated by combining conventional models in parallel with submodels to treat additional physics. The onset and growth of lithium metal deposits on the anode are predicted. The next topic is to investigate the structure of multilayer anodes (MLA) consisting of two layers in the through-plane direction with different ionic resistances. The model is intended to simulate a commercially made cell. Simulation results demonstrate that coating a higher-density layer near the current collector and a lower-density layer near the separator provides improved accessibility to active material during cell fast charge through better ionic transport. In addition, the improved anode further augments the cathode performance in high-current discharges, leading to greater energy density and power density of the cell. The last topic is to develop a numerically efficient mechanical and electrochemical model for silicon anodes. Silicon has a much higher energy density than graphite as a material for the anode; however, it undergoes high volume expansion and contraction ($\sim$ 280\%) which affects cell thickness and electrode ionic transport. The mechanical model treats these volume-change phenomena in a continuum fashion and is integrated into a P2D model of a Si half cell. As shown by the model, the external casing material of such cells can improve or restrict electrode utilization. Different cell designs are simulated to predict the degree of lithiation.

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The swift shift of the automotive industry towards electrification is primarily propelled by technological advancements in battery technology. To stay competitive and meet the new demands of the industry, there is a crucial need for novel ideas and innovation. Higher energy density and lower cost makes Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) competitive and affordable for a wider range of customers. Component space requirements inside a BEV as well as the growing trend towards increasing the voltage of the system from 400 V to 800 V poses new challenges that has to be overcome. Mechanical contactors have the advantage of being simple and easy to use, with low conductive losses. However, they have some drawbacks, such as poor performance when switching under load, limitedability to interrupt fault currents and large controlpower usage. To address these issues, a bidirectional MOSFET configuration can be used to replace the current system. This configuration provides enhanced abilities to quickly suppress fault current, improve robustness, eliminate mechanical failure points, and perform pre-charge sequences without the need for a dedicated branch. Additionally, this configuration maintains current performance in a smaller volume. Within the Battery distribution unit (BDU), this configuration replaces several components, such as thermal fuses, HV contactors, pre-charge relays,pre-charge resistors, and breaker/pyro-fuses with high voltage solid-state components. This study aims to propose potential mitigation methods through a combination of literature survey and comprehensive analysis using Simscape/-MATLAB Simulink models of a fully operational BDU utilizing readily available market components for a 1.2 kV system. The developed model illustrates the thermaland electrical performance of solid-state components in diverse testing scenarios, while maintaining their expected lifecycle. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted using the proposed model to identify themost crucial design parameters within the system. The resulting system performs satisfactory during normal operations, albeit with ten times higher conductive losses attributed to the elevated junction resistance when compared to contactors.Consequently, additional cooling measures are required during harsh operations and DC fast charge. However, the required magnitization energy for a contactor does over time equate or even surpass the MOSFETs conductive losses. The design has established the feasibility of leveraging the primary switchfor pre-charge sequence execution, thus eliminating the need for a dedicated pre-charge branch. The system exhibits strong potential for interrupting both resistive and direct shorts at various locations in the model. However, the low system inductance and the need to avoid introducing any additional inductance into the system renders fault scenarios heavily dependent on said parameter. In conclusion, the proposed model exhibits considerable potential to eliminate numerous auxiliary components therefore reducing losses and offer a more adaptable and consolidated solution. Resulting in a smaller physical footprint and more favorable positioning within the BDU. Moreover, the financial analysis of the system highlights promising prospects for its integration into the drivetrain with the growingmarket trends.

Graphene-directed two-dimensional (2D) nitrogen-doped porous carbon frameworks (GPF) as the hosts for sulfur were constructed via the ionothermal polymerization of 1,4-dicyanobenzene directed by the polyacrylonitrile functionalized graphene nanosheets. As cathodes for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, the prepared GPF/sulfur nanocomposites exhibited a high capacity up to 962 mA h g⁻¹ after 120 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹. A high reversible capacity of 591 mA h g⁻¹ was still retained even at an extremely large current density of 20 A g⁻¹. Such impressive electrochemical performance of GPF should benefit from the 2D hierarchical porous architecture with an extremely high specific surface area, which could facilitate the efficient entrapment of sulfur and polysulfides and afford rapid charge transfer, fast electronic conduction as well as intimate contact between active materials and the electrolyte during cycling.