In the present thesis, we have explored multiple aspects concerning the stochasticity of magnetic domain wall motion during magnetization reversal, all of which originated from our initial study of magnetic field sensing using planar Hall effect. Magnetic field sensors occupy a very important and indispensable position in modern technology. They can be found everywhere, from cellphones to automobiles, electric motors to computer hard disks. At present there are several emerging areas of technology, including biotechnology, which require magnetic field sensors which are at the same time simple to use, highly sensitive, robust under environmental conditions and sufficiently low cost to be deployed on a large scale. Magnetic field sensing using planar Hall effect is one such feasible technology, which we have explored in the course of the thesis. The work was subsequently expanded to cover some fundamental aspects of the stochasticity of domain wall motion, studied with planar Hall effect, which forms the main body of work in the present study. In Chapter 1, we give an introduction to the phenomenology of planar Hall effect, which is the most important measurement technique used for all the subsequent studies. Some early calculations, which had first led to the understanding of anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall effect as being caused by spin-orbit interaction are discussed. In Chapter 2, we discuss briefly the experimental techniques used in the present study for sample growth and fabrication, structural and magnetic characterization, and measurement. We discuss pulsed laser ablation, which is the main technique used for our sample growth. Particular emphasis is given to the instrumentation that was carried out in-house for MOKE and low field magnetotransport (AMR and PHE) measurement. This includes an attempt at domain wall imaging through MOKE microscopy. Some of the standard equipments used for this work, such as the SQUID magnetometer and the acsusceptometer are also discussed in detail. In Chapter 3 we discuss our work on planar Hall sensors that led to the fabrication of a device with a very simple architecture, having transfer characteristics of 650V/A.T in a range of _2Oe. The sensing material was permalloy (Ni81Fe19), and the value had been obtained without using an exchange biased pinning layer. Field trials showed that the devices were capable of geomagnetic field sensing, as well as vehicle detection by sensing the anomaly in Earth's magnetic field caused by their motion. Its estimated detection threshold of 2.5nT made it well suited for several other applications needing high sensitivity in a small area, the most prominent of them being the detection of macromolecules of bio-medical significance. Chapter 4: The work on Barkhausen noise was prompted by reproducibility problems faced during the sensor construction, both between devices as well as within the same device. Study of the stochastic properties led us to the conclusion that the devices could be grouped into two classes: one where the magnetization reversal occurred in a single step, and the other where it took a 0staircase0 like path with multiple steps. This led us to simulations of Barkhausen noise using nucleation models like the RFIM whence it became apparent that the two different groups of samples could be mapped into two regimes of the RFIM distinguished by their magnetization reversal mode. In the RFIM, the nature of the hysteresis loop depends on the degree of disorder, with a crossover happening from single-step switching to multi-step switching at a critical disorder level. Appropriate changes also appear in the Barkhausen noise statistics due to this disorder-induced crossover. By studying the Barkhausen noise statistics for our permalloy samples and comparing them with simulations of the RFIM, we found nearly exact correspondence between the two experimental groups with the two classes resulting from crossing the critical disorder. What remained was to quantify the 0disorder0 level of our samples, which was done through XRD, residual resistivity and a study of electron-electron interaction effects in the resistivity. All these studies led to the conclusion that the samples reversing in multiple steps were more 0defective0 than the other group, at par with the model predictions. This completed the picture with respect to the modeling of the noise. In experiments, it was found that a high rate of film deposition yielded less 0defective0 samples, which severed as an important input for the sensor construction. These results can be viewed from a somewhat broader perspective if we consider the present scenario in the experimental study of Barkhausen noise, or crackling noise in general. Two classes of models exist for such phenomena: front propagation models and nucleation models. Both appear to be very successful when it comes to experiments with bulk materials, while the comparison with experiments on thin films is rather disappointing. It is still not clear whether the models are at fault or the experiments themselves. Through our study, we could demonstrate that there can be considerable variation in the Barkhausen noise character of the same material deposited in the same way, and what was important was the degree of order at the microscopic level. This may be a relevant factor when experimental papers report non-universality of Barkhausen noise in thin films, which can now be interpreted as either insufficient defects or a sample area too small for the study. Chapter 5: Defects in a sample are not the only cause for stochastic behavior during magnetization. In most cases, random thermal 0events0 are also an important factor determining the path to magnetization reversal, which was also true for our permalloy samples. We studied the distribution of the external fields at which magnetization reversal took place in our samples, and tried to explain it in terms of the popular Neel-Brown model of thermal excitation over the anisotropy barrier. The analysis showed that even though the coercivity behaved 0correctly0 in terms of the model predictions, the behavior of the distribution width was anomalous. Such anomalies were common in the literature on switching field distributions, but there seemed to be no unified explanation, with different authors coming up with their own 0exotic0 explanations. We decided to investigate the simplest situations that could result in such a behavior, and through some model-based calculations, came to the conclusion that one of the causes of the anomalies could be the different magnitudes of barrier heights/anisotropy fields experienced by the magnetic domain wall when the reversal occurs along different paths. Though an exact match for the behavior of the distribution width could not be obtained, the extended Neel-Brown model was able to produce qualitative agreement. Chapter 6 contains a study of some interesting 0geometrical0 effects on Barkhausen noise of iron thin films. By rotating the applied magnetic field out-of plane, we could observe the same single-step to multi-step crossover in hysteresis loop nature that was brought about by varying disorder in Chapter 4. We could explain this through simulations of a random anisotropy Ising model, which, apart from exhibiting the usual disorder induced crossover, showed a transition from sub-critical to critical hysteresis loops when the external field direction was rotated away form the average anisotropy direction. Once again, simulation and experiment showed very good agreement in terms of the qualitative behavior. In the second part of this chapter, a study of exchange biased Fe-FeMn system was carried out, where it was observed that the reversal mode has been changed from domain wall motion to coherent rotation. Barkhausen noise was also suppressed. Though many single-domain models existed for this type of reversal, our system was not found to be strictly compatible with them. The disagreement was with regard to the nature of the hysteresis, which, if present, had to be a single step process for a single domain model. The disagreement was naturally attributed to interaction with the nearby magnetic moments, to verify which, simulations were done with a simplified micromagnetic code, which produced excellent agreement with experiment. In Chapter 7, we have studied the temporal properties of Barkhausen avalanches, to compare the duration distributions with simulation. We had used a permalloy sample that was sub-critical according to avalanche size distributions, and our measurement was based on magneto-optic Kerr effect. We measured duration distributions which showed a similar manifestation of finite-size effects as were shown by the size distributions. The power law exponent was calculated, which was deemed 0reasonable0 upon comparison simulations of the sub-critical RFIM. Appendix A contains a study of high-field magnetoresistance of permalloy, which shows that the dominant contribution to magnetoresistance is the suppression of electron-magnon scattering. An interesting correlation is observed between the magnetization of samples and an exchange stiffness parameter d1, that was extracted from magnetoresistance measurements. Here we also re-visit our earlier observation of permalloy thin films possessing a resistance minimum at low temperature. The origin of this minimum is attributed to electron-electron interaction. Appendix B contains the source codes for most of the important programs used for simulation and data analysis. The programs are written in MATLAB and FORTRAN 95. LabView programs used for data acquisition and analysis are not included due to space requirements to display their graphical source codes. Appendix C discusses the studies on a disordered rare-earth oxide LaMnO3. The re-entrant glassy phase is characterized with ac susceptibility and magnetization measurements to extract information about the nature of interactions between the magnetic 0macrospins0 in the system. Appendix D deals with electron scattering experiments performed with spinpolarized electrons (SPLEED) from clean metal surfaces in UHV. A study of the scattering cross sections as a function of energy and scattering angle provides information about spin-orbit and exchange interactions of the electrons with the surface atoms, and can answer important questions pertaining to the electronic and magnetic structure of surfaces. In the course of this study, planar Hall effect is seen to emerge as a powerful tool to study the magnetic state of a thin film, so that it is interesting to apply it to thin films of other materials such as oxides, where magnetization noise studies are next to nonexistent. What also emerged is that there is still a lot of richness present in the details of supposedly well-understood magnetization phenomena, some of which we have explored in this thesis in the context of stochastic magnetization processes.

Cette thèse porte sur le vieillissement des grands ouvrages en béton armé et précontraint dotés d’une fonction de confinement comme les bâtiments réacteurs des centrales nucléaires. Elle vise en particulier l'analyse probabiliste de l’évolution de leurs états de fissuration et de perméabilité dans le temps sous chargements Thermo-Hydro-Mécaniques (THM) simultanés et variables. L’étanchéité de telles structures est due à la faible perméabilité du béton mais reste conditionnée surtout par la maîtrise de la fissuration. Or, l'évolution de la perméabilité, l'apparition des fissures et leur propagation dépendent fortement de plusieurs aléas (les conditions de mise en œuvre, la variabilité spatio-temporelle des propriétés du béton et des chargements THM subis par la structure, etc.). Ainsi, la prise en compte de ces aléas dans les modèles numériques de vieillissement est une nécessité afin de permettre une meilleure évaluation de la performance de la structure dans son état présent et, surtout, permettre une prévision plus précise et plus fiable de son état futur. Pour y parvenir, cette thèse propose une stratégie globale de modélisation stochastique Thermo-Hydro-Mécanique avec post-traitement de la Fuite (THM-F), à l’échelle de Volumes Structurels Représentatifs, adaptée à la complexité du problème traité, au nombre important de paramètres THM-F intervenant dans les calculs et à son coût numérique. En particulier, les points suivants sont traités :(a) Modélisation du vieillissement tenant compte des effets de jeune âge : La modélisation des phénomènes de vieillissement est basée sur un modèle THM-F chaîné. En particulier, la modélisation proposée de la fissuration repose sur le couplage des lois d’échelle énergétique et des champs aléatoires autocorrélés selon une formulation locale, régularisée et vieillissante de l’endommagement. Cela permet une meilleure évaluation du risque de fissuration tant d’un point de vue qualitatif que quantitatif. Par conséquent, la prévision de l’étanchéité est aussi améliorée.(b) Identification des paramètres THM-F les plus influents : En appliquant une méthode d’analyse de sensibilité de type OFAT (One-Factor-At-a-Time) au modèle THM-F retenu, l’effet de la variabilité des différents paramètres en entrée sur la réponse numérique est quantifié. Cela permet de hiérarchiser les effets et de classifier les paramètres selon leur importance vis-à-vis du vieillissement (particulièrement en termes de fissuration et d’étanchéité).(c) Analyse de la propagation d’incertitudes THM-F : Des méthodes basées sur les surfaces de réponse (plans d’expérience adaptatifs, chaos polynomiaux) sont proposées pour construire des méta-modèles THM-F et analyser la propagation d’incertitudes moyennant un coût et une précision raisonnables. Étant donné la nature explicite des méta-modèles, la méthode de Monte Carlo est directement appliquée pour accéder à des fonctions de répartition, des indicateurs de sensibilité globaux et des analyses de fiabilité.L’applicabilité du modèle stochastique THM-F proposé aux grands ouvrages de confinement en béton armé et précontraint est évaluée en se basant sur la maquette VeRCoRs (enceinte de confinement à l’échelle 1 :3) selon des critères de représentativité physique du comportement et des mesures d’incertitudes simulés et de coût numérique. / Concrete is a heterogeneous, multiphasic and ageing material. Consequently, its properties show intrinsically spatiotemporal variations. For large reinforced and prestressed concrete structures such as Nuclear Containment Buildings (NCB), these variations directly affect the kinetic of their ageing process in terms of cracking, drying, creep and tightness. They also lead, within the structure's volume, to a non-negligible spatial heterogeneity of the concrete's behavior to the applied Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) loads during the operational lifespan. Consequently, the introduction of such variations in numerical models is a mandatory step to enhance the assessment of these structures’ present behavior and the accuracy of predictive analyses of their future one. With that aim in view, the thesis suggests a global coupling strategy of THM-L models (Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical with Leakage estimation) and non-intrusive stochastic approaches adapted for the strongly non-linear and time consuming simulations of ageing phenomena and the large number of inputs they require. Applied to the VeRCoRs mock-up (1:3 scaled containment building) at the scale of Representative Structural Volumes (RSV), this thesis addresses the following issues:(a) RSV-based modeling of concrete ageing from the early age phase: The modeling of concrete’s ageing is based on a staggered Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical with Leakage evaluation (THM-L) strategy. In particular, concrete cracking is modeled according to a Stochastic Size Effect Law (SSEL) and a regularized, local, ageing and damage-based constitutive model. The spatial heterogeneity of the concrete's properties (mainly the Young's modulus) is described using Random Fields (RF). This leads to a better description of concrete cracking both qualitatively and quantitatively. Accordingly, the modeling of the structural tightness is also improved.(b) Most influential THM-L parameters: Using a 1st order sensitivity analysis strategy (One-Factor-At-a-Time OFAT perturbation method), the relative effect of the THM-F parameters on the computed behavior is quantified. The obtained results show a hierarchized list of the most influential parameters and their associated physical phenomena. A selection is then achieved to keep relevant parameters only for uncertainty propagation step and higher-order sensitivity analyses throughout the THM-L coupling path.(c) Uncertainties propagation through THM-L calculation steps: Surface Response Methods (SRM) are used to define the associated RSV-based THM-L meta-models. For the stochastic modeling of concrete’s cracking an original Adaptive-SRM-based algorithm is suggested. Whereas for continuous THM-L quantities, a Polynomial Chaos based strategy is retained. Finally, as the meta-models are explicit within a defined and bounded domain, crude Monte Carlo Method is applied, at low cost, aiming at the CDFs and the reliability analysis of the considered variables of interest.Eventually, the suggested SFEM shall lead operators to a better quantification of uncertainties related to the behavior of their strategic civil engineering structures. This remains a crucial step towards the enhancement of durability assessment and repair/maintenance operations planning.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La modificación a la Ley 19.496 de Protección de los Derechos de los Consumidores, efectuada por a Ley 19.955, introdujo, entre otras materias, un tipo abierto de cláusula abusiva. La mencionada modificación incluyó expresamente el concepto de “desequilibrio importante de las prestaciones” como noción fundamental para analizar si la cláusula incluida en un contrato de adhesión ofrecido a consumidores reviste o no el carácter de abusiva. Dispone al efecto la letra g) del artículo 16 de la Ley 19.496 lo siguiente: Artículo 16: No Producirán efecto alguno en los contratos de adhesión las cláusulas o estipulaciones que: g) En contra de las exigencias de la buena fe, atendiendo para estos efectos a parámetros objetivos, causen en perjuicio del consumidor un desequilibrio importante en los derechos y obligaciones que para las partes se deriven del contrato. Para ello se atenderá a la finalidad del contrato y a las disposiciones especiales o generales que lo rigen (…)”. Esta modificación permitió abrir la “lista negra” original contenida en el artículo 16 de la Ley 19.496 a nuevos supuestos no contemplados originalmente, entregando al juez herramientas para calificar el carácter abusivo de las cláusulas contractuales. En el presente trabajo se analiza el contenido de la letra g) del artículo 16 de la Ley 19.496, con especial énfasis en el sentido y alcance de los conceptos “desequilibrio importante”, “finalidad del contrato” y “disposiciones especiales o generales que lo rigen”, su relación con la noción de buena fe objetiva y la función que dichos elementos juegan en la protección de las expectativas del consumidor

En Lorraine, l’Orne, un affluent de la Moselle, a été affecté par une activité minière et industrielle qui s’est intensifiée depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle et au cours du XXe siècle. Les barrages, créés pour les besoins en eau de l’industrie, ont favorisé l’accumulation de dépôts sédimentaires contaminés en métaux. En effaçant les barrages qui ont perdu leur fonctionnalité première, le cours d’eau devrait retrouver un fonctionnement hydrologique plus naturel, requis par la directive cadre européenne sur l’eau (DCE 2000/60/CE). Les travaux de recherche présentés ont mis en évidence les différents dépôts sédimentaires dans la partie d’aval de l’Orne. Des sédiments ont été prélevés en surface et carottés afin d’être précisément caractérisés d’un point de vue minéralogique et géochimique. Ces analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence le caractère fortement contaminé des dépôts sédimentaires en présents en amont des barrages. De plus, il a été possible, de distinguer les contributions industrielles et naturelles. Ces contributions industrielles mettant en évidence une forte contribution de boues sidérurgiques. L’étude de la minéralogie du fer et de la spéciation du zinc a mis en évidence des marqueurs minéralogiques qui devraient permettre de tracer les sédiments contaminés au sein de la colonne d’eau lors de leur remise en suspension. L’étude de la spéciation chimique du Zn a montré que cet élément était essentiellement stocké sous forme de sulfures. La prédominance de la taille nanométrique à sub-micrométrique de ces sulfures renforce leur probabilité de remobilisation lors d’opérations de réaménagement du cours d’eau ou lors d’évènements hydrologiques intenses (crues) / The Orne River is a tributary of the Moselle River, located northeastern France. During the last two centuries, the Orne watershed was highly industrialized. The introduction of wastes or by-products into the river is highly anticipated. Based on industrial needs, some small dams were built. However, the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament strongly incite the removal of engineered structures (such as dams). This raises the question about the fate of contaminated sediment remobilization. The aims of this work are to identify the different sediment deposits along the Orne River. Surface sediments and sediment cores were collected along the Orne River. The sediments were then analyzed for water content, grain size distribution, pH, major and trace chemical composition using ICP-OES and ICP-MS, respectively, major crystalline minerals (XRD), micrometric (light microscope and SEM) and sub-micrometric (TEM) mineralogy, and Zn speciation at a molecular level (XANES). The chemical and mineralogical composition of the surface sediments revealed lithogenic as well as anthropogenic contributions. Interestingly, the sediment layers of the core collected upstream of the Beth dam showed fingerprints of the former steelmaking facilities. Those deposits were highly enriched in Fe, Zn and Pb, and were fingerprinted by crystalline iron minerals, and by newly formed Fe-aluminosilicates. TEM-EDXS and XANES at the Zn K-edge observations evidenced that Zn was mainly carried as sulfides, and to a lesser extent associated to Fe oxy-hydroxides and Fe-aluminosilicates. The remobilization of the contaminated sediments can then be traced by the unique mineralogical composition

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Michel Oliveira da Silva Dantas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Sensores de vacuo sao amplamente utilizados tanto no ambito industrial como no da pesquisa cientifica, pois possuem aplicacoes em diversas tecnicas de fabricacao e de analise, como a microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV), a litografia por feixe de eletrons, e a espectrometria de massa, entre outras. Dentre os diversos tipos de sensores de vacuo destacam-se os baseados em efeito de campo (FE - Field Emission Device), que sao dispositivos que emitem eletrons em vacuo na presenca de um elevado campo eletrico. A literatura destaca diversas vantagens destes dispositivos: operacao em temperatura ambiente, reducao de consumo de potencia e tensao de operacao, obtencao de altas densidades de correntes em areas reduzidas, e rapido tempo de resposta. Existem diversas tecnicas de microfabricacao que podem ser utilizadas para obtencao de dispositivos FE, destacando-se a tecnica HI-PS (gHydrogen Implantation . Porous Siliconh), que proporciona baixa complexidade e custo. No entanto, para obtencao de FEs com sistema anodo-catodo integrado, a tecnica HI-PS apresenta algumas limitacoes, como o elevado numero de etapas de processo, a necessidade de elevada temperatura e tempo de oxidacao, e principalmente a isolacao eletrica deficiente entre as estruturas do anodo e do catodo, propiciando a existencia de correntes de fuga pelo gcorpoh do dispositivo. Frente a estes problemas, este trabalho apresenta estrategias estudadas para aprimorar a tecnica HI-PS de microfabricacao de dispositivos de emissao de campo integrados. Visando a reducao do numero de etapas de processo e a eliminacao de defeitos, inicialmente, foi estudada a utilizacao de fotorresiste como mascara a implantacao ionica de hidrogenio. Esta estrategia se mostrou viavel, resultando na formacao seletiva de silicio poroso e na obtencao de micropontas (catodos) com altura em torno de 10 ¿Êm e diametro dos apices em torno de dezenas de nanometro, dimensoes estas atestadas por MEV. Tambem foi pesquisada a utilizacao de fotorresiste como camada dieletrica, que se mostrou inviavel para a aplicacao proposta devido aos valores de correntes de fuga relativamente elevados. Para melhorar a isolacao eletrica entre as estruturas do anodo e do catodo, a estrategia pesquisada foi a utilizacao de oxido de silicio poroso (Ox-PS) como camada dieletrica entre as referidas estruturas. Para obtencao do Ox-PS, foram estudados diferentes parametros de oxidacao, como temperatura, tempo de processo, gradiente de temperatura de oxidacao (pre-oxidacao), e processo de recozimento termico pos-oxidacao em ambiente Forming Gas. Para as caracterizacoes morfologicas do Ox-PS, foram analisados, por meio de microscopia otica, parametros como espessura, estabilidade estrutural, taxa de corrosao e oxidacao total da camada PS, sendo este ultimo realizado atraves da tecnica Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Para a caracterizacao eletrica da corrente de fuga, foram confeccionados dispositivos MOS, caracterizados eletricamente por aparato constituido por um analisador de parametros semicondutores. O Ox-PS obtido com T = 1000 ¿C, t = 1 h, e com recozimento termico pos-oxidacao em ambiente Forming Gas apresentou significativa reducao da corrente de fuga (de 30 nA para 0,125 nA), comprovando, deste modo, sua potencialidade para a aplicacao proposta. Ja na fabricacao do FE integrado, o Ox-PS obtido nestas condicoes apresentou elevada instabilidade estrutural, gerando a necessidade de implementar processos de pre-oxidacao para obtencao da estrutura anodo-catodo integrada. Atraves dos parametros adequados, foi finalmente comprovada a viabilidade da otimizacao da tecnica HI-PS atraves das estrategias estudadas, possibilitando a fabricacao do dispositivo FE integrado contendo micropontas de alturas de aproximadamente 10 micrometros e apices da ordem de dezenas de nanometros circundadas pela estrutura do anodo com distancias de separacao de aproximadamente 20 micrometros. Com a otimizacao dos processos de fabricacao, almeja-se futuramente implementar o dispositivo FE integrado obtido por HI-PS no desenvolvimento de sensores compactos e de baixo custo e complexidade de fabricacao. / Vacuum sensors are widely used in industry and in scientific research, because they can be applied in several fabrication and analysis techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), electron beam lithography and mass spectrometry, for example. Among the large number of vacuum sensors, we can highlight the Field Emission Devices (FE), which are devices that emit electrons in vacuum environment when submitted to a high electric field. The literature reports several advantages of these devices: operation at room temperature, low power consumption, high current densities in small areas, and fast response times. Several microfabrication techniques allow obtaining FE devices, including the HI-PS (Hydrogen Implantation ¿ Porous Silicon) technique, which is remarkable due to its low complexity and cost. However, HI-PS presents some limitations when applied to obtain FE with integrated anode-cathode system: high number of process steps, high temperature and oxidation times, and mainly the poor electrical insulation between anode-cathode structures, which results in leakage currents through the bulk of these devices. In this context, this work shows strategies to improve the HI-PS technique for microfabrication of integrated FE devices. First, we use photoresist as mask for hydrogen ion implantation aiming at defects elimination and reduction of process steps. This strategy resulted in the selective formation of porous silicon and in obtaining microtips (cathodes) with 10 ìm height and apex around tens of nanometers, as verified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, photoresist was tested as dielectric between anodecathode structures, but the high leakage current measured hindered the use of this material for the proposed application. The main strategy researched to improve the electrical insulation between anode-cathode structures was the use of oxidized porous silicon (Ox-PS) as dielectric. To obtain Ox-PS, we studied oxidation parameters such as temperature, time, pre-oxidation, and post-oxidation annealing. Optical Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to analyze morphological aspects such as thickness, stability, etch rates and full oxidation of PS layers. A semiconductor parameter analyzer was used to characterize the leakage current from fabricated MOS devices. The Ox-PS obtained with T = 1000 °C, t = 1 h, and post-oxidation annealing in Forming Gas environment showed remarkable decrease of leakage current in comparison to the other oxidation conditions (from 30 nA to 0,125 nA), which demonstrates potentiality for the proposed application. Additionally, a pre-oxidation process was introduced to improve structural stability of Ox-PS layers. After this implementation, the optimization viability of HI-PS technique was finally proved, allowing obtaining an integrated FE device with microtips with 10 micrometers height and apex about tens of nanometers surrounded by the anode structure. The separation distance between anode-cathode structures was about 20 micrometers. With the optimization of fabrication process, we intend to implement hereafter the integrated FE device obtained by HI-PS technique in the development of compact sensors with low cost and low fabrication complexity.

Ce travail porte sur la préparation et la caractérisation de catalyseurs bimétalliques Cu-Zn, Ni-Zn et Fe-Zn supportés sur TiO2 avec des rapports atomiques variables et sur l'étude de leurs propriétés catalytiques pour l'hydrogénation sélective d'hydrocarbures polyinsaturés. Les méthodes de co-dépôt-précipitation à l'urée (DPu) et co-dépôt-précipitation à pH fixe (DP8) ont été utilisées pour la préparation des matériaux. Les ions métalliques se déposent séquentiellement sur la surface de TiO2 (selon la séquence CuII < ZnII ?FeII <NiII) durant la méthode DPu, alors qu'ils se déposent simultanément en utilisant la méthode DP8. Après réduction de l'échantillon à une température appropriée (350°C pour Cu-Zn, 450°C pour Ni-Zn et 500°C pour Fe-Zn), les analyses par DRX et STEM-HAADF couplé à EDS ont montré que des nanoparticules bimétalliques étaient formées pour les systèmes Cu-Zn/TiO2 (alliage Cu3Zn1 ou Cu0.9Zn0.1) et Ni-Zn/TiO2 (alliage Ni1Zn1 ou Ni4Zn1) avec une taille moyenne de particule inférieure à 5 nm. Seul du fer métallique a été détecté par DRX dans le cas de Fe-Zn/TiO2. Zn est inactif pour l'hydrogénation sélective du butadiène et agit comme un modificateur des catalyseurs monométalliques dont l'activité suit la séquence: Cu < Fe < Ni. L'ajout de Zn diminue légèrement l'activité, influence la sélectivité en butènes, mais augmente fortement la stabilité des catalyseurs. Cette plus grande stabilité des catalyseurs bimétalliques a été attribuée à la formation d'une quantité inférieure de dépôt carboné pendant la réaction, ceci résultant de la modification de la taille des ensembles de surface du métal actif par alliage avec Zn. / This work investigates the preparation and characterization of titania-supported non-noble bimetallic Cu-Zn, Ni-Zn and Fe-Zn catalysts with various atomic ratios and their catalytic properties for the selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons. Co-deposition-precipitation with urea (DPu) and co-deposition-precipitation at fixed pH (DP8) methods were employed for the samples preparation. The metal ions were sequentially deposited onto the TiO2 surface (the sequence of pH for ions deposition being CuII < ZnII ≈FeII < NiII) during the DPu, while they were simultaneously deposited using DP8 method. After sample reduction at proper temperature (350 °C for Cu-Zn, 450 °C for Ni-Zn and 500 °C for Fe-Zn), XRD and STEM-HAADF coupled with EDS showed that bimetallic nanoparticles were formed in Cu-Zn/TiO2 (Cu3Zn1 or Cu0.9Zn0.1 alloy) and Ni-Zn systems (Ni1Zn1 or Ni4Zn1 alloy) with average particle size smaller than 5 nm. Only metallic Fe was detected by XRD in Fe-Zn/TiO2. Zn is inactive for butadiene selective hydrogenation, and acts as a modifier of the monometallic catalysts whose activity follows the sequence: Cu < Fe < Ni. The addition of Zn slightly decreases the activity and influences the selectivity to butenes, but provides much more stable catalysts. The higher stability of the bimetallic catalysts was ascribed to the formation of lower amount of carbonaceous species during the reaction, resulting from the change in the size of the active metal surface ensembles by alloying with Zn.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

This essay examines protection duties arising under a contract. Its doctrinal and comparative case-law development is very broad. In Peru, national doctrine has studied it from case-law specific cases. The purpose ofthis study is to develop the analysis of autonomy of these duties towards main and secondary obligations arose under contracts in order to give legal bases not only from Civil Law but also from Constitutional Law perspective. / El presente ensayo se refiere a los deberes de protección nacidos de contratos. El desarrollo doctrinal y jurisprudencial comparado de esta categoría es amplísimo. En el Perú, la doctrina nacional la ha estudiado apartir de casos concretos jurisprudenciales. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar la autonomía de estos deberes frente a las obligaciones principales y secundarias nacidas de contratos, con el fin de otorgarle una fundamentación no solo desde el derecho civil, sino también desde el derecho constitucional.

The article 2014 of the Civil Code has been recently modified.  In  order  to  make this decision, the legislator took in consideration two reasons: theaffirmation that the record entry doesn’t countswith its own substantivity, and that the necessityof adopting measures to fight against fraudulentacts that might affect the owners.Following this modification, the author presents a comparative analysis of the before and after of the option the legislator took, and takes position after putting himself in the side of third parties. From a juridical and economical point of view, he studies the modification and concludes that, apart from not resolving the problems it had to solve, generates damages that affect the third parties and the market. / El artículo 2014 del Código Civil ha sido recientemente modificado. Para tomar esta opción, el legislador se basó en dos razones: la afirmación deque el asiento registral no cuenta con sustantivi-dad propia, y la necesidad de adoptar una acciónpara combatir los actos fraudulentos que puedanafectar a los propietarios.A raíz de dicha modificación, el autor nos plantea un análisis comparativo del antes y después de di- cha opción del legislador, y toma una posición al respecto al colocarse en el lugar de los terceros. Desde un estudio tanto jurídico como económico de la modificación, concluye que ella, además de no resolver los problemas que se planteó solucio- nar, genera un perjuicio tanto a los terceros como al mercado.