Dissertation titled Optimization of the process from the perspektive of the public project sponsor indicates the procurement process both through public procurement, and primarily through PPP (Public Private Partnership). The main objective is to optimize the procurement process by PPP from the perspective of the owner. Therefore, under the general statutes of the Ministry of Finance is processed general process and design methodology for assessing the project within municipalities. This model is then verified in the context of case study in a specific project.

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The overall theme of this thesis is the study of sensory pain assessment and describes how digital pain mapping using standardized iconography can be used to help portray and understand the sensory pain experience. The research presented in this thesis is focused on the design, development, and use of a web-based sensory pain assessment tool for individuals with chronic pain called the Pain-QuILT. “QuILT” is an acronym describing the different parameters that are captured by the tool: pain quality, intensity, and location in a digital format that can be tracked over time. The central hypothesis guiding this work is that users of pain assessment tools will tend to favour a digital icon-based sensory pain mapping tool (‘PainQuILT’) over currently available sensory pain assessment tools. “Pain assessment tool” has been operationally defined as a standardized method for capturing information about an individual’s sensory pain experience. In this context, “users” include both individuals experiencing chronic pain and healthcare providers who seek to assess and understand pain. Research to date has focused on phased evaluation of the Pain-QuILT in the context of clinical sensory pain assessment for two distinct user groups: adolescents (aged 12 to 18 years) and adults (aged 19 years and older) with chronic pain. Each stage of research has generated and been informed by user feedback, leading to iterative improvements in tool functionality. Thus, as a whole, this body of work represents an evolving effort to improve the clinical assessment of sensory pain using the approach of icon-based pain mapping in a digital and visual format. Through the collective research presented in this thesis, we have affirmed that digital pain mapping using iconography is a viable solution to the clinical challenge of sensory pain assessment in adolescents and adults with chronic pain. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Transitioning to a low-carbon energy system includes deploying renewables such as wind power, which has been installed in Sweden since the 1980s. After a 20 to 25-year lifetime, a wind turbine´s end-of-life options come into play, therefore many of the turbines deployed in Sweden prior to 2011 will reach this mark by 2035. To utilize a site´s wind resource in the best possible way, full repowering is considered in an assessment of seven case studies in Swedish municipalities with the highest deployed pre-2011 wind power capacity. Each case study uses various turbine models to evaluate full repowering scenarios. The most profitable scenarios are estimated through the investment over production (I/P) value and the break-even electricity price. The identified municipalities’ comprehensive plans are reviewed in terms of repowering strategies and wind power deployment guidelines. Only three out of seven investigated municipalities consider repowering in comprehensive plans, with Gotland being best prepared in terms of repowering strategies. Strömsund and Eslöv mention repowering in their comprehensive plans with no specific guidelines. Restrictive policies were identified in the municipality of Laholm, where the maximum total height of turbines is 150m, decreasing the potential annual energy production of an analyzed case study by 64%. The municipalities of Falkenberg, Laholm, Piteå, and Åsele do not include repowering in their comprehensive plans. All the simulated repowering scenarios increased the annual energy production of the identified sites by up to 73%, lowered the number of turbines by up to 70%, decreased the wake losses by up to 77%, and decreased the noise level by 10% while increasing the potential shadow flicker by 19%. The results of the study indicate a possible divide between the intention of the municipalities of Eslöv, Strömsund, and Åsele to maximize energy production from wind power at each exploited site on the one hand and the business cases that developers face on the other. The results suggest the turbines which increase energy production the most at already developed sites, are not necessarily the ones with the lowest investment over production (I/P) value or the lowest break-even electricity price.

Unmanned aerial vehicles are becoming more popular in today’s society, which results in the rise of laws intended to maintain safety. To abide by these, while allowing the technology to expand, functioning path-planning algorithms are required.This also includes having methods for detecting and managing obstacles. This project aims to improve an existing path-planning algorithm that is based on A* and implemented in Python.The solution consisted of using functions for finding polytopeintersection,as well as optimizing the collision avoidance and the search algorithm. In addition to that, realistic constraints were implemented on the generated trajectory in order to reflect real-life limitations. The results demonstrated that the paths were always feasible, with respect to input and position constraints. The program’s computation time was also reduced up to 89% of the original run-time. There is, however, still room for improvement since the original code generated a shorter path for the three scenarios it was created for. On the other hand,the improved algorithm could handle a new scenario, which the original code failed to do. / Obemannade flygfarkoster blir alltmer vanliga i dagens samhälle, vilket resulterar i uppkomsten av nya lagar ämnade åt att upprätthålla säkerhet. För att förhålla sig till dessa, samtidigt som teknologin tillåts expandera, krävs fungerande vägplaneringsalgoritmer. Där ingår det även att ha metoder för att upptäcka och hantera hinder. Detta projekt syftar till att förbättra en befintlig vägplaneringsalgoritm som är baserad på A* och implenterad i Python. Lösningsmetoden bestod av att använda inbyggda Python-funktioner ämnade åt att finna skärningar mellan polytoper, samt optimera kollisionshantering och sökalgoritmen. Dessutom infördes realistiska krav på den framställda vägen i syfte om att reflektera verlighetens begränsningar. Resultatet visade att vägarna alltid var genomförbara, med avseende på inmatningsoch positionsrelaterade villkor. Programmets beräkningstid hade även reducerats upptill 89% av den ursprungliga körtiden. Det finns dock utrymme för förbättringar då den ursprungliga koden generar en kortare väg för de tre scenarion den tillverkades för. Däremot kinde den förbättrade algoritmen hantera ett nytt scenario, en ursprungliga koden misslyckades med. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Im Rahmen eines Landesprojektes zu aktuellen Fragestellungen im Bereich der Digitalisierung in der Tierhaltung wurde das Thema der optischen Tieridentifikation in den Fokus gerückt. Mit dem Projekt sollte dargelegt werden, wie der derzeitige Forschungsstand in diesem Bereich ist. Des Weiteren wurden die rein technischen Voraussetzungen aufgezeigt, die notwendig sind, um über optische Verfahren eine eineindeutige Einzeltieridentifikation vorzunehmen. Die Veröffentlichung gibt Hinweise zu Marktrelevanz und Empfehlungen für weitere Forschungsansätze in diesem Bereich. Redaktionsschluss: 27.10.2022

To meet the energy targets and improve the lack of power and higher prices in southern Sweden, the amount of electricity must increase, and alternative fuel sources be introduced. This thesis examines the techno-economic feasibility of offshore wind-hydrogen production in southern Sweden, depending on whether an onshore- or offshore hydrogen system is used, and how grid connection subsidies would affect this. New research and development regarding the subjects were analyzed and reviewed. A project that has currently applied for a permit in southern Sweden, Skåne Offshore Wind Park, was used as a case study where the information from the review and data from similar parks were used to determine the cost and production for the two different systems. The costs were then adjusted according to the three different subsidy scenarios: current with no subsidies, partial with sea cable and transformer costs removed, or a full subsidy scenario where only the internal grid cost remained to achieve feasible levelized costs for electricity and hydrogen based on a discount rate of 6% and a lifetime of 25 years. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed.   The results showed that market competitive electricity prices are only achieved with an onshore hydrogen system- and only if a full subsidy is introduced or if a best-case scenario is applied. In a worst-case scenario, no competitive electricity prices were achieved. For the offshore hydrogen system, the extra fuel system is too inefficient for electricity production. For hydrogen, prices were achieved within a reasonable price range of green hydrogen for all scenarios, where the onshore hydrogen system was 4% more advantageous. In a best-case scenario, competitive values ​​even against blue hydrogen were achieved for the offshore hydrogen systems and for the full subsidy onshore hydrogen system. For hydrogen, the offshore hydrogen system's hydrogen prices were competitive regardless of subsidies, however this system had the highest CAPEX and OPEX costs.   The results of the study underline the need for fixed conditions but also the necessity of introducing a full subsidy for the grid connection cost - or best-case scenario conditions - to encourage further offshore wind power development.

The interest in environmental issues is increasing and for this reason, assessing the potential environmental impacts of a product or system is of interest. A methodology developed for this particular purpose is the life cycle assessment, also known as LCA. It is not purely of interest these aspects are investigated though, as increasing requirements on organizations also matter. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility to implement the methodology of LCA in the aspect of complex medical devices. To do this, the framework for the methodology has been reviewed and a case study performed. The case study comprised of conducting an LCA study on the radiosurgery device Leksell Gamma Knife® IconTM.  The outcome of the investigation showed that conducting an LCA study means a wide range of aspects need to be considered and specified to a high degree. A particular issue was the data requirements, as obtaining data meeting several objectives was challenging. The modeling was also identified as a difficulty. Tools such as software and databases with predefined processes were used, though as complex medical devices can use materials not common in other fields, a lack of appropriate predefined processes hinders the feasibility. The conducted case study was able to attain valuable insights even though the study did not comply with the standards providing the framework, the ISO 14040 series. To conduct a compliant LCA study for complex medical devices, extensive resources would be required as well as the involvement of relevant parties along the supply chain. It is seen improbable to achieve a compliant study the first time a particular type of complex medical device is investigated. However, it is believed the feasibility would increase as studies are repeated, as the data quality is likely to increase. Advancements of the tools, as well as ongoing research on the environmental impacts of more materials, are other factors thought to increase the feasibility of conducting LCA studies on complex medical devices in the future. / Intresset för miljöfrågor ökar och därav finns det ett intresse att undersöka vad den potentiella miljöpåverkan är för en produkt eller ett system. En metodologi utvecklad för detta specifika syfte är livscykelanalys som även kallas LCA. Det är inte enbart utav intresse som aspekterna utreds, de ökande krav som ställs på olika aktörer spelar också roll. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka genomförbarheten av livscykelanalyser med avseende på komplexa medicintekniska produkter. Detta gjordes genom att granska regelverken för LCA samt genomförandet av en fallstudie, vilken utgjordes av en livscykelanalys på strålkniven Leksell Gamma Knife® IconTM. Resultaten av undersökningen visade att genomförandet av en livscykelanalys innebär att ett stort spann av aspekter måste beaktas och specificeras i hög grad. Ett särskilt problem var kraven på data då det var utmanande att samla in data som skulle möta flera behov. En annan identifierad svårighet var modelleringen. Verktyg användes i form av mjukvara och databaser med fördefinierade processer men då komplexa medicintekniska produkter kan bestå av material som inte är vanliga inom andra områden, var bristen på passande fördefinierade processer ett hinder för genomförbarheten. Den genomförda fallstudien gav värdefulla resultat trots att den inte var utförd helt enligt standarderna i ISO 14040 serien. För att en LCA studie för komplexa medicintekniska produkter skall möta dessa krav krävs omfattande resurser och att flera berörda parter längs försörjningskedjan involveras. Det ses därför som osannolikt att en studie som genomförs för första gången på en viss typ av komplex medicinteknisk produkt kan leva upp till regelverket. Dock så förmodas genomförbarheten öka i takt med att studier upprepas, då kvaliteten på data tros öka. Utveckling av verktygen samt pågående forskning om miljöpåverkan från olika material är andra faktorer som anses öka genomförbarheten av livscykelanalyser på komplexa medicintekniska produkter i framtiden.

This thesis presents the potential of biogas production using food waste collected from the region of Kartamantul in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biogas can be used for cooking and generating electricity. The study compares two different end uses or markets for utilizing the biogas in the region. The daily food waste collected in the region of Kartamantul is 120 tonnes. This corresponds to a daily biogas production of 13 087 m3. Electricity generated from biogas can replace fossil-based coal electricity while cooking biogas can substitute the common fossil fuel liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The price for selling one kWh of electricity to the state owned enterprise PLN is 16.5 USD cents. The price for selling one m3 of biogas for cooking is 38.5 USD cents, which is equivalent to the available price of LPG. The study finds that the avoided emission due to the substitution of fossil-based coal electricity and cooking LPG-gas is around 64 GgCO2-eq per year. Considering the economical results for a life span of 20 years in the first utilization option Biogas for Electricity gives a net present value (NPV) of 2 MUSD while for the utilization option Biogas for Cooking gives a net present value (NPV) of 5.82 MUSD. The breakeven for Biogas for Electricity is 13.8 USD cents per kWhe while for Biogas for Cooking is 25.5 USD cents per m3-biogas. The study concludes that it is feasible to invest in AD plant in the region of Kartamantul where both markets are profitable and environmentally friendly. / Denna avhandling visar potentialen för biogasproduktion med hjälp av matavfall som samlats från regionen Kartamantul i Yogyakarta, Indonesien. Biogas kan användas för matlagning och elproduktion. Studien jämför två olika slutanvändningar eller marknader för att utnyttja biogasen i regionen. Det dagliga matavfallet som samlas i regionen Kartamantul är 120 ton. Detta motsvarar en daglig biogasproduktion på 13 087 m3. Elektricitet som genereras från biogas kan ersätta fossilbaserad koldioxid, medan tillagning av biogas kan ersätta det gemensamma fossila bränslet flytande petroleumgas (LPG). Priset för att sälja en kWh el till det statligt ägda företaget PLN är 16,5 USD cent. Priset för att sälja en m3 biogas för matlagning är 38,5 USD cent, vilket motsvarar det tillgängliga priset på LPG. Studien konstaterar att den undvikna utsläppet på grund av substitutionen av fossilbaserad kolkraft och matlagning av gasol är cirka 64 GgCO2-ekv per år. Med tanke på de ekonomiska resultaten för en livslängd på 20 år i det första utnyttjandegradet ger Biogas for Electricity ett nettopåverkande värde (NPV) på 2 MUSD medan för utnyttjandegraden Biogas for Cooking ger ett nettoförskott (NPV) på 5,82 MUSD. Breakeven för biogas för el är 13,8 USD cent per kWhe medan för Biogas for Cooking är 25,5 USD cent per m3-biogas. Studien drar slutsatsen att det är möjligt att investera i AD-anläggningar i regionen Kartamantul där båda marknaderna är lönsamma och miljövänliga.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена оценке эффективности инвестиционного проекта на примере «Кофейня «Yours». Целью исследования является разработка нового инвестиционного проекта. При заложенном в расчетах уровне доходов, текущих и инвестиционных затрат, проект необходимо признать как финансово состоятельный. / Master thesis is devoted to the evaluating effectiveness of investment project. The aim of the study is a drafting the new investment project. With the level of income, current and investment costs set in the calculations, the project can be acknowledged as a successful investment project.