A gestão da qualidade do ar é um desafio global, considerando que em muitos países, como no Brasil, a concentração da população em regiões metropolitanas é relevante, assim como sua exposição à poluentes atmosféricos. No estado de São Paulo, ao longo dos anos, as regulações que integraram a gestão da qualidade do ar têm incorporado novos instrumentos, exigências. Porém, identifica-se a ausência de procedimentos oficiais para auxiliar a concepção de políticas públicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de analisar metodologias existentes nos Estados Unidos da América e União Europeia, que possam auxiliar o planejamento de políticas públicas de qualidade do ar, em especial, para material particulado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e também de análises de viabilidade técnica e econômica de implantação de novas tecnologias, técnicas e práticas, do inglês Best Available Techniques (BAT)/ Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se de revisão bibliográfica e documental, este trabalho verificou a ausência sistemática de elementos como: análises de custo-efetividade de políticas públicas, consideração de modelagens integradas para concepção de políticas públicas, envolvimento de partes interessadas no planejamento de medidas. Quanto aos elementos para realizar análise de viabilidade técnica de implementação de BAT/BEP, foi possível identificar aspectos de avaliação de efeitos cruzados ambientais e econômicos, bancos de dados americanos e europeus contendo BAT/BEP e seus custos, que, com a devida adaptação, poderiam ser também uma referência. Trata-se de elementos importantes para subsidiar tomadas de decisão e buscar medidas, para que possam, de fato, levar à melhoria da qualidade do ar, para material particulado (MP10). / Air quality management is a global challenge, considering that in many countries, such as Brazil, the concentration of population in metropolitan regions is relevant and also their exposure to air pollutants. In the state of São Paulo, over the years, regulations that have integrated air quality management have incorporated new instruments, requirements. However, it is identified the absence of official procedures to assist the design of public policies. The objective of this work was to analyze existing methodologies in the United States and the European Union, which can assist in the planning of air quality public policies, especially for particulate matter in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), as well as technical and economic feasibility analyzes for implementation of new technologies, techniques and practices from Best Available Techniques (BAT) / Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Through an exploratory research, using a bibliographical and documentary review, this work verified the systematic absence of elements such as: cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies, consideration of integrated modeling for public policy design, stakeholder involvement in planning of measures. As for the elements to perform technical feasibility analysis of BAT / BEP implementation, it was possible to identify aspects of environmental and economic cross-effects evaluation, American and European databases containing BAT / BEP and their costs, which, with due adaptation, could also be a reference. Those are important elements to support decision-making and seek measures, so that they can, in fact, lead to improved air quality for particulate matter (PM10).

No description available.

As descargas atmosféricas causam prejuízos às concessionárias de energia elétrica, aos consumidores e à sociedade como um todo. Diferentes métodos podem ser utilizados para melhorar a confiabilidade do sistema elétrico e a qualidade da energia fornecida aos consumidores. Entretanto, as sobretensões atmosféricas variam em função de diversos parâmetros, de modo que a eficácia de determinada alternativa de proteção depende não apenas da configuração da rede, mas também das características da região, especialmente da densidade de descargas atmosféricas e da resistividade do solo. Consequentemente a relação custo-benefício correspondente a cada alternativa também depende das características de cada região. É importante, portanto, dispor de um modelo para realizar essas avaliações levando em conta todos os fatores envolvidos no processo, de forma a auxiliar as empresas de energia na tomada de decisões sobre investimentos em proteção contra descargas atmosféricas. Entretanto, modelos de análise de viabilidade que permitam a obtenção de conclusões econômicas amplas para dar suporte à tomada de decisões não são normalmente utilizados em função da complexidade dos fenômenos associados às descargas atmosféricas e à dificuldade na construção de modelagens econômicas neste contexto. Para preencher esta lacuna, este trabalho propõe um modelo para análise do custo e benefício da implantação de sistemas de proteção contra descargas atmosféricas em redes de distribuição considerando os investimentos, a redução da indisponibilidade e os custos evitados para a distribuidora e a sociedade. A análise financeira é feita com base na taxa interna de retorno dos investimentos e na razão entre custos e benefícios, o que facilita a análise de sensibilidade e permite determinar as condições nas quais a alternativa será viável. O modelo considera a indisponibilidade de energia e a inconfiabilidade do sistema a partir dos indicadores de duração equivalente de interrupção por unidade consumidora (DEC) e da frequência equivalente de interrupção por unidade consumidora (FEC), respectivamente. Os custos evitados devido à redução da indisponibilidade são tratados como benefícios. É utilizado para analisar as condições nas quais a aplicação de um determinado método de proteção em uma determinada rede é técnica e economicamente viável. Faz-se também uma análise de sensibilidade, sendo discutidas as influências de vários parâmetros nas relações custo-benefício correspondentes às regiões estudadas. O que na realidade não limita o modelo à análise de investimentos para melhoria do desempenho de redes de distribuição frente a descargas atmosféricas, mostrou-se prático e de grande utilidade na tomada de decisões quanto à realização de determinado investimento considerando as características da região e a efetividade do método de proteção analisado. / Lightning causes damages and losses to power companies, consumers, and the society as a whole. Different methods can be used to improve the power quality and the reliability of the electrical system. However, lightning overvoltages depend upon several parameters, so that the effectiveness of a certain protection alternative depends not only on the network configuration but also on the characteristics of the region, especially the ground flash density and the soil resistivity. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio corresponding to each alternative depends also on the characteristics of each region. It is important, therefore, that the model for conducting these assessments be capable of taking into account all the factors involved in the process so that it can assist power companies in making decisions on investments in lightning protection. However, models of feasibility analysis that enable to obtain broad economic conclusions to support decision-making are not normally used due to the complexity of the phenomena associated with lightning overvoltages and the difficulty in constructing economic models in this context. For this reason this work proposes a model for the analysis of the cost and benefit of the implantation of lightning protection systems in distribution networks considering the investments, the reduction of the unavailability, and the costs avoided for the distribution power company and the society. The financial analysis is based on the internal rate of return on investments and the cost-benefit ratio, which facilitates the sensitivity analysis and allows for the determination of the conditions under which the alternative will be feasible. The model considers the energy unavailability and the unreliability of the system from the indicators of equivalent duration of interruption per consumer unit (DEC) and the equivalent frequency of interruption per consumer unit (FEC), respectively. The costs avoided due to the reduction of unavailability are treated as benefits. The model is used to analyze the conditions under which the application of a given protection method in a given network is technically and economically feasible. A sensitivity analysis is also done and the influences of several parameters on the cost-benefit ratios corresponding to the regions studied are discussed. However the model, which actually is not limited to the analysis of investments to improve the lightning performance of power distribution networks, has proved to be practical and very useful in the decision-makingregarding the realization of a given investment taking into account the characteristics of the region and the effectiveness of the protection method analyzed.

Im EU finanzierten Projekt "Die Verwendung von kompostiertem Haushaltsmüll in der vorstädtischen Landwirtschaft von Westafrika als Pflanzenschutzmittel", das in Rufisque im Senegal, Conakry und Timbi Madîna in der Republik Guinea sowie Lomé und Tsévié im Togo von 1999 bis 2002 stattfand, wurden die Daten für diese Arbeit erhoben. Diese Orte sind hauptsächlich von Wolofs, Fulfulbe, Sussus und Ewes bewohnt. Ihre Größe variert zwischen 4 000 und 1,4 Mill. Einwohner. Es wurden städtische Gemüsebau- und vorstädtische Ackerbausysteme untersucht. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Einführung von Kompost als Pflanzenschutzmittel zu erleichtern. Dazu wurden Bereitschaften untersucht: die der städtischen Haushalte Biomüll zu sammeln und die der vorstädtischen Bauern Kompost aus Haushaltsmüll als Pflanzenschutzmittel einzusetzen. Dafür wurden standardisierte Befragungen von 1802 Bauern und 1775 Haushalten durchgeführt. Etwa 10 % dieser Antworten wurden in 18 logistischen Regressionsmodellen mit Interaktionen des 1. Grades analysiert. Den Modellen wurden die qualitativen Ergebnissen aus den standardisierten, halbstandardisierten und unstrukturierten Interviews sowie Beobachtungen und Einzelfallstudien gegenübergestellt. Daraus läßt sich schließen, dass es keine traditionellen Hemmnisse gegen Biomüllsammlung und -verarbeitung, sowie die Verwendung von Kompost aus Müll gibt. Wilde Deponien stören die Einwohner. Sie sind bereit sich finanziell an einer Müllsammlung zu beteiligen. Für die Mülltrennung brauchen sie zusätzliche, an Klima und Menge angepasste Mülltonnen. Die Haushalte wollen geringere Müllgebühren bezahlen, wenn sie Müll trennen. Müllsammen ist rentable. Eine transparente Buchführung der Müllgebühren ist unerlässlich für die Nachhaltigkeit. Für eine Kompoststation eignet sich am besten eine Kleinstadt mit vielen Müllproblemen und noch ohne Müllsammelorganisation sowie mit vielen Gemüsebauern mit einem hohen Krankheitsbewußtsein. Die Kompostherstellung ist sehr arbeitsintensiv und nur rentable, wenn der Kompost zu Pflanzenschutzmittelpreisen verkauft werden kann. Kompost ist in Westafrika bekannt. Die Verwendung von Kompost als Pflanzenschutzmittel gegen bodenbürtige Krankheiten ist eine Neuerung. Daher benötigt eine Kompoststation ein sehr wirksames Marketing. / By the EU financed project called "Utilisation of composted waste from urban households in the peri-urban agriculture for plant protection purpose in West Africa" with took place in Rufisque in Senegal, Conakry and Timbi Madîna in the Republic of Guinea the same as Lomé and Tsévié in Togo from 1999 to 2002, the data which are the base of this study have been collected. These towns are mainly settled by Wolofs, Fulanis, Sussus and Ewes. The size of the towns varies from 4 000 to 1.4 mill inhabitants. Production systems of urban vegetable farmers as well as peri-urban rain fed farmers have been investigated. The objective was to analyse the willingness of household, to collect organic waste, and of farmers, to use composted household waste for plant protection, to facilitate the introduction of compost for phytosanitary purpose. Hence standardised interviews of 1802 farmers and 1775 households have been done. About 10 % of the answers have been standardised in a way which allowed analysing them in 18 models of logistic regression with the first level of interactions. The results of the models have been compared to the qualitative results of the standardised, the half standardised and the unstructured interviews as well as the observations and the case studies. We find out that: There are no traditional obstacles inhibiting the collection of organic waste, the processing and the use of compost. Wild waste heaps disturb the people. They are ready to participate financially on waste collection. For the separation of waste the households need bins adapted to the climate and to the amount of waste. Anyway households separating waste would like to pay reduced waste fees. The waste collection is actually a rentable economic activity. A conflict avoiding accountability for waste fees is essential for the long lasting of a waste collection organisation. An optimal place for a compost station is a small rural town with many waste problems, without an institutionalised waste collection and with many vegetable farmers aware of diseases. The production of compost is very labour-intensive and rentable only if the compost is sold on organic pesticide prices. Compost is well known in West Africa. The innovation would be the application of compost for pest treatment of soil related diseases. Therefore a compost station needs a very efficient marketing.

L’Optimisation Topologique (OT) est un sujet en plein essor qui suscite l’intérêt de nombreux chercheurs depuis ces deux dernières décennies dans le domaine de l’électromagnétisme. L’OT représente une méthode très attrayante et originale car elle permet de trouver des structures innovantes sans aucun a priori. Ce travail de thèse est orienté vers l’OT des dispositifs électromagnétiques en approfondissant plusieurs aspects du sujet. Tout d’abord, un outil d’OT est développé et testé, à partir des outils existant au L2EP. En effet, l’OT requiert un outil d’éléments finis et un outil d’optimisation devant être couplés. Une méthodologie originale d’OT fondée sur les principes de la Méthode de Densité est développée et testée. Un cas test académique est utilisé afin de tester et valider le couplage des outils et la méthodologie. Une approche visant à prendre en compte le comportement non-linéaire des matériaux ferromagnétiques avec nos outils OT est également mise en place. Ensuite, la méthode est appliquée afin d’optimiser un électroaimant en 3 dimensions, représentant un cas test proche de la réalité. Ce cas test permet de comparer les résultats avec un comportement linéaire et non-linéaire des matériaux. Diverses topologies sont présentées, par rapport aux différentes formulations du problème. Par la suite, la méthodologie est appliquée à un dispositif électromagnétique plus complexe : une Génératrice Synchrone à Pôles Saillants. Cet exemple nous permet de voir comment la définition du problème d’optimisation peut grandement affecter les résultats d’OT. Quelques topologies sont présentées, et leur faisabilité est analysée / Topology Optimisation (TO) is a fast growing topic that has been sparking the interest of many researchers for the past two decades in the electromagnetic community. Its attractiveness lies in the originality of finding innovative structures without any layout a priori. This thesis work is oriented towards the TO of electromagnetic devices by elaborating on various aspects of the subject. First of all, a tool for TO is developed and tested, based on the ‘home-made’ tools available at the L2EP. As TO requires a FE and an optimisation tool working together, a coupling is done using both. Furthermore, a TO methodology is developed and tested, based on the Density Method. An academic cubic test case is used to carry out all the tests, and validate the tools and methodology. An approach is also developed to consider the nonlinear behaviour of the ferromagnetic materials with our TO tools. Afterwards, the methodology is applied to a 3D electromagnet, which represents a more real test case. This test case also serves to compare the results with linear and nonlinear behaviour of the materials used. Various topologies are presented, for different problem formulations. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to a more complex electromagnetic device: a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator. This example allows us to see how the problem definition can largely affect TO results. Some topologies are presented and their viability is discussed

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laerte_Cressoni_Neto.pdf: 420638 bytes, checksum: 67527209be1486d3413461fb492cecab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / Institutions of higher learning (IHL) in Brazil have suffered from idleness in classroom courses, mainly due to the higher number of places offered in the last ten years. Many IHL consider the distance education, and regionalization strategy that this method enables, a way to maintain or increase their margins. However, the development and operation of these courses require expertise not normally found in traditional classroom structure of institutions. Thus, most managers of IHL find some difficulty in financial planning of the distance education project and its feasibility analysis, this occurs because of the complexity and the amount of variables that impact the definition of income and all expenses, including items from tutors to reviewers, editors, cameramen etc. In this context, this study presents a complete breakdown of the variables that influence the financial outcomes of a distance learning course. The assumptions of the variables are divided into five groups: Organizational Management, Content Development, Information Technology, Mentoring and Market, and its valuation distributed among income, investments and costing. Further it also performed simulations and analysis of financial results to a better practical understanding of the model / As Institui????es de Ensino Superior no Brasil v??m sofrendo com a ociosidade nos cursos presenciais, fruto, principalmente, do aumento expressivo do n??mero de vagas nos ??ltimos dez anos. Muitas IESs veem no ensino a dist??ncia e na estrat??gia de regionaliza????o que este m??todo permite uma forma de manter ou aumentar suas margens. Por??m, o desenvolvimento e a opera????o desses cursos demandam expertises normalmente n??o encontradas na estrutura presencial tradicional das institui????es. Desse modo, a maioria dos gestores das IESs encontra dificuldade em fazer o planejamento financeiro do projeto de EaD e analisar sua viabilidade, dada a complexidade e a quantidade de vari??veis que impactam na defini????o das receitas e de todos seus gastos, incluindo itens que v??o desde tutores at?? revisores, editores, cinegrafistas etc. Diante desse panorama, este trabalho apresenta um detalhamento completo das vari??veis que influenciam o resultado financeiro de um curso a dist??ncia, cujas premissas foram divididas em cinco grandes grupos: Gest??o Organizacional, Produ????o de Conte??dos, Tecnologia da Informa????o, Tutoria e Mercado e sua valora????o, distribuindo-se entre Receitas, Investimentos e Custeio. Tamb??m foram realizadas simula????es financeiras e an??lises de seus resultados para um melhor entendimento pr??tico do modelo

Les recommandations de l’OMS sur la prise en charge des enfants nés de mères infectées par le VIH évoluent en fonction des nouvelles données scientifiques souvent issues d’essais thérapeutiques. Leur application en routine, surtout dans les pays à ressources limitées, devrait prendre en compte les contraintes opérationnelles locales pour guider les pratiques. Ce travail de thèse a été développé dans cette optique, avec pour objectif d’évaluer l’ensemble du processus de prise en charge de ces enfants avant l’âge de sept mois, depuis le dépistage précoce de l’infection VIH jusqu’à la mise en œuvre du traitement antirétroviral (ARV) systématiquement proposé dès le diagnostic de l’infection VIH, et leurs réponses aux vaccins administrés dans le Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV). Ce travail est issu de l’analyse des données collectées dans deux enquêtes : la cohorte ANRS-PEDIACAM initiée en 2007 et toujours en cours, menée dans trois hôpitaux urbains du Cameroun, et l’enquête transversale ACIP-EPIPEV, menée de novembre 2004 à Mai 2005 dans cinq hôpitaux du Cameroun et de la République Centrafricaine. Nos résultats ont montré que le diagnostic précoce du VIH et l’initiation des ARV chez les nourrissons étaient faisables et largement acceptés en routine dans les services de pédiatrie urbains. Parmi les nourrissons nés de mères séropositives inclus dans PEDIACAM, 89,7% ont été ramenés pour le test VIH à un âge médian de 1,5 mois (IQ : 1,4-1,6) et 83,9% ont complété le processus de diagnostic en revenant chercher les résultats du test avant l’âge de 7 mois. Les facteurs associés au processus incomplet reflétaient plus la qualité des soins prénataux et l’urgence du contexte obstétrical que les conditions environnementales. Parmi les nourrissons infectés par le VIH, 83,5% ont initié les ARV avant l’âge de 7 mois. Mais le processus d’initiation précoce des ARV a été considéré comme suboptimal chez environ un tiers d’entre eux. Les facteurs associés à ce retard étaient liés au système de soins, à la gestion des prélèvements et des résultats du test VIH. Enfin, dans l’étude EPIPEV, nous avons observé des proportions plus faibles de réponses vaccinales adéquates chez les enfants infectés que non infectés par le VIH, nés de mères séropositives. Cette différence était plus marquée pour le vaccin contre la rougeole (20% vs 60%). Le niveau de réponse observé chez les enfants non infectés nés de mères séropositives était néanmoins faible par rapport à celui attendu chez les enfants en population générale. Ce dernier résultat suggérerait que l’exposition au VIH pendant la grossesse pourrait entrainer un dysfonctionnement immunologique, même en l’absence de transmission du VIH à l’enfant. L’ensemble de ces travaux nous ont permis de cibler certains aspects pour améliorer le processus de prise en charge précoce des nourrissons exposés au VIH, portant sur l’organisation des sites, l’application effective des recommandations établies et la mise en place d’une coordination active. / The world health organization (WHO) recommendation updates regarding care of HIV-infected children reflects new scientific findings in clinical trials. Their implementation in routine practice, especially in resource-limited countries, should consider local operational constraints in order to direct good clinical practice guidelines. We put in place this work in order to evaluate the early care process of HIV-exposed infants aged less than 7 months including: early diagnosis of HIV, initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and immune responses to vaccines administered by the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). Our data were collected from two surveys: the current ANRS-PEDIACAM cohort which started in 2007, in three urban hospitals located in Cameroon, and the ACIP-EPIPEV cross sectional study conducted from November 2004 to May 2005, in five urban hospitals based in Cameroon and the Central African Republic. Our results strongly suggested that both early HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART in infants were feasible and well accepted in “real pediatric world urban settings”. Among HIV-exposed infants enrolled in the PEDIACAM study, 89.7% were tested for HIV at a median age of 1.5 months and 83.9% completed the process by returning for the result before 7 months of age. Incomplete process was associated to factors related to the quality of antenatal care and obstetrical emergency than environmental ones. Among HIV-infected infants identified, 83.5% started ART before 7 months of age. However, ART initiation was considered as suboptimal in approximately one third of them. Risk factors associated with this delay were related to the care delivery system, including delays in sample collection and turn around procedures. Finally, the EPIPEV study showed that antibody levels to EPI vaccines in HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers were higher compared to levels in HIV-infected children (60% vs 20% concerning measles vaccine), but lower than the levels described for children born to HIV-uninfected mothers. This result suggested an immunological dysfunction of HIV-exposed children which occurred during pregnancy and could affect their survival. Overall, our studies contributed in providing findings that could help in improving early care in HIV-exposed infants. These include the structural and functional organization of health structures, the effective implementation of current recommendations, and of active coordination.

Encontrar soluções para a problemática dos resíduos e, em virtude da crescente demanda por energia, diminuir a dependência dos combustíveis fósseis têm constituído grandes desafios para os pesquisadores. O setor hospitalar é um potencial gerador dos chamados Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) que também apresenta um alto consumo de energia em decorrência do seu período de funcionamento e de equipamentos que necessitam de infraestrutura adequada. Apesar de representarem uma pequena parcela perante o montante dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), no Brasil, nem todos os geradores se preocupam com seu tratamento e destinação final. O emprego de tecnologias desenvolvidas para o tratamento desses resíduos com a possibilidade de recuperação energética deve ser avaliado. O Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP-USP) gera cerca de 1,9 ton/dia de RSS. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade legal, ambiental e econômico-financeira da implantação de um sistema próprio de tratamento de RSS no HCFMRP- USP para geração de energia. A metodologia foi estruturada em pesquisa exploratória, coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com responsáveis pelo setor dos RSS no hospital, com pesquisadores da área da saúde, de escolas de engenharia, órgãos técnicos e indústrias fabricantes dos equipamentos; levantamento bibliográfico e análise de conteúdo. Para a avaliação econômico-financeira, foi empregada a avaliação custoefetividade. Estudos comparativos sobre os tipos de tratamento disponíveis e utilizados nacionalmente foram considerados. Assim, o processo que melhor se adequou ao sistema proposto foi o da incineração com tecnologia de gaseificação e combustão combinadas (GCC). Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema proposto está sob a égide da lei contemplando, inclusive, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), desde que mediante anuência do Conselho Gestor do campus da USP e de sua Comissão de Meio Ambiente, além do devido processo de licenciamento ambiental junto à CETESB e pré-análise dos RSS. Contudo, sob o aspecto ambiental há questões públicas e políticas sobre a aceitação de sua implantação no complexo hospitalar. Embora haja o emprego de avançada tecnologia, o equipamento avaliado necessita de instalação, manutenção e monitoramento adequados por profissionais capacitados para operá-los, a fim de se evitar possíveis danos às pessoas e ao meio-ambiente, para isso, os envolvidos devem agir com responsabilidade. Por fim, sob o aspecto econômico-financeiro houve um empate técnico entre os custos do tratamento realizado atualmente e os da proposta do investimento. Assim, esse último aspecto avaliado incidiu sobre o benefício implícito da decisão de se implantar ou não o processo. Portanto, considera-se a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema próprio para tratamento de RSS no HCFMRP-USP para geração de energia sob os três aspectos: legal, ambiental e econômicofinanceiro. / Finding solutions to the waste problem and reducing dependence on fossil fuels due to the growing demand for energy have become big challenges for researchers to deal with. Hospitals are large producers of Medical waste (MW) and also big energy consumers due to their long running hours and the running of equipment that demands adequate infrastructure. Despite accounting for a small share of all the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) not all producers, in Brazil, are concerned about waste treatment and its final destination. The use of technologies developed with the aim of treating such waste in order to generate energy has to be assessed. The Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP) generates around 1.9 tons of waste per day. In this context, the general aim of this research program was to assess the legal, environmental and economic-financial feasibility of the implementation of a private system of biomedical waste treatment at HCFMRP-USP in order to generate energy. The method was structured in exploratory research, data gathering by means of semi-structured interviews with MW department staff at the hospital, with Health researchers, with Engineering College researchers, technical organizations and equipment manufacturers, besides bibliographic referencing and content analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used for the economic-financial analysis. Comparative studies of the types of treatment available and used nationwide were taken into consideration. Thus, the process which best suited the proposed system was that of incineration by means of Gasification Combined Cycle (GCC). Results showed that the proposed system is under the support of Law and it also takes into consideration the National Policy for Solid Waste (NPSW), provided that it has the approval of the Director Council of the Administration of the campus of USP and of its Environment Committee as well as appropriate environmental licenses granted by CETESB and pre-analysis of MW. However, under the environmental aspect, there are public and political issues regarding the acceptance of this implementation in the hospital premises. Although there is the use of advanced technology, the equipment which was assessed needs to be installed, maintained and monitored adequately by professionals trained to operate it so as to avoid possible damage to humans and the environment. Staff involved must be responsible. Finally, under the economic-financial aspect there was a draw between the costs of the treatment conducted at present and those of the proposed investment. Therefore, this last aspect assessed prevailed over the implicit benefit of the decision on whether to implement the process or not. However, the feasibility of the implementation of a private MW treatment system at HC-FMRP-USP in order to generate energy is to be considered under the legal, environmental and economicfinancial aspects.

Wind energy technologies are considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, which have since attracted broad considerations through recent years due to the soaring oil prices and the growing concerns over climate change and energy security. In Kuwait, rapid industrialisation, population growth and increasing water desalination are resulting in high energy demand growth, increasing the concern of oil diminishing as a main source of energy and the climate change caused by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel based energy. These demands and challenges compelled governments to embark on a diversification strategy to meet growing energy demand and support continued economic growth. Kuwait looked for alternative forms of energy by assessing potential renewable energy resources, including wind and sun. Kuwait is attempting to use and invest in renewable energy due to the fluctuating price of oil, diminishing reserves, the rapid increase in population, the high consumption of electricity and the environment protection. In this research, wind energy will be investigated as an attractive source of energy in Kuwait.

Esta dissertação analisa a viabilidade técnico-econômica de pequenas centrais de cogeração a gás natural no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo, os estudos de cogeração foram baseados em casos reais de estabelecimentos comerciais dos principais segmentos do setor terciário com demanda elétrica e térmica compatível ao balanço energético para a configuração de cogeração. A análise dos resultados inclui o fator de utilização de energia (FUE), investimentos iniciais, economia operacional (fluxo de caixa), retorno dos investimentos (Payback), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e valor presente líquido (VPL). As tecnologias empregadas nos estudos foram gerador do tipo Motor a Combustão Interna (MCI) e Microturbina (TG), resfriador de líquido por absorção (ABS) e resfriador de líquido elétrico convencional. Foi realizada análise do potencial de mercado para aplicação de cogeração através do mapeamento dos principais segmentos do setor terciário e realizado o levantamento do estado da arte. Foram estudadas as legislações brasileiras tanto no que se refere à cogeração qualificada como geração distribuída, realizado análise de emissões com destaque ao comparativo entre emissão de CO2 das centrais de cogeração e a emissão de CO2 das termelétricas a gás natural. Foi realizado estudo do cenário energético brasileiro do ponto de vista geração e distribuição de energia elétrica, cenário da oferta de gás natural no Brasil e a sua estrutura de distribuição no estado de São Paulo e, por fim, foram destacados os benefícios e barreiras da cogeração no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados apontam para um revés na viabilidade financeira da cogeração devido aos consecutivos aumentos no preço da tarifa de gás natural, apesar de bastante racional e com benefícios diretos ao meio ambiente e ao país, fazem-se necessários incentivos específicos relacionados à tarifa do gás natural para o crescimento da aplicação de cogeração no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo. / This dissertation examines the technical and economic feasibility of small cogeneration plants powered by natural gas in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo. Cogeneration studies were based on real cases of commercial facilities of the main segments of the tertiary sector with electrical and thermal demands compatible for energy usage in cogeneration configuration. The analysis results include energy utilization factor (EUF), initial investments, operational savings (cash flow), return on investment (payback), internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). The technologies investigated in the study were Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Microturbine (TG) generator, absorption chiller (ABS) and conventional electrical chiller. It was carried out an analysis of the potential market for application of cogeneration by mapping the main segments of the tertiary sector and conducted a survey of the state of the art. Brazilian laws were studied both with regard to qualified cogeneration and distributed generation, performed emissions analysis with emphasis on the comparative between CO2 emission from cogeneration plant and CO2 emission from power plants by natural gas. It was made a study of Brazilian energy scenario from the viewpoint of generating and distributing of electricity, scenario of supply of natural gas in Brazil and its distribution structure in the São Paulo state and, finally, it was appointed the benefits and barriers of cogeneration in Brazil. The results indicate a setback on the financial viability of cogeneration due to consecutive increases in the price of natural gas, although quite rational and with direct benefits to the environment and the country, it\'s necessary specific incentives related to the natural gas price for the growth of the application of cogeneration in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo.