Background: The American College of Sports Medicine defines the female athlete triad (FAT) as interrelated components of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. High school athletes have likely not experienced a lengthy duration of exposure to disordered eating, amenorrhea, and low bone density compared to older athletes because of their young age; the purpose for screening and creating awareness is to educate before negative consequences reach full effect later in life and running career. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to screen high school distance runners for awareness and baseline knowledge of the components of FAT. Methods: Four surveys submitted to high school female athletes assessing FAT knowledge, a questionnaire assessing triad risk factors, calcium intake, and demographic information. Results: Significant findings include faster 5k times with a body mass index (BMI) under 18.5 mg/kg², increased calcium intake correlated with positive awareness to the FAT, and a higher FAT knowledge score correlating with triad awareness. Conclusion: The results from this study did not show a relationship between BMI and menstrual history, 5k time and menstrual history, and BMI and calcium intake. All of the athletes' responses indicated having one or more components of the triad. Education of the components of the triad is needed in high schools, and screening should be incorporated into preparticipation health physicals so as to ensure athletes minimize their risks for stress fractures and impaired bone health.

No description available.

The main objective of this study was to measure the nutritional status of iron and vitamin D in varsity female athletes from the University of Ottawa and the possible relationship with their dietary patterns (mixed diet or plant-based diet). Among 63 athletes interested in participating, 17 completed the study. Nutritional intakes were assessed during sports season using two 24-hour recalls with the self-administered dietary assessment tool (ASA24). A blood sample was taken to measure indicators of iron and vitamin D status. The results revealed that 5% of the athletes suffered from vitamin D deficiency and as much as 47% had suboptimal vitamin D levels. No athletes suffered from iron deficiency anemia (IDA), but 26% had iron deficiency (ID). The vitamin D intake for 94% of athletes was below the estimated average requirements (EAR) and the use of supplements helped athletes attain the EAR. In contrast, 94% of athletes were able to meet the EAR for iron and the use of supplements caused athletes to exceed upper limits (UL). Lastly, due to the small number of plant-based athletes recruited, it was not possible to establish any relationships with this dietary pattern.

The objectives of this dissertation include 1) to review athlete monitoring strategies and the physical performance demands of female soccer match-play and to provide practical application of athlete monitoring programs, 2) to examine individual and group relationship between training load (TL) and subjective recovery and stress state and neuromuscular performance, and 3) to investigate acute effects of match-play on neuromuscular and subjective recovery and stress state in National Collegiate Association Athlete (NCAA) division I collegiate female soccer. TL was assessed using 10Hz Global Navigation Satellite System units. Subjective recovery and stress state was measured using the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) consisting of 8 subscales including Physical Performance Capability (PPC) Mental Performance Capability (MPC), Emotional Balance (EB), Overall Recovery (OR), Muscular Stress (MS), Lack of Activation (LA), Negative Emotional State (NES), and Overall Stress (OS). Neuromuscular performance was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) with a polyvinyl chloride pipe (CMJ0) and 20kgs bar (CMJ20). CMJ variables included body mass (BdM), jump height (JH), modified reactive strength index (RSI), peak force (PF), relative peak force (RPP), eccentric impulse (EI), concentric impulse (CI), peak power (PP), relative peak power (RPP), eccentric average peak power (EAP), and concentric average power (CAP). Results of this dissertation showed that 12 individual players demonstrated negative correlations between total distance and MPC (p≤0.05, r=-0.78 to -0.34, number of significant individual correlations [N]=3) and OR (p≤0.05, r=-0.91 to -0.08, N=3). Positive correlations were observed between MS and total distance among all individual players (p≤0.05, r=0.21 to 0.82, N=3) while the group correlations were moderate to large (p≤0.001, r=0.55). Results of this dissertation also demonstrated that significant moderate to large decreases were observed at 12 hours post-match in JH, RSI, CI, PP, RPP, and CPA in CMJ0 and CMJ20 (p

No description available.

No description available.

Physically active females, or female athletes, are at risk for the condition knownas the female athlete triad (Triad). The Triad is made up of three components that are distinctly separate, but intertwined: consuming inadequate energy for how much they are exercising, poor bone health, and problems with their menstrual periods. When female athletes don’t consume enough energy for how much they exercise, there can be hormonal imbalances, causing the body to conserve energy from some important functions including menstruation, and increased bone turnover resulting in a higher risk of stress fractures and early osteoporosis. Female athletes at risk for the Triad have ahigher risk of being injured, and don’t have the energy that they need to perform physically. To combat the Triad, we performed assessments to see how many female athletes were at risk for the Triad in Division I female athletes, and were surprised at the high number that were at risk for the Triad. We provided nutrition information and interventions aimed to decrease female athlete’s risk for the Triad. We also developed anew, quick method for female athletes, or busy individuals, to track their diet using the video feature on their cell phones. The benefits of providing nutrition information to the female athletes included: increasing their knowledge about the Triad, and things that they could do to prevent the Triad. The interventions did cause behavior change in some female athletes to increase how much energy they were consuming, decreasing their risk for the Triad.

Purpose: To assess the dietary intake and body composition of recreational and competitive female athletes, for the purpose of analyzing the relationships between macronutrient intake and body composition.. The main aim was to determine the relationship between caloric intake, carbohydrate (CHO) intake and protein intake with body fat percentage in active females. Methods: Using an IRB approved protocol, 44 volunteer female recreational and competitive athletes 18 years of age or older were recruited. Interviews were conducted to gather information on within day energy balance by assessing the time and amount of foods/beverages consumed, and the duration and intensity (using a Rating of Perceived Exertion scale) of activity performed on the day of assessment. All analyses were performed using Nutritiming™ (Calorie and Pulse Technologies, Atlanta, GA) to assess energy surpluses, energy deficits, and end of day energy balance. Information on date of birth, race/ethnicity, menstrual status, sleep and wake times, and prior diagnoses of metabolic disease and/or eating disorders were collected at the time of the interview. Height was assessed using a standard stadiometer. Weight and body composition were assessed via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) using InBody 230 (BioSpace Co. USA). The BIA assessment was performed to determine body fat percentage, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Body Mass Index (BMI), segmental body composition, and fat and lean mass in kilograms. Nutrient data were derived using an interviewer-led, 24-hour recall. Results: CHO intake/kg total mass was significantly and inversely correlated with body fat percentage and BMI, (p=0.018 and p=0.001 respectively). Protein intake/kg total mass was also inversely and significantly correlated with body fat percentage (p=0.006). Fat intake was not significantly associated with BMI, body fat percent, or lean mass in kilograms. Total energy intake/kg total mass was inversely associated with BMI (p=0.001), with fat mass (p=0.001), and with body fat percentage, (p=0.001). CHO intake/kg total mass was positively associated with the total number of hours spent in an anabolic (i.e., EB>0) state (p=0.001), and was inversely associated with the total number of hours spent in a catabolic (i.e., EB < 0) state (p=0.001). CHO intake/kg total mass was the only substrate to be significantly correlated with the number of hours spent ± 400 kcal EB over a 24 hour period (p=0.001). Z-scores were created to establish categories of body composition and energy balance values. Utilizing Chi-Square tests, it was determined that more hours spent in an energy surplus (> 400kcal) was associated with higher body fat percent (p=0.042). Conclusions: CHO restriction, whether done intentionally or as a function of an energy restrictive intake, was commonly observed in this subject pool. Of the females surveyed, 79% did not meet their daily energy needs and, on average, consumed 49% of the recommended daily intake of CHO established for active people. The findings that subjects with lower CHO intakes had higher body fat levels, and that CHO was associated with improved maintenance of energy balance, which was also associated with lower body fat percent, suggest that physically active women should not restrict CHO to achieve a desired body composition. It was also observed that end-of-day energy balance was not associated with either energy substrate consumption or body composition.

Darbo objektas: moterų sportininkių įvaizdis ir stereotipas reklamoje. Darbo tikslas: išsiaiškinti, studentų požiūrį į reklamas, kuriose yra naudojamas moters kaip sportininkės įvaizdis. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Aptarti reklamos ir įvaizdžio sampratas 2. Apžvelgti moters vaizdavimo stereotipo ir įvaizdžio santykį 3. Ištirti Lietuvos sporto universiteto studentų požiūrį į reklamas, kuriose vaizduojama moteris sportininkė Darbo metodai: • Mokslinės literatūros analizė, kurios metu analizuojama bei susisteminama medžiaga susijusi su moterų įvaizdžiu ir stereotipu reklamoje. • Anketinė apklausa, turizmo ir sporto vadybos studijų programos nuolatinių studijų 4 kurso studentų, siekiant išsiaiškinti požiūrį į reklamose pastebimą moters įvaizdį ir stereotipą. • Aprašomoji matematinė analizė. Rezultatai: Remiantis atliktu tyrimu, paaiškėjo, kad dažniausiai reklamoje vaizduojama moteris yra jauna (18-30 m.). Pastebimiausi moters sportininkės įvaizdžiai reklamoje – stipri, atkakli, nepažeidžiama, seksuali, graži, tobulų kūno linijų, stilinga moteris. Tačiau moters kaip sportininkės įvaizdis nebuvo dažniausiai vaizduojamas, lyginant su kitais moters įvaizdžiais. Rezultatai parodė, kad moters sportininkės vaizdavimas reklamoje, turi įtakos formuojant moters stereotipą visuomenėje. Daugiausia reklamoje pastebimi stereotipai - seksualios, puoselėjančios savo grožį moters. / Research subject: female athlete image and stereotype in advertising Research objective: to find out students towards advertising, in which is used female athlete image and stereotype. Research goals: 1. Discuss the advertising and image conception. 2. Review the relation between female stereotype and image 3. To find out students attitude, towards advertising in which is used female athlete image. Research methods: • An analysis of the scientific literature, which analyzed and organised material related to women's image and stereotype in advertising. • A questionnaire-based survey tourism and sports management graduate programs of study for students, standing 4 course in order to find out the attitude towards advertisements noticeable in woman's image and stereotype. • Mathematical descriptive analysis. Results: According to the study, it appeared that most advertising portrayed the woman as young (18-30). The most observed female athlete image in advertising are strong, persistent, invulnerable, beddable, beautiful, perfect body lines, stylish woman. However, a female athlete image has not been commonly depicted, as compared to the other woman image. The results showed that female athlete portrayal in advertising, have an impact on the shaping of the female stereotype in society. Most observed stereotypes in advertising are beddable, upholds its beauty woman.

The Female Athlete Triad, consisting of the interrelated conditions of low energy availability, leading to menstrual disturbances and low bone mineral density, is commonly diagnosed amongst excessively exercising women. The American College of Sports Medicine emphasizes that the underlying factor of the Triad is a discrepancy between dietary energy intake and the energy requirements needed to support high levels of physical activity in addition to other homeostatic and physiological bodily processes. Although low energy availability is largely recognized as a causative factor for amenorrhea and low bone density, no studies to date have examined specific macro- and micro-nutrient intake relating to bone mineral density in the female athlete population. The hypothesis to be tested was that a difference in the intake of specific nutrients between athletes with menstrual disturbances (amenorrheic) and regularly menstruating (eumenorrheic) athletes contributes to low bone mineral density in female athletes exhibiting symptoms of the Triad. Methods: 4-day food records were collected from 118 females, ages 14-23 years, who exhibited weight within the normal range. 68 participants were amenorrheic athletes (AA), 24 participants were eumenorrheic athletes (EUM), and 26 participants were non-exercising females within the same age group (non-athletes: NA). Serum levels of vitamin D, phosphorus, calcium, and estradiol were also collected. Results: In contrast to previous studies, there was no difference in energy availability between the AA, EUM, and NA groups. The groups did differ in their intake of several macro-and micro-nutrients, and many of these nutrients correlated significantly with lumbar spine BMD. In a multivariate model that included vegetable and total proteins, soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber, pectins, phytic acid, natural folate, calcium intake, vitamin D intake, serum vitamin D levels, and % calories from saturated fatty acids (SFA), only dietary fiber remained negatively associated and % calories from SFA positively associated with lumbar spine BMD. Conclusions: Dietary fiber has a significant inverse association and % calories from SFA a positive association with lumbar spine BMD, even after controlling for other nutrient intake and serum levels and intake of Vitamin D and calcium. Therefore, fiber and saturated fat may exert effects unrelated to vitamin D status and overall energy availability to impact bone density. Nutrition guidelines for female athlete triad patients need to be reassessed.